List of animal names
Many animals, particularly domesticated, have specific names for males, females, young, and groups.
The best-known source of many English words used for collective groupings of animals is The Book of Saint Albans, an essay on hunting published in 1486 and attributed to Juliana Berners.[1] Most terms used here may be found in common dictionaries and general information web sites.[2][3][4]
Generic terms
The terms in this table apply to many or all taxa in a particular biological family, class, or clade.
| Scientific term | Young | Female | Male | Collective noun | Collateral adjective | Trivial name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aves | chick | hen | cock | flock | avian | bird |
| Bovinae | calf | cow (bred), heifer (not bred) | bull (intact), ox or steer (castrated) | herd | bovine | cattle; cows |
| Canidae | puppy, pup,[5] cub | bitch | dog | pack | canine | dog |
| Equidae | colt (male), filly (female), foal | jenny (asses), mare (other equids) | jack (asses), stallion (other equids), gelding (castrated horse) | herd | equine | horse |
| Felidae | kitten, cub | queen | tom | clowder | feline | cat |
| Osteichthyes | fry, fingerling | ? | ? | school, shoal | piscine, ichthyic | bony fish |
Terms by species or taxon
| Animal | Young | Female | Male | Collective noun | Collateral adjective | Culinary noun for meat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | ||||||
| Aardvark | cub | sow | boar | N/A | orycteropodian | |
| Albatross | chick | N/A | N/A | flock<ref >National Geographic Animals: Albatross</ref> rookery[6] gam (when searching for mates)[7] | ? | |
| Alligator | hatchling | cow | bull | congregation[8] | eusuchian | |
| Alpaca[9] | cria | hembra | macho | herd | camelid | |
| Ant | larva pupa | queen (fertile) worker soldier | drone | army[10] bike[10] colony[10][11] nest[8] swarm[10] | formic myrmicine | |
| Anteater | pup | sow | boar | N/A | ? | |
| Antelope | calf[12] | doe | buck | herd[10][13] cluster[10][13] tribe[10][13] | alcelaphine bubaline antilopine | |
| Ape | infant | N/A | N/A | shrewdness[2][8][13][14] troop[8][10][13] | simian | |
| Armadillo | pup baby | sow | boar | N/A | cingulatan | |
| Ass/donkey | foal | jenny | jack | herd[10] coffle[10][13] drove[8][10][13] pace[10][11][13] | asinine | |
| B | ||||||
| Baboon | infant | N/A | ? | flange[15][note 1] troop[2][8][15] | ? | |
| Badger | cub kit | sow | boar | cete[2][8][11][15] colony[15] | musteline | |
| Barracuda | ? | ? | ? | school[16] | percesocine | |
| Bat | pup | N/A | N/A | cloud[15][17] colony[11][15] flock[18] | pteropine noctillionine | |
| Bear (list) | cub[19] | sow she-bear | boar | sleuth[8][11][15] sloth[8][11][15] | ursine | |
| Beaver | kit kitten pup | N/A | N/A | family[8] colony[8][15] | castoridine | |
| Bee | larva pupa | queen worker [note 2] | drone | cast (a second swarm)[15] cluster (of workers around the queen)[15] colony[15] drift[2][15] erst[2][15] grist[8][15] hive[2][8][15] nest[8] rabble[15] stand[15] swarm[2][8][15] | apic apian apiarian | |
| Bird (list) Also see Aves | chick | hen | cock | flock[2] flight[2] pod[2] | avian | |
| Bison | calf | cow | bull | herd | bovine bubaline | |
| Boar (wild pig) Also see Pig | piglet farrow shoat/shote (just weaned) | sow | ? | herd[15][20] singular[8][20] Groups of 12 or more sounder[8][20] | ? | |
