Middle-earth weapons and armour

Weapons and armour of Middle-earth are found in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth fantasy writings, such as The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion. Wars and battles are featured in much of Tolkien's writings, and weapons and armour are often given special attention.[1][2]

Tolkien modelled his fictional warfare on the Ancient and Early Middle periods of history. His depiction of weapons and armour particularly reflect the Northern European culture of Beowulf, the Norse sagas and similar works. Tolkien established this relationship in The Fall of Gondolin, the first story in his legendarium to be written. In this story, the Elves of Gondolin use mail armour, swords, shields, spears, axes and bows, which is consistent with Northern European warfare. In Tolkien's writings, these kinds of weapons and armour are used by his fictional races, including Elves, Dwarves, Men, Hobbits, and Orcs.[2] Like his sources Tolkien sometimes uses the motif of ceremonial runic inscriptions in his fictional items of warfare to show these items are magical and have their own history.[1]

Terminology

Tolkien devised several constructed languages with terms for types of weapons.

Tolkien also devised terms for specific makes of weapons, like lango (broad sword), eket, ecet (short sword), and lhang (cutlass, sword).[14] Lhang was used for a large two-handed, curved-bladed sword with a long handle used by Elves in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.[15]

General items

Swords

Swords symbolized physical prowess in battle for Tolkien, following Northern European culture.[1] Tolkien writes that Elves and Dwarves produced the best swords (and other war gear) and that Elvish swords glowed blue in the presence of Orcs. Elves generally used straight swords while Orcs generally used curved swords. Both races have exceptions: Egalmoth of Gondolin used a curved sword and the Uruk-hai of Isengard used short, broad blades. Tolkien so often mentions the use of shields together with swords that it seems one-handed swords would be the norm.[2] In The Lord of the Rings film trilogy most Elvish swords are curved but some named swords are interpreted as two-handed longswords. The films also embellished upon Tolkien's descriptions of swords (and other weapons) by making up inscriptions for these items.[15]

Knives

Knives are mentioned in Tolkien's works, sometimes as backup weapons—such as the nondescript long knife of Legolas the archer.[2] However, some individual knives are given more significance through naming (e.g. Sting, see below).[1] While Sting may be only a dagger to an adult Man or Elf, in the hands of a Hobbit is a formidable sword.

Knives of a certain type without proper formal names are also used to further the plot. The Witch-king of Angmar, leader of the Nazgûl, used a magical dagger called a "Morgul-blade" to wound Frodo Baggins. The dark magic of the knife gravely affects Frodo's well-being, threatening to turn him into a wraith. Recurring ill effects from the wound contribute to Frodo's eventual departure to Valinor.[16] The weapon may owe something to the Old English tradition of the "elf-shot". The term appears in Old English medical texts and charms and refers to illnesses of presumed supernatural origin.[17] A magical dagger forged by the Men of Westernesse to fight the powers of Mordor and recovered from a barrow by Tom Bombadil, informally called a "Barrow-blade", proves instrumental in bringing about the death of the Witch-king.[18]

For The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, some characters such as Aragorn was gifted with an Elven hunting knife which he retained well towards the Battle of the Black Gate. Boromir's costume design included throwing knives, and Legolas now possessed twin fighting knives carried in sheaths near his quiver.[15]

Axes

Axes are used by most races in Tolkien's writings, most notably the Dwarves,[2] who used the battle cry: Axes of the Dwarves! The Dwarves are upon you! (Khuzdul: Baruk Khazâd! Khazâd ai-mênu!)[19] For The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Gimli the Dwarf was assigned various axes of different makes during the course of the films.[15] The Sindarin Elves of Doriath also favoured axes as weapons during the First Age.

