Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique

Swimfin from Aqua Lung
Diving regulator Aqua Lung Legend (2010)
Diving cylinder for 200 Bar with DIN cylinder valve from Aqua Lung

La Spirotechnique (later Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique)[1] is a large and well-known French firm which makes scuba gear, scuba sets and other breathing apparati. It started making the so-called Aqua-Lung regulators, like the CG45 (1945) and the Mistral (1955), among others.

History

In December 1942 the lieutenant de vaisseau (ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant) Jacques-Yves Cousteau met in Paris for the first time the engineer Émile Gagnan, employee at Air Liquide, a French company specialising in compressed gas. Because of severe fuel restrictions due to the German occupation of France, Gagnan had miniaturized and adapted to gas generators a Rouquayrol-Denayrouze-type regulator. Invented in 1860, adapted to diving in 1864 and mass-produced as of 1865 (when the Ministry of the French Navy ordered the first apparati),[2] the Rouquayrol-Denayrouze regulator was being commercialized in 1942 by the Bernard Piel Company, who had inherited the patent. Cousteau requested Gagnan to adapt his new own regulator to diving and both men patented in 1943 the first modern diving regulator.

Early in 1943 Cousteau and Gagnan ordered Air Liquide to make at its factory in Boulogne-Billancourt two scuba set prototypes that Cousteau and Frédéric Dumas used to shoot the underwater film Épaves (Shipwrecks), directed by Cousteau the same year.[3] They were the first modern diving regulators to be made.

In 1946 Air Liquide founded La Spirotechnique, its own division destined to conceive and mass-produce regulators and other diving equipment. Also in 1946 La Spirotechnique launched the CG45, the first modern regulator to be commercialized. The year 1946 represents thus the beginning of the popularisation of scuba diving.

In English-speaking countries the CG45 was commercialized under the name of Aqua-Lung, a word coined by Cousteau himself on that purpose.

In the USA during World War II the American military physician Christian J. Lambertsen designed a wartime frogman's rebreather which in 1952 got called the SCUBA (acronym for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus),[4] and later the name (changing to 'scuba' and treated as a word) was used to mean any underwater breathing set.

In Britain the word "aqualung" became a generic trademark for open-circuit underwater breathing sets and stayed so for many years. The word "scuba" became the generic word quickly in the USA and eventually in Britain. For more information see Aqua-lung#Trademark issues.

From 1946 to 1955 La Spirotechnique sold only one model of regulator, the CG45.

On April 1955 it launched the Mistral, a single-stage regulator that was cheaper to build and easier to breathe than the CG45. The Mistral became the brands spearhead and set off to establish scuba diving across the world. The CG45 and the Mistral were twin-hose regulators, but La Spirotechnique wanted to create a single-hose regulator, to let divers exchange their mouthpieces in narrow underwater caves and hollows, not knowing that in 1952 the Australian Ted Eldred had started to sell the first single-hose regulator, the Porpoise.

In 1955 La Spirotechnique launched its first single hose regulator. Conceived by Jean Bronnec and Raymond Gauthier this regulator was the Cristal, called the Aquamatic for English-speaking countries.

The first American branch of La Spirotechnique was U.S. Divers, which was the company that first sold aqualungs (CG45, Mistral) Aquamatic (Cristal), and other Spirotechnique regulators in the USA. At some point La Spirotechnique used the word Aqua Lung to change its name, or to use it as an alternate name. Nowadays U.S. Divers is a division of Aqua Lung America, an American branch of La Spirotechnique. Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique sits nowadays in Carros, near Nice[5] and owns its own international branches around the world, like Aqua Lung America.

Brands

Apeks Marine Equipment Ltd

A British manufacturer of scuba diving equipment based in Blackburn.[6] It was founded in 1974 by Ken Ainscough and Eric Partington, the name Apeks being an anagram of their initials.[7] The company is best known for its diving regulators (especially for cold water use) as well as drysuit valves, which are provided to many drysuit manufacturers. Apeks equipment is used by several militaries and emergency services, including the Royal Navy.[7]

Whites Manufacturing Ltd

Whites Manufacturing was a scuba diving equipment manufacture based in Victoria, BC that specifically focused on dry suit innovation and accessories. It was acquired by Aqua Lung in 2010,[8] and many of its products were merged into the Aqua Lung line in 2015.[9]

References

  1. ↑ Industrial index card of Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique at Achats.defense.gouv.fr, the French Minister of Defence commercial branch website (in French)
  2. ↑ Avec ou sans bulles ? (With or without bubbles?), an article (in French) by Eric Bahuet, published in the specialized website plongeesout.com.
  3. ↑ Those two scuba sets made by Air Liquide are mentioned in the opening credits of the film as scaphandre autonome "air liquide" système cousteau ("air liquide's scuba set, cousteau system").
  4. ↑ See Lambertsen's homage by the Passedaway.com website
  5. ↑ Laurent-Xavier Grima, Aqua Lung 1947-2007, soixante ans au service de la plongée sous-marine ! (in French)
  6. ↑ Apeks Marine Equipement Ltd. "Apeks". Apeks. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  7. 1 2 Sport Diver (June 2013). "Best of British - Apeks". Sport Diver. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29.
  8. ↑ "White's Manufacturing Ltd. joins Aqua Lung" (PDF). Aqua Lung. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  9. ↑ "Whites Drywear has Joined the Aqua Lung Family". White's Diving.
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