| Buffalo, African (for American buffalo, see Bison) | calf | cow, heifer | bull | herd[8][11][15] troop[8] gang[8][11][15] obstinancy[8][11][15] | ? | |
| Butterfly | caterpillar larva pupa chrysalis | ? | ? | flight[15] flutter[8] rabble[15] | pieridine pierine lepidopteran | |
| C | ||||||
| Camel | calf | cow | bull | caravan[8] flock[8] herd train[8] | camelid cameline | |
| Caribou | calf | doe | buck | herd | rangiferine | |
| Cassowary | hatchling chick | ? | ? | N/A | ratite | |
| Cat (list) | kitten kit | molly queen pussy | tom gib (castrated male)[21] | clowder[2][8] cluster[8] clutter[22] glaring[2][8] pounce[8] kindle (kittens)[23] litter (kittens) | feline | |
| Caterpillar | ? | ? | ? | army[8][24] | ? | |
| Cattle[note 3] (list) | calf[25] | cow[26] | bull | herd[8] drove[8] yoke (oxen) team (oxen) | bovine[note 4] taurine (male) vaccine (female) vituline (young) | beef veal |
| Chamois | calf | doe | bull | herd | rupicaprine | |
| Cheetah | cub | ? | ? | coalition (male)[27] | ? | |
| Chicken (list) | chick | hen pullet | rooster cock cockerel capon (castrated male) | flock brood[8] peep (chicks)[8] clutch (eggs) | galline | poultry |
| Chimpanzee | infant | empress | blackback | ? | panine | |
| Chinchilla | kit | velvet sow | boar bull | ? | chinchilline | |
| Chough | chick | ? | ? | chattering[2][14][28] clattering[2][14][29] | corvine | |
| Coati | pup kit | sow | boar | troop | nasuine | |
| Cobra | ? | ? | ? | quiver[30] | elapid | |
| Cockroach | nymph | ? | ? | intrusion[30] | blattid | |
| Cod | codling | ? | ? | school | gadoid gadine | |
| Cormorant | chick shaglet | ? | ? | gulp[8][11][30] flight | ? | |
| Coyote | pup puppy cub whelp | bitch | dog | pack | canine | |
| Crab | N/A | hen jenny | cock jimmy | ? | cancrine | |
| Crane | chick colt[31] | ? | ? | herd sedge[11] sege[32] siege[33] | alectorine | |
| Crocodile | hatchling | cow | bull | bask[8] congregation float[8] nest | crocodilian | |
| Crow | ? | ? | ? | murder[2][8] | corvine | |
| Curlew | ? | ? | ? | herd[2][14] | ? | |
| D | ||||||
| Deer | calf[12] fawn | doe hind cow[12] | buck stag bull[12] hart (red deer) | bunch[34] herd[34] mob[34] rangale[34] | cervine elaphine | venison humble (organ meat) |
| Dinosaur (list) | hatchling juvenile | cow | bull | herd (herbivores) pack (carnivores) | dinosaurian | |
| Dog (list) | pup[5] puppy whelp[35] | bitch | dog stud sire | pack (wild)[11][34] kennel[34] mute[11] litter (young)[36] cowardice (curs)[11][37] comedy (boxers)[38][39] cry (hounds)[40] | canine | |
| Dogfish Also see Shark | ? | ? | ? | troop[34] | selachian squaloid | Spiny dogfish capeshark (USA) flake (UK, AUS) huss (UK) kahada (CAN)[41] rigg (UK) rock salmon (UK) |
| Dolphin | calf pup | cow | bull | school[34] pod herd team[34] | delphine | |
| Donkey (list)- See Ass | ||||||
| Dotterel | ? | ? | ? | trip[2][11] | ? | |
| Dove | chick | hen | cock | arc[8] cote dole[2][34] dule[8][34] flight[2][8][34] piteousness[2][34] pitying[8] | columbine | |
| Dragonfly | nymph | queen | king drake | cluster flight | anisopteran | |
| Duck (list) Also see Mallard | duckling | duck hen | drake | On land flock herd badling[11] brace[11] safe[2] sord[34] sore[34] waddling[34] On water bunch[2][34] paddling[2][34] raft[2][34] In flight skein[34] string[34] team[11][34] | anatine fuliguline | poultry |