Bows

Bows of different sizes and construction are featured in Tolkien's works. Elves of Lothlórien, Men, and Uruk-hai used longbows while Elves of Mirkwood and Orcs of Mordor used smaller ones. These bows are said to be made of wood, horn and even steel.[2] Sometimes individual arrows are given special mention in Tolkien's works. In The Hobbit, the Black Arrow was a royal heirloom used to kill the dragon Smaug.[20] In The Lord of the Rings, the Red Arrow was a token used by Gondor to summon its allies in time of need.[21] In the Lord of the Rings film trilogy, the Red Arrow is omitted and its role is conflated with the Beacons of Gondor.[22] The films also assign a bow to Aragorn and crossbows to the Uruk-hai. In Tolkien's writings Aragorn is armed only with the sword Andúril (below) and crossbows are nowhere mentioned.[15]

Armour

Armour in Tolkien's fiction is mainly in the form of mail or scale shirts, in keeping with Ancient and Early Middle periods of history.[2] In contrast, the Lord of the Rings film trilogy features plate armour suits in the style of the High and Late Middle periods.[15] These kinds of plate armour are not found in Tolkien's writings, but plate does appear in the form of individual pieces such as vambraces (forearm guards) or greaves (leg and shin guards). As with other items of war, Elves and Dwarves produced the best armour. A mail shirt forged by Dwarves from the fictional metal mithril appears in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, worn in turn by the protagonists Bilbo and Frodo Baggins.[2][23]

Named items

Tolkien emulated his Northern European mythological and literary sources in creating weapons and armour with names (real examples of named weapons include Hrunting and Nægling in Beowulf, Tyrfing in the Elder Edda and Gram in the Völsunga saga). The items illustrate the passage of time and the transfer of power or fate to their future bearers.[1]

Aeglos

Aeglos (Sindarin: Snow Point, i.e. icicle;[24] also spelled Aiglos) is the spear wielded by Gil-galad;[1][25][26] Aiglos is also the name of a type of plant in Middle-earth which most notably grew on Amon Rûdh. Aeglos is also the name of a Tolkienist semiannual almanac published by the Polish Silesian Science-Fiction Club, parent organisation of the Polish Tolkien Society.[27]

Anglachel

Anglachel (Sindarin: Iron of the Flaming Star) was a sword forged of meteoritic iron by Eöl the Dark Elf, given to Thingol King of Doriath as a fee for leave to dwell in Nan Elmoth. It could cleave all earth-delved iron. Later wielded by Beleg Strongbow and ultimately Túrin;[28][29][30] Anglachel was reforged and renamed Gurthang (Sindarin: Iron of Death[31]). Túrin used Gurthang to kill Glaurung, the Father of Dragons, and later used the sword to take his own life in recompense for the accidental slaying of Beleg and the unjust slaying of Brandir. The stories endow the sword with a personality; Melian the Maia perceived malice in it as it was given to Beleg Cúthalion, and the elf Gwindor observed that Anglachel (so named then) seemed to mourn the death of Beleg at the hand of his friend Túrin by Anglachel itself. Túrin asked the sword whether it would slay him swiftly if he cast himself on its point, and it responded at length (the only instance of Gurthang speaking with voice). The depiction of the sword was influenced by that of the sword of the Finnish character Kullervo in the Kalevala.[1][32]

Angrist

Angrist (Sindarin: Iron-cleaver[33]) was a knife made by the great weaponsmith Telchar of Nogrod, and borne by Curufin. Beren, who had taken it from Curufin, used it to cut a magical Silmaril jewel out of Morgoth's iron crown; as Beren attempted to remove another, the knife snapped.[1][34] In the earliest version of Beren's story in The Book of Lost Tales, he uses an ordinary household knife; the element of Curufin's involvement in Beren's affairs came later.[35]

Anguirel

Anguirel (Sindarin: Iron of Eternity) is the sword forged by Eöl the Dark Elf, similar to Anglachel which was given to Thingol of Doriath in The Silmarillion. It was the mate of Anglachel, was made of the same meteoritic iron, and had the same physical properties and capabilities as Anglachel, but there is no evidence of sentience in Anguirel. Anguirel was kept by Eöl until it was stolen by his son, Maeglin.[1][36]

Aranrúth

Aranrúth (Sindarin: King's Ire[37]) is the sword wielded by Thingol of Doriath in The Silmarillion.[1][38] Later the sword of the Kings of Númenor.

