Ann Plato
Ann Plato (c. 1824 – unknown)[1] was a 19th-century mixed-race (African-American and Native American) educator and author. She was the second woman of color to publish a book in America and the first to publish a book of essays[1] and poems.
Early years
Ann Plato was born around 1820 or 1824 in Hartford, Connecticut, and was most likely the eldest daughter of Henry and Deborah Plato.[1] In the 1828 Hartford City Directory, Henry Plato was listed as a laborer and Debroah Plato was listed as a seamstress, living at 23 Elm Street.[2] Her father was a farmer, and she had one sister, as well as a brother who died young.[1]
As is the case with many people of color who lived in America during the 1800s, there exists very little information about her. Most of what is known about her comes from the introduction of her book, written by Reverend James W. C. Pennington, pastor of the Colored Congregational Church of Hartford and the first black man to attend classes at Yale University. Pennington was an important influence on Plato's educator. In her book's introduction, Pennington wrote of Plato: "My authoress is a colored lady, a member of my church, of pleasing piety and modest worth."[1]
Teacher and writer
Plato taught at the Free African Schools, housed in the Zion Methodist Episcopal Church until 1847.[2] She was a member of the Talcott Street Congregational Church in Hartford.
In 1841, at the age of 16, she published her only known book, entitled Essays: Including Biographies and Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose and Poetry.[1] The essays reflected the New England Puritan values of her environment. Topics included "Benevolence," "Education," "Employment" and "Religion." The essays stressed both the importance of education and of leading a pious, industrious life. The book also contained some poetry and biographies of departed female friends and acquaintances.[3]
Some critics from later generations found Plato's essays and poetry to be overly moralizing as well as routine and lacking in originality. Many of them also derided her for not mentioning the issue of slavery in America, as did some of her near contemporaries including Frances Harper and Charlotte Forten Grimke. Plato's one reference to slavery in her book concerns its abolition in the West Indies in 1838 (perhaps a reference to the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 valid throughout the British Empire).[4]
Nothing is known about Plato's life after her book was published in 1841. Furthermore, the year of her death cannot be found.[5] However, Ron Welburn in his book Hartford's Ann Plato and the Native Borders of Identity (SUNY Press, 2015) records that in the 1870 Iowa Federal census a 46-year-old woman called "Miss Plato" who may well be Ann Plato is listed as residing in Decorah Township, Winnieshiek County, Iowa.[6]
Legacy
In 1988, Oxford University Press released The Schomburg Library of Nineteenth-Century Black Women Writers with Professor Henry Louis Gates as the general editor of the series. Plato's book was reprinted as a part of this collection.
Trinity College, Connecticut, established the Ann Plato Fellowship in her honor in 1988.[7]
Quotes
"A good education is that which prepares us for our future sphere of action and makes us contented with that situation in life in which God, in his infinite mercy, has seen fit to place us, to be perfectly resigned to our lot in life, whatever it may be." –Ann Plato
A good education is another name for happiness" –Ann Plato
Published work
- Plato, Ann. Essays: Including Biographies and Miscellaneous Pieces, in Prose and Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-505247-1.
Notes
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wright 736
- 1 2 Bassard 72.
- ↑ Finkelman, Paul (2006). Encyclopedia of African American History 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 519. ISBN 978-0-19-516777-1.
- ↑ Ann Plato, "To The First of August", reprinted in Margaret Busby (ed.), Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent, Jonathan Cape, 1992, pp. 75–76.
- ↑ Wright 737.
- ↑ Welburn, Ron, Hartford's Ann Plato and the Native Borders of Identity, SUNY Press, 2015, p. 125.
- ↑ Welburn (2015), Hartford's Ann Plato and the Native Borders of Identity, Chapter 1, p. 17.
References
- Bassard, Katherine Clay. Spiritual Interrogations: Culture, Gender, and Community in Early African Women's Writing. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 1-4008-0036-6.
- Shockley, Ann Allen. Afro-American Women Writers 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide, New Haven, Connecticut: Meridian Books, 1989. ISBN 0-452-00981-2
- Wright, Michelle Diane. Broken Utterances: A Selected Anthology of 19th Century Black Women's Social Thought. Three Sistahs Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0976936510
Further reading
- Robinson, William H., editor. Early Black American Poets, Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown Publishers, 1969. ISBN 0-697-03953-6
- Sherman, Joan R. Invisible Poets: Afro-Americans of the Nineteenth Century, Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1974. ISBN 0-252-06061-X
Welburn, Ron. Hartford's Ann Plato and the Native Borders of Identity, SUNY Press, 2015. ISBN 978-1-4384-5577-8.
External links
- Online edition of "Essays: Including Biographies and Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose and Poetry"
- Essays by Ann Plato at Quotidiana.org
- Information about the Ann Plato Fellowship
- Location of an edition of Ann Plato's book
- Home page for The Schomburg Library of Nineteenth-Century Black Women Writers