| Dugong | calf | cow | bull | herd | dugongine | |
| Dunlin | chick | ? | ? | fling[2] | ? | |
| E | ||||||
| Eagle | eaglet fledgling | N/A | N/A | convocation[8][11] | aquiline | |
| Echidna | puggle (in common use, but not scientifically endorsed) | ? | ? | N/A | tachyglossine | |
| Eel | leptocephalus (larva) elver (juvenile) | N/A | N/A | bed[8] swarm[8] | anguilline | |
| Eland | calf | cow | bull | herd | ? | |
| Elephant | calf[25] | cow[26] | bull[42] | herd memory[8] | elephantine proboscine proboscidean | |
| Elephant seal | calf | cow | bull | herd pack | miroungan | |
| Elk (wapiti) | calf[12] | cow[12] | bull[12] | gang[8] herd[8] | cervine | venison |
| Emu | chick hatchling | ? | ? | mob[8] | ? | |
| F | ||||||
| Falcon | eyass/eyas | falcon | tiercel tercel terzel | ? | acciptrine | |
| Ferret | kit | jill | hob | busyness[14] business[8][11] | musteline | |
| Finch | chick | hen | cock | charm[11] | fringilline | |
| Fish (list) | fry fingerling | ? | ? | school[3] | piscine | |
| Flamingo | ? | ? | ? | phoenicopterine | ||
| Fly | maggot | ? | ? | business[8] cloud[8] swarm[8] | dipterous | |
| Fox | cub[19] kit pup[5] | vixen | tod dog reynard | leash[8][11] skulk[8][11] | vulpine | |
| Frog | polliwog tadpole froglet | ? | ? | army[11] | ranine | |
| G | ||||||
| Gaur | calf | cow | bull | herd | bovine gaurine | garabeef |
| Gazelle | calf[12] | cow[12] | bull[12] | herd | gazelline | |
| Gerbil | pup | doe | buck | horde | cricetine | |
| Giant panda | cub | sow | boar | sleuth[43] | ailuropodine | |
| Giraffe | calf | cow | bull | herd corps[44] tower[44][45] | giraffine | |
| Gnat | larva | ? | ? | cloud[8][11][44] horde[8][11][44] rabble[44] swarm[8][44] | ? | |
| Gnu | calf | cow | bull | herd implausibility[46] | ? | |
| Goat (list) | kid | nanny doe doeling | billy buck buckling [note 5] | herd flock[44] tribe[44] trip[44] trippe[44] | caprine | chevon cabrito mutton |
| Goldfinch | ? | ? | ? | charm[44] | cardueline | |
| Goosander | ? | ? | ? | dopping[44] | ? | |
| Goose | gosling | goose | gander | On land flock gaggle[11][44] plump[44] In flight skein[2][11][44] team[2][44] wedge[2][44] | anatine anserine | poultry |
| Gorilla | infant | N/A | blackback silverback | band[8][11][44] troop[8] whoop[44] | simian | |
| Goshawk | ? | ? | ? | flight[14][44] | ? | |
| Grasshopper | nymph | ? | ? | cloud[44] swarm[44] | caeliferian | |
| Grouse | ? | ? | ? | covey[44] pack[44] | tetraonine | |
| Guanaco | chulengo[47] | ? | ? | herd | camelid | |
| Guinea fowl | keet | hen | cock | rasp[48] flock[49] | numidine | poultry |
| Guinea pig | pup | sow | boar | herd | ? | cuy |
| Gull | chick | hen | cock | colony flock | larine | |
| H | ||||||
| Hamster | pup | doe | buck | horde | cricetid | |
| Hare | leveret | doe jill | buck jack | band down[50] drove[50] flick[50] husk[50] | leverine leporine | |
| Hawk | eyas | hen | tiercel | cast[51][note 6] aerie[51][note 7] staff[51][note 8] leash[51][note 9] flight[51][note 10] flock[51] Migrating in large groups kettle[8][51] boil[11][51] cauldron[51] | accipitrine | |
| Hedgehog | hoglet piglet pup | sow | boar | array[50] | erinaceine | |
| Heron | chick | hen | cock | flight[50] sedge[8][11][50] sege[32][50] siege[8][11][33][50] | ardeidine | |