Belthronding

Belthronding (Sindarin/Ilkorin: Intractable Bow[39]) is the bow wielded by Beleg Cúthalion (Strongbow) in The Silmarillion and The Lays of Beleriand.[1][40]

Black Arrow

Black Arrow was used by Bard the Bowman,[41] mentioned by him as having been used many times, always successfully, and always having been recovered. An heirloom from many generations of Bard's family and believed by him to have been made in the forges of the King under the Mountain; Bard recites its history before urging it to "go now and speed well" and successfully shooting Smaug. The arrow was lost with the Dragon's corpse in the Long Lake.

In Peter Jackson's Hobbit films, the Black Arrow's significance was elaborated on. Instead of being a regular-sized arrow, the Black Arrow was the size of a short spear, and was used as ammunition for the windlance in Dale. All but one were used to defend the city from Smaug during his invasion, but it only broke one of his scales, and Dale was subsequently destroyed. The final Black Arrow was kept by Bard's family as an heirloom. When Smaug attacked Lake Town, Bard attempted to shoot Smaug with his bow, but his arrows could not do any harm to Smaug. After receiving the Black Arrow from his son Bain, Bard constructed an improvised ballista and fired the Black Arrow at Smaug's weak spot, which successfully hit its mark and killed Smaug.

Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin

The Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin is the fabulous helmet owned and used by lords of the House of Hador (such as Húrin and Túrin).[1] Also known as the Helm of Hador. The helm was made of heavy steel, decorated with gold and runes, and a gold likeness of Glaurung the Dragon was set upon its crest. It had originally been made for a Dwarf-king by Telchar, the great Dwarf-craftsman of Nogrod.[42] The Dwarf-king was Azaghâl, of the neighbouring city of Belegost; he gave it to Maedhros, who gave it to Fingon. Fingon gave it to Hador himself, along with the lordship of Dor-lómin.[43]

Dramborleg

Dramborleg (Sindarin: Thudder-Sharp[44]) is the axe belonging to Tuor, son of Huor in The Book of Lost Tales and Unfinished Tales.[1]

Durin's Axe

Durin's Axe was part of the regalia and weaponry of the Dwarf-kings of Khazad-dûm. In T.A. 2989 Balin attempted to recolonize Khazad-dûm (by then called Moria), and the early records of the colony mention Durin's Axe, indicating it was sought for or even found.[45]

Glamdring

An example of the sword Glamdring forged after the description in The Lord of the Rings

Glamdring (Sindarin: Foe-hammer[46]) is the sword in The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings and Unfinished Tales [1][47] forged in the First Age by the High Elves of the hidden city of Gondolin. It belonged first to Turgon, the King of Gondolin. Thousands of years later, in T.A. 2941, Gandalf appropriated it after it was discovered among the hoard of the three trolls in The Hobbit, and he carried it throughout his journeys with Bilbo Baggins and the Fellowship of the Ring. It was the mate of Orcrist, and like Orcrist would glow blue whenever orcs were nearby. Glamdring was nicknamed "Beater" by the Goblins of the Misty Mountains.

Grond

Grond (Sindarin: Club) is the mace of Morgoth in The Silmarillion;[48] also a battering ram in The Lord of the Rings,[1][49] used to assault the Great Gate of Minas Tirith. Grond the battering ram was in-universe named after Morgoth's mace: "Grond they named it, in memory of the Hammer of the Underworld of old."[50] In the Rankin-Bass adaptation of The Return of the King, the ram Grond is called "the arm of the devil" also named "the hammer of the underworld".

Gurthang

See Anglachel

Gúthwinë

Gúthwinë (Old English: Battle Friend[51]) is the sword wielded by Éomer, third marshal of the Riddermark in The Lord of the Rings.[1][52]

Hadhafang

Hadhafang is the sword invented for Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, where it was wielded by Arwen.[15] The name is derived from Tolkien's etymological word list written in the 1930s; here Tolkien provides the word hadhathang (dissimilated: havathang, hadhafang), which he translates as "throng-cleaver". The author never actually used this name in any of his writings.[53] Hadhafang is also wielded by Arwen's father Elrond in The Hobbit film trilogy.

