Arachnomorpha

Arachnomorpha
Temporal range: Cambrian - Recent
"Arachnida" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Clade: Arachnomorpha
Lameere, 1890
Synonyms
  • Arachnata Paulus, 1979
  • Palaeopoda Packard, 1903

Arachnomorpha is a subdivision or clade of Arthropoda, comprising the monophyletic group formed by the trilobites, other great appendage arthropods and trilobite-like families (Helmetiidae, Xandarellidae, Naraoiidae, Liwiidae, and Tegopeltidae), and a diverse sister clade including the chelicerates.[1][2] Great debate is held on the position of the Pycnogonida, which are currently thought not to be placed in the immediate vicinity of the Chelicerata.[3] Arachnomorpha are considered the sister group to the crustaceans, which are increasingly being accepted as members of the mandibulate clade (including insects and myriapods).[2]

The arachnomorph concept has been challenged by suggestions that the trilobites fall in the mandibulata stem-group.[4]

There is no consensus as to assigning Arachnomorpha a formal Linnean rank.

A proposal, which contraposed many synapomorphies uniting them to the Trilobita instead.[5] Consideration of the Olenellinae as sister group to the Chelicerata has been refuted.[6]

Classification

Arachnomorpha Lameere, 1890 [= Arachnata Paulus, 1979, = Palaeopoda Packard, 1903]

Phylogeny

Using fossil data, Bergström & Hou (2003) gave an outline of arthropod relationships emphasizing trilobitomorphs (a group that includes trilobites and trilobite-like animals).[7]


Arthropods

Arachnomorpha


Limulavida

Sidneyia




Aglaspidida



Chelicerates



Cheloniellon




Trilobitomorpha (s.s.)

Marrellomorpha

Acercostraca

Vachonisia


Marellida


Mimetaster



Marrella




Emeraldellida

Emeraldella


Retifaciida

Retifacies


Crown group
 trilobitomorphs

Concilioterga
 Order Helmetiida


Helmetia



Kuamaia




Saperion



Tegopelte




Nectopleura (e.g. Nektaspida)

Naraoia


Petalopleura
 Order Xandarellida


Cindarella




Xandarella



Phytophilaspis





Trilobites, subclass Trilobita









Hexapoda



Crustaceans




Yohoia




Canadaspis



Fuxianhuia





References

  1. Trevor J. Cotton & Simon J. Braddy (2003). "The phylogeny of arachnomorph arthropods and the origin of the Chelicerata". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences. 94 (3): 169–193. doi:10.1017/S0263593300000596.
  2. 1 2 Jonathan R. Hendricks & Bruce S. Lieberman (2008). "New phylogenetic insights into the Cambrian radiation of arachnomorph arthropods". Journal of Paleontology. 82 (3): 585–594. doi:10.1666/07-017.1.
  3. J. A. Dunlop & C. P. Arango (2005). "Pycnogonid affinities: a review". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 43 (1): 8–21. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2004.00284.x.
  4. Gerhard Scholtz & Gregory Edgecombe (2005). "Heads, Hox and the phylogenetic position of trilobites". Crustacea and Arthropod Relationships. CRC Press. pp. 139–165. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.130.2585Freely accessible.
  5. Karl-Ernst Lauterbach (1980). "Schlüsselereignisse in der Evolution des Grundplans der Arachnata (Arthropoda)" [Key events in the evolution of the ground plan of the Arachnata (Arthropoda)]. Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg. NF (in German). 23: 163–327.
  6. R. A. Fortey & H. B. Whittington (1989). "The Trilobita as a natural group" (PDF). Historical Biology. 2: 125–138. doi:10.1080/08912968909386496.
  7. Bergström, J., & Hou, X. G. (2003). "Arthropod origins" (PDF). Bulletin of Geosciences. 78 (4): 323–334.
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