| Herring | ? | ? | ? | army[11][50] glean[50] shoal[50] | clupeidean | |
| Hippo | calf | cow | bull | sea[8][11][50] herd[50] thunder[30] | hippopotamine | |
| Hornet | larvae pupae | queen | drone | bike[50] nest[11] swarm | vespine | |
| Horse (list) | foal colt (male) filly (female) gelding (castrated male) | mare dam | stallion stud | stable[8] stud[11] harras[11] herd (wild horses)[8] band (wild horses)[8] team (work horses)[8][11] rag (colts)[11] string (ponies)[11] field (racehorses) | equine | |
| Hummingbird | chick | hen | cock | ? | trochiline trochilidine | |
| Hyena | cub pup whelp | bitch | dog | cackle[8][11] | hyenine | |
| I | ||||||
| Ibex | kid | nanny | billy | herd | caprine | |
| Ibis | chick | ? | ? | ? | threskiornithine | |
| J | ||||||
| Jackal | pup | ? | ? | pack | ? | |
| Jaguar | cub | ? | ? | prowl[52] leap[52] | ? | |
| Jay | chick | hen | cock | band[8] party[11] scold[11] | corvine | |
| Jellyfish | planula polyp ephyra[53] | sow | boar | bloom brood[8] fluther[2] smack[2][11] smuth[6] | scyphozoan | |
| K | ||||||
| Kangaroo | joey | flyer doe jill roo | boomer buck jack | court herd troop[11] mob[54] | macropodine | |
| Kinkajou | pup kit | sow | boar | troop convergence | potosine | |
| Koala | joey | doe | buck | ? | phascolarctine | |
| Komodo dragon | hatchling chick calf | cow hen | bull cock | ? | varanine | |
| Kouprey | calf | cow | bull | herd | sauveline bovine | |
| Kudu | calf | cow | bull | herd | tragelaphine | |
| L | ||||||
| Lapwing | chick | ? | ? | deceit[11][14] desert[2] | vanelline | |
| Lark | chick | hen | cock | exaltation[2][14] | alaudine | |
| Lemur | infant | ? | ? | conspiracy[55] | lemurine | |
| Leopard | cub | leopardess | leopard | leap[2][8][11] lepe[2] | pardine | |
| Lion | cub[19] | lioness | lion | pride sawt | leonine | |
| Llama | cria | ? | ? | herd flock | camelid | |
| Lobster | ? | hen[3] | cock[3] | ? | homarine | |
| Locust (list) | nymph | N/A | N/A | cloud host swarm | caelifera | |
| Loris | infant | colony[56] | lorisine[57] | |||
| Louse | nymph | N/A | N/A | colony | pediculine | |
| Lyrebird | chick | hen | cock | ? | menurine | |
| M | ||||||
| Magpie | chick | hen | cock | flock | garruline | |
| Mallard Also see Duck | duckling | hen | greenhead[58] | sord[2] suit[2] | anatine | poultry |
| Mammoth | calf | cow | bull | herd pack | mammutine | |
| Manatee | calf | cow | bull | herd | manatine sirenian | |
| Mandrill | infant | N/A | N/A | horde | simian | |
| Mink | cub kit | sow | boar | ? | musteline | |
| Mole | pup | sow | boar | ? | talpine | |
| Mongoose | pup | ? | ? | troop committee delegation | herpestine | |
| Monkey | infant | N/A | N/A | troop[2] | simian | |
| Moose | calf[12] | cow[12] | bull[12][42] | herd | cervine | venison |
| Mouse | kitten pup As pet food pinky/fuzzy/crawler/hopper[59] | doe | buck | colony nest | murine | |
| Mosquito | nymph wriggler tumbler | N/A | N/A | swarm cloud | aedine anopheline | |
| N | ||||||
| Narwhal | calf | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| Newt | eft[60] | ? | ? | ? | pleurodeline | |
| Nightingale | chick | hen | cock | flock | philomelian | |
| O | ||||||
| Octopus | fry | hen[61] | ? | consortium[62] | octopodine | |
| Okapi | calf | cow | bull | herd | okapine | |
| Opossum | joey | jill | jack | passel | didelphine | |