Herugrim

Herugrim (Old English: Fierce Sword[51]) is the sword that belonged to Théoden.[1][54]

Narsil

Narsil (Quenya: roughly, Red and White Flame[55]), a sword in The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion,[56][57] influenced by the legendary swords Tyrfing and Gram.[1] The sword was forged during the First Age by the Dwarf Telchar[58] of Nogrod, a famous weaponsmith and artificer who also made the knife Angrist (which cut a Silmaril from the crown of Morgoth) and the Helm of Hador (later used by Túrin Turambar). By the end of the Second Age Narsil was borne by Elendil; it was broken in the struggle of Elendil and Gil-galad against Sauron. Isildur used the hilt-shard to cut the One Ring from Sauron's lifeless hand. The shards, acquiring the additional name the Sword that was Broken, remained an heirloom of Isildur's heirs throughout the Third Age, and were thus inherited by Aragorn. In T. A. 3018 the sword was reforged as Andúril (Quenya: Flame of the West[59]).

The shards of Narsil in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring.

In the motion picture series directed by Peter Jackson, Narsil was broken into six parts (rather than two), which were kept in Rivendell, and broke not when Elendil fell but rather when Isildur reached for it and Sauron stomped on it. It is also not reforged into Andúril until the third film, when Arwen persuades Elrond to have elven smiths reforge it from the shards of Narsil and bring it to Aragorn. In the book, he actually wears the broken blade and shows it to the Hobbits when they meet at the Prancing Pony in Bree, and its reforging prior to the departure of the Fellowship is a decisive move toward kingship.

The incident involving Aragorn disarming reluctantly before entering king Théoden's palace Meduseld is omitted from the second film on the grounds that the sword he surrenders there is not Andúril. However, the first film does include an invented scene of Aragorn reverently placing the hilt of Narsil back into the display after Boromir knocks it from its podium onto the floor.

Prop Andúril showing runes on the blade and Tengwar inscription on the pommel.

In The Two Towers, it is written that Aragorn uses Andúril with a shield from Théoden's armoury during the Battle of the Hornburg. In The Fellowship of the Ring it is also stated that his sword was similar to Boromir's, who uses his with a shield consistently. This, coupled with Tolkien's comparisons of Middle-earth's clothing and war gear to that of Dark Age Europe and the Bayeux Tapestry,[60] would suggest that it and other swords would be single-handed rather than the two-handed longsword depicted in the films, which is more akin to the late medieval and Renaissance periods.

The filmmakers opted not to make Andúril glow at all, keeping that property only for Sting. (Gandalf's sword Glamdring also did not glow in the presence of orcs. Peter Jackson notes, in his DVD commentary on The Fellowship of the Ring, that this was an oversight, not a deliberate change from the books.)

Christopher Tolkien suggested that Narsil was introduced during the writing of The Lord of the Rings rather spontaneously: "It is possible that the Sword that was Broken actually emerged from the verse 'All that is gold does not glitter': on this view, in the earliest form of the verse ... the words a king may yet be without crown, A blade that was broken be brandished were no more than a further exemplification of the general moral [that not everything is what it appears to be]."[61] Following this, references to the Sword were introduced during major recastings of "At the Sign of the Prancing Pony" and "The Council of Elrond" chapters.[62]

Originally the sword was only referred to as "the Sword of Elendil" or "the Broken Sword"; later the name Branding (from Old English brand 'sword') was devised for the Sword Reforged.[63] This was replaced by Andúril after the emergence of Narsil.

Orcrist

Orcrist (Sindarin: Goblin-cleaver[46]), a sword in The Hobbit.[1][64] was originally forged in Gondolin and was nicknamed "Biter" by the Goblins of the Misty Mountains. After finding it in a troll-hoard, Thorin Oakenshield carried the sword through the Misty Mountains and Mirkwood before being taken prisoner by the Elves, and it was laid on his tomb after he died in the Battle of the Five Armies. It is the mate of Glamdring.

In Peter Jackson's Hobbit films, the sword is found and wielded by Thorin Oakenshield but ends up in the possession of Legolas, who uses it in battle with the Orc Bolg but later returns it to Thorin so that the Dwarf may wield it against Azog the Defiler. Like Anduril and Glamdring in the Lord of the Rings films, it was not shown to glow in the presence of Orcs.

