Arcaicam Esperantom

Esperanto
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Arkaika Esperanto ("Archaic Esperanto"), "native" Arcaicam Esperantom, is an auxiliary sociolect for translating literature into Esperanto created to act as a fictional 'Old Esperanto', in the vein of languages such as Middle English or the use of Latin citations in modern texts.

It was created by Manuel Halvelik as part of a range of stylistic variants including Gavaro (slang) and Popido (patois), forming "Serio <La Sociolekta Triopo>".

Halvelik also compiled a scientific vocabulary closer to Greco-Latin roots and proposed its application to fields such as taxonomy and linguistics. He gave this register to Esperanto the name Uniespo (Uniëspo, Universala Esperanto, "Universal Esperanto").^[1]

The idea of an "old Esperanto" was proposed by the Hungarian poet Kalman Kalocsay^[2] who in 1931 included a translation of the Funeral Sermon and Prayer, the first Hungarian text (12th century), with hypothetic forms as if Esperanto were a Romance language deriving from Vulgar Latin.

La Sociolekta Triopo

La Sociolekta Triopo (The sociolect triple) does not create new Esperantidoj (like eg Esperanto II), but its sole purpose - including "Arcaicam Esperantom" - is to reflect styles in literature translated into Esperanto, like the Berlin Middle-German dialect spoken by characters in Carl Zuckmayers "Captain of Köpenick" (Popido), or ancient styles in Walter Scotts Ivanhoe (Arkaika Esperanto).^[3]

"La Sociolekta Triofo" thus constitutes not three new "constructed languages", but "constructed auxillary sociolects for Esperanto", understandable by every reader of Esperanto; still giving the stylistial differences from dialects (Popido), Slang (Gavaro) and ancient forms contrasting "Fundamento", standard Esperanto, eg. in works of Mark Twain (slang and southern dialect) or Lord of the Rings (Arkaika Esperanto for the elves, Popido for the Hobbits).

Differences from Esperanto

Manuel Halvelik in 1975.

Spelling

• c becomes tz
• ĉ becomes ch
• f becomes ph
• ĝ becomes gh
• ĥ becomes qh
• j becomes y
• ĵ becomes j
• k becomes qu (before e, i) or c (before other letters)
• ŝ becomes sh
• ŭ becomes ù (but see below regarding -aŭ adverbs)
• v becomes w

diphthongs:

aŭ becomes aù (but see below regarding -aŭ adverbs)

eŭ becomes eù

consonant clusters:

dz becomes zz

ks becomes x

kv becomes cù

Pronouns

• mi becomes mihi
• vi becomes tu (singular) or wos (plural)
• li becomes lùi
• ŝi becomes eshi
• ĝi becomes eghi
• si becomes sihi
• ni becomes nos
• ili becomes ilùi
• There is a new pronoun egui which is a personal, sex-neutral pronoun. Its intended use is for referring to deities, angels, animals etc.
  • The "modernised" form, gi, can be used in Giismo; in contrast to Riismo, Giismo does not abolish feminine and neutral ŝi and ĝi. In contrast to Hiism, Giism introduces "gi" as genus-indifferent pronoun and retains "li" as masculine pronoun.

Verbs

• The infinitive ends in -ir, rather than in the -i of modern Esperanto. Ex.: fari becomes pharir.
• The verb endings change according to the subject. So it is not necessary to write the subject pronoun, where there is no ambiguity.

Ex: The modern Esperanto verb esti (to be), present tense:

• mi/vi/li/ŝi/ĝi/ni/ili estas

The Arcaicam Esperantom verb estir (to be), present tense:

• (mihi) estams
• (tu) estas
• (lùi/eshi/eghi/egui/sihi) estat
• (nos) estaims
• (wos) estais
• (ilùi) estait

The other verb tenses behave the same way, as does the conditional mood:

• The future-tense conjugation estos becomes estoms, etc.
• The past-tense conjugation estis becomes estims, etc.
• The conditional-mood conjugation estus becomes estums, etc.

The imperative mood behaves differently from that pattern:

• The imperative form estu stays estu for singular subjects, but becomes estuy for plural subjects.

Nouns

• -o becomes om (sg. noun, nominative)
• -oj becomes oy (pl. noun, nominative)
• -on stays -on (sg. noun, accusative)
• -ojn becomes -oyn (pl. noun, accusative)
• al x-o, kun x-o becomes x-od (sg. noun, dative – ex.: al domo becomes domod)
• al x-oj, kun x-oj becomes x-oyd (pl. noun, dative – ex.: al domoj becomes domoyd)
• de x-o becomes x-es (sg. noun, genitive – ex.: de domo becomes domes)
• de x-oj becomes x-eys (pl. noun, genitive – ex.: de domoj becomes domeys)
• -e becomes -œ (adverb) (This is a new phoneme, not present in modern Esperanto. It is pronounced like the German ö.)
• -aŭ becomes -ez (-aŭ-adverb such as baldaŭ, etc.)
• -a becomes -am (sg. adjective, nominative)
• -aj becomes -ay (pl. adjective, nominative)

Nouns

• A noun is always written with a capital letter. Ex: Glawom = (la) glavo.
• The verb infinitive can function as a noun, having the meaning that is carried in modern Esperanto by the root with the suffix -ado. The infinitive functioning as a noun takes, as does any other noun, both a capital letter and a case ending. Ex: Legirom = (la) legado.

