Antarctic realm

The Antarctic biogeographic realm

Antarctica is one of eight terrestrial biogeographic realms. The ecosystem includes Antarctica and several island groups in the southern Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The continent of Antarctica is so cold and dry that it has supported only 2 vascular plants for millions of years, and its flora presently consists of around 250 lichens, 100 mosses, 25-30 liverworts, and around 700 terrestrial and aquatic algal species, which live on the areas of exposed rock and soil around the shore of the continent. Antarctica's two flowering plant species, the Antarctic hair grass (Deschampsia antarctica) and Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis), are found on the northern and western parts of the Antarctic Peninsula. Antarctica is also home to a diversity of animal life, including penguins, seals, and whales.

Several Antarctic island groups are considered part of the Antarctica realm, including South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, South Orkney Islands, the South Shetland Islands, Bouvet Island, the Crozet Islands, Prince Edward Islands, Heard Island, the Kerguelen Islands, and the McDonald Islands. These islands have a somewhat milder climate than Antarctica proper, and support a greater diversity of tundra plants, although they are all too windy and cold to support trees.

Antarctic krill is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, and is an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, crabeater seals, squid, icefish, penguins, albatrosses and many other birds. The ocean there is so full of phytoplankton because around the ice continent water rises from the depths to the light flooded surface, bringing nutrients from all oceans back to the photic zone.

On August 20, 2014, scientists confirmed the existence of microorganisms living 800 metres (2,600 feet) below the ice of Antarctica.[1][2]

History

Millions of years ago, Antarctica was warmer and wetter, and supported the Antarctic flora, including forests of podocarps and southern beech. Antarctica was also part of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwanaland, which gradually broke up by continental drift starting 110 million years ago. The separation of South America from Antarctica 30-35 million years ago allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to form, which isolated Antarctica climatically and caused it to become much colder. The Antarctic flora subsequently died out in Antarctica, but is still an important component of the flora of southern Neotropic (South America) and Australasia, which were also former parts of Gondwana.

Some botanists recognize an Antarctic Floristic Kingdom that includes Antarctica, New Zealand, and parts of Temperate South America where the Antarctic Flora is still a major component.

Ecoregions

Four tundra ecoregions are recognized:

Marielandia Antarctic tundra Antarctic Peninsula
Maudlandia Antarctic desert Eastern Antarctica
Scotia Sea Islands tundra South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, Bouvet Island
Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra Crozet Islands, Prince Edward Islands, Heard Island, Kerguelen Islands, McDonald Islands

References

  1. ↑ Fox, Douglas (August 20, 2014). "Lakes under the ice: Antarctica’s secret garden". Nature. 512: 244–246. Bibcode:2014Natur.512..244F. PMID 25143097. doi:10.1038/512244a. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  2. ↑ Mack, Eric (August 20, 2014). "Life Confirmed Under Antarctic Ice; Is Space Next?". Forbes. Retrieved August 21, 2014.

Bibliography

Coordinates: 90°00′S 0°00′W / 90.000°S -0.000°E / -90.000; -0.000

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