Red Arrow

Red Arrow is a black-feathered arrow barbed with steel; its tip was painted red.[65] It was a token used by Gondor to summon Rohan in time of dire need, and may have been associated with the Oath of Eorl.[66] In The Return of the King, the Red Arrow was presented to Théoden by Hirgon with the message: "...the Lord Denethor asks for all your strength and all your speed, lest Gondor should fall at last."[65] The Red Arrow has a historical antecedent in the Old English poem Elene in which Constantine the Great summoned an army of mounted Visigoths to his aid against the Huns by sending an arrow as a "token of war".[67] Théoden pledged his assistance, but Hirgon was killed during the ride back to Minas Tirith, leading Denethor to believe that no help was forthcoming from Rohan.

Ringil

Ringil (Sindarin: Cold-Star / Cold-Spark) is a sword wielded by Fingolfin in The Silmarillion and The Lays of Beleriand. It bit with chilling cold, and glittered like ice with a pale light.[1] This was the sword with which Fingolfin wounded Morgoth seven times, causing the first dark lord to limp forever afterward.[68][69]

In Tolkien's early writings, Ringil was the name of one of the two pillars supporting the Two Lamps of primeval Middle-earth.[70]

Sting

Sting is a knife in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Although made by the Elves as a large knife, it functioned well as a sword for the smaller race of Hobbits.[1][71] Bilbo Baggins named the weapon after using it to fend off the giant spiders in Mirkwood forest, then later passed it on to Frodo to use in his quest to destroy the One Ring. Sting would glow blue whenever orcs or goblins were nearby.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Burdge, Anthony; Burke, Jessica (2006). "Weapons, Named". In Drout, Michael. J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96942-0.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Piela, Joseph (2006). "Arms and Armour". In Drout, Michael. J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96942-0.
  3. 1 2 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lost Road, p. 371.
  4. 1 2 J.R.R. Tolkien, The War of the Jewels, p. 234.
  5. ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lost Road, p. 365.
  6. ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lost Road, p. 385.
  7. ↑ Hooker, Mark T. (2014). The Tolkienaeum. Llyfrawr. p. 235. ISBN 978-1499759105.
  8. ↑ http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/khuzdul.htm
  9. ↑ Vinyar Tengwar 49, p. 14.
  10. ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lost Road, p. 355.
  11. ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lost Road, p. 366.
  12. ↑ The Etymologies under the root PÍLIM-.
  13. ↑ Hooker, Mark T. (2014). The Tolkienaeum. Llyfrawr. p. 180. ISBN 978-1499759105.
  14. ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lost Road, p. 367.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Smith, Chris (2003). The Lord of the Rings: Weapons and Warfare. Mariner Books. ISBN 0-618-39100-2.
  16. ↑ The Fellowship of the Ring, p. 208, 210; The Return of the King, p. 333
  17. ↑ Drout, Michael, ed. (2006). "Elf-shot". J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96942-0.
  18. ↑ The Return of the King, "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields", p. 117: "No other blade, not though mightier hands had wielded it, would have dealt that foe a wound so bitter, cleaving the undead flesh, breaking the spell that knit his unseen sinews to his will."
  19. ↑ The Two Towers
  20. ↑ The Hobbit
  21. ↑ The Return of the King, p. 72; Unfinished Tales, p. 364, 411
  22. ↑ Timmons, Dan (2006). "Jackson, Peter". In Drout, Michael. J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96942-0.
  23. ↑ Drout, Michael, ed. (2006). "Mithril". J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96942-0.
  24. ↑ The Silmarillion, p. 313
  25. ↑ The Fellowship of the Ring (Book II, Chapter 2: "The Council of Elrond"), The Silmarillion, p. 294; Unfinished Tales, p. 148, 417
  26. ↑ Significantly, "Eigil" is a Norwegian proper name meaning "sword point" or "spearhead".
  27. ↑ Morawski, Marcin (2006). "Poland: Reception of Tolkien". In Drout, Michael. J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96942-0.