Correlatives

• ki- becomes cuy-
• ti- becomes ity-
• i- becomes hey-
• neni- becomes nemy-
• ĉi- becomes chey-
• ali- becomes altri-

(Note: Ali-, which in modern Esperanto is not a correlative despite its use in that fashion by some, becomes in Arcaicam Esperantom as altri- a full-fledged correlative.)

• -o becomes -om
• -a becomes -am
• -am becomes -ahem
• -e becomes -œ
• -om becomes -ohem
• (-u stays -u)
• (-el stays -el)
• the particle ĉi becomes is- (ĉi tiu = isityu)

Articles

• The definite article la does not exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. If necessary, a specific person or object can be indicated by means of ityu (in modern Esperanto tiu).
• The indefinite article, which modern Esperanto does not have, does exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. The indefinite article is unu (which is the same word for the number 1).

Examples

The Lord's Prayer

Romeus ed Yulieta

Sed haltu: cuyam Lumom ityun Phenestron

Traradiat? Yemen orientom,

Ed Yulieta memes Sunom estat!

Lewizzu, belam Sunom, ed mortigu

Enwian Lunon, cuyu tristœ palat,

Char tu, Serwantom eshiam, yamen

Plid belam ol eshi memes estas. Ned estu plud

Eshiam Serwantom, se eshi tuin enwiat:

Eshiam westalam Robom werdam

Ed malsanetzam estat, ed solœ Pholuloy

Wolontœ eghin portait. Eghin phorjetu.

Yemen Damom miham; ho, yemen Amom miham!

Se solœ ityon eshi stziut!

Phrases

• Salutoyn cheyuyd! Cuyel phartais wos? – Hello everyone, how are you?
• Lùi ex Biawistocom wenat. – He comes from Białystok.
• Cuyel nomizzas? – What is your name?
• Nomizzams Petrus – My name is Peter.
• Ityon comprenams bonœ. – I understand that well.
• Unn Manom altrian Manon lawat. – One hand washes the other (hand).
• Tempom phughat. – Ovid
• Amom cheyon wencat. – Virgil
• Ityel pasat mondes Glorom. – Thomas à Kempis
• Ritmom estat in Tempom cuyom estat Simetrom in Spatzom. – Cicero
• Wenims, widims, wenquims. – Julius Caesar
• Homom Homoyd Lupom estat. – Plautus

See also

• Proto-Esperanto
• Esperantido

References

• Halvelik, Manuel
  • Arkaika Esperanto : Arcaicam Esperantom. Brugge: Sonorilo, 1969. 122 pages.
  • Arkaika Esperanto : Arcaicam Esperantom. 2010 edition. 258 pages. Downloadable as a 9MB PDF file.

1. ↑ http://www.universala-esperanto.net/
2. ↑ Elektronika Bulteno de EASL includes the short story La Mezepoka Esperanto from Lingvo Stilo Formo, 2nd cheap edition, Kalman Kalocsay, Budapest, Literatura Mondo, 1931.
3. ↑ Estas ĝuste pro tio ke la franclingva Les contes drôlatiques (La petolemaj rakontoj) fare de Honoré de Balzac, kiu estis aŭtoro el la 19-a jarcento, estas verkita en pseŭde arkaika lingvaĵo, memoriga pri Rabelais, kiu estis aŭtoro el la 16-a jarcento. Nome por (re)krei plejeble fortan analogion kun ties satiraj stilo kaj temaro. A.M. De Jong, kiu samstile tradukis tiun verkon nederlanden, rimarkigas tiurilate: “Pro timo resti nekomprenata de la legantoj en sia propra tempo, Balzac elektis iun hibridan formon (de la franca) kiu restis komprenebla sed tamen elvokis impreson de antikveco. Same aŭdacis fari mi en la nederlanda.”
   Idente agis la fama Walter Scott, verkante sian sukces- romanon Ivanhoe per dialogoj en arkaikeca stilo. Rimark- igas li: “Estas vere ke mi nek povas nek pretendas havigi 11kompletan ekzaktecon rilate al detaloj de la vestaĵoj, kaj eĉ multe malpli al la ankoraŭ pli gravaj punktoj de lingvaĵo kaj moroj. Sed la sama motivo, kiu malhelpis min verki la dialogojn en aŭtente arkaika anglosaksona aŭ normanda franca, en latina aŭ greka lingvo, kaj kiu malebligis publikigi tiun-ĉi historian romanon kun aŭtente antikvaj litertipoj, man-skribitaj per pinta kano sur kvin rulaĵoj de pergameno, ligita al protekta cilindro kaj provizita per sigelo, tiu sama malhelpis min resti absolute precize inter la limoj de la periodo en kiu mia rakonto estas situigita.”
   "Arkaika Esperanto", p.12f.