  28. ↑ The Silmarillion, p. 201-202, 206-210, 316; Unfinished Tales, p. 148, 419
  29. ↑ The Silmarillion, p. 226
  30. ↑ The Silmarillion, p. 225.
  31. ↑ Unfinished Tales. p. 443
  32. ↑ Petty, Anne C. (2006). "Finland: Literary Sources". In Drout, Michael. J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96942-0.
  33. ↑ The Silmarillion, p. 316
  34. ↑ The Silmarillion, pp. 177, 181
  35. ↑ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1984), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Book of Lost Tales, 2, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, "The Tale of Tinúviel, ISBN 0-395-36614-3
  36. ↑ The Silmarillion, p. 202
  37. ↑ The Silmarillion. p. 317
  38. ↑ The Silmarillion, p. 201, 279; Unfinished Tales, p. 171
  39. ↑ The Lost Road. p. 388
  40. ↑ The Silmarillion, p. 208, 320; The Lays of Beleriand, p. 26, 117, 127
  41. ↑ The Hobbit. "Fire and Water", p. 236
  42. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1985), The Lays of Beleriand (volume 3 of The History of Middle-earth), George Allen & Unwin, part 1 'The Lay of the Children of Húrin', second version ch. 2 p. 115 line 678; ISBN 0 04 823277 7
  43. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1980), Unfinished Tales, George Allen & Unwin part 1 ch. II p. 75; ISBN 0-04-823179-7
  44. ↑ Unfinished Tales. p. 172; The Book of Lost Tales (vol. 2), "The Fall of Gondolin"
  45. ↑ J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, 2nd edition (1966) George Allen & Unwin, book 2 ch. V p.336; ISBN 0 04 823045 6
  46. 1 2 The Hobbit. "A Short Rest", p. 62
  47. ↑ The Hobbit, p. 53; The Fellowship of the Ring, p. 293, 324; The Two Towers, p. 115; The Return of the King, p. 272; Unfinished Tales, p. 54
  48. ↑ The Silmarillion, p. 154, 333
  49. ↑ The Return of the King, p. 112
  50. ↑ The Return of the King, "The Siege of Gondor".
  51. 1 2 Tolkien Dictionary
  52. ↑ The Two Towers, p. 139
  53. ↑ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1987), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Lost Road and Other Writings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-45519-7
  54. ↑ The Two Towers, p. 123
  55. ↑ The Return of the King. p. 438; Further information in The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
  56. ↑ The Silmarillion, p. 294-295, 343; Unfinished Tales, p. 272, 275; The Fellowship of the Ring, p. 256-257; The Return of the King, p. 123
  57. ↑ The Fellowship of the Ring, p. 290, 338-339, 391; The Two Towers, p. 36, 104, 115, 139; The Return of the King, p. 123, 158, 245
  58. ↑ J. E. A. Tyler (1980), "Narsil", The new Tolkien companion, Avon Books, p. 417, ISBN 9780380469048
  59. ↑ The Return of the King. p. 437
  60. ↑ Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, #211, ISBN 0-395-31555-7
  61. ↑ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1989), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Treason of Isengard, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 137, ISBN 0-395-51562-9
  62. ↑ The Treason of Isengard, pp. 77-80, 120.
  63. ↑ The Treason of Isengard, p. 290
  64. ↑ The Hobbit, p. 53, 303
  65. 1 2 Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), The Return of the King, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), "The Muster of Rohan", ISBN 0-395-08256-0
  66. ↑ Foster, Robert (1971), The Complete Guide to Middle-earth, New York: Del Rey, ISBN 0-345-32436-6
  67. ↑ Scott Howard (21 March 2008), Recreating Beowulf's 'Pregnant Moment of Poise': Pagan Doom and Christian Eucatastrophe Made Incarnate in the Dark Age Setting of The Lord of the Rings, University of Montana
  68. ↑ The Silmarillion, p. 153-154, 347
  69. ↑ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1985), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Lays of Beleriand, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, The Lay of Leithian, Canto XII, ISBN 0-395-39429-5
  70. ↑ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1983). The Book of Lost Tales (Part I). Houghton Mifflin. pp. 69–70. ISBN 0-395-35439-0.
  71. ↑ The Hobbit, p. 53, 83, 167, etc.;The Fellowship of the Ring, p. 23, 290; The Two Towers, p. 221, The Return of the King, p. 173, 204
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