| Ostrich | hatchling chick | hen | cock | flock troop | ratite struthious | |
| Otter | pup whelp | sow | boar | ? | musteline lutrine | |
| Owl | fledgling owlet | ? | ? | parliament[8] | strigine | |
| Oyster | spat | ? | ? | bed[8] | ostracine | |
| P | ||||||
| Panther | cub | pantheress | ? | ? | pantherine | |
| Parrot | chick | hen | cock | flock | psittacine | |
| Panda- See Giant panda | ||||||
| Partridge | chick | hen chantelle | cock | ? | perdicine | |
| Peafowl | chick peachick | peahen | peacock | ? | pavonine | poultry |
| Pelican | chick nestling | ? | ? | pod[8] | pelecanine | |
| Penguin | chick nestling | ? | ? | waddle (on land)[63][64] raft (in water)[63] rookery[63] colony[63] huddle[63] tuxedo[6] |
spheniscine | |
| Pheasant | chick | hen | cock | flock bouquet[8][11] nest[11] nide[11] nye[8][11] | phasianine | |
| Pig (list) Also see Boar | piglet farrow shoat/shote (just weaned) | sow (bred), gilt (not bred)[65] | boar barrow (castrated)[66] | drift[8][11][67] drove[8][11] litter (piglets) | porcine suilline | pork ham bacon |
| Pigeon (list) | squab squeaker | hen | cock | flock flight[68] kit[68] | pullastrine | squab |
| Polar bear | cub | sow | boar | aurora[69] celebration[69] pack[69] | ursine | |
| Pony- See Horse | ||||||
| Porcupine | pup | sow | boar | prickle[68] | hystricine | |
| Porpoise | calf | cow | bull | pod school shoal | phocoenine | |
| Prairie dog | pup | sow | boar | town | cynomurine | |
| Q | ||||||
| Quail | chick | hen | cock | bevy | galliformine | |
| Quelea | chick | hen | cock | flock | queline | |
| Quetzal | nestling | ? | ? | flock | trogonine | |
| R | ||||||
| Rabbit (list) | bunny kit kitten nestling | doe jill | buck jack | nest litter (young) wrack (young) | leporine | |
| Raccoon | cub kit | sow | boar | gaze nursery committee smack brace troop | procyonine | |
| Ram Also see Sheep | lamb | ewe | ram | flock | arietine ovine | lamb mutton |
| Rat (list) | kitten pup | doe cow | buck bull | colony horde mischief[70] |
murine | |
| Raven | chick | hen | cock | unkindness | corvine | |
| Red deer | calf | hind | stag hart | herd | ? | venison |
| Red panda | cub | sow | boar | pack | ailurid | |
| Reindeer (caribou) | calf | cow | bull | herd | rangiferine | |
| Rhinoceros | calf | cow | bull | herd crash[71] | ceratorhine | |
| Rook | ? | ? | ? | building[2] parliament[2][72] | ? | |
| S | ||||||
| Salamander | larva | ? | ? | ? | caudatan salamandrine | |
| Salmon | parr[73] | hen | cock | ? | salmonine | |
| Sand dollar | larva pluteus (free swimming stage) juvenile (young urchin) | ? | ? | ? | clypeasteroid | |
| Sandpiper | ? | ? | ? | fling[74] | scolopacine | |
| Sardine | ? | ? | ? | family [74] | ? | |
| Sea lion | pup calf | cow | bull | ? | otarine | |
| Sea urchin | larva pluteus (free swimming stage) juvenile (young urchin) | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| Seahorse | seafoal | seamare | seastallion | shoal | hippocampal | |
| Seal | pup[5] | cow | bull | herd[74] pod[74] rookery[74] | phocine | |
| Shark | cub[19] pup[75] | ? | bull | ? | selachian squaloid | flake (AUS) |
| Sheep (list) Also see Ram | lamb lambkin cosset | ewe dam | ram[note 5] buck | flock fold herd | ovine | lamb mutton hoggett |
| Shrew | shrewlet | sow | boar | colony drove | soricine | |
| Skunk | kit | sow | boar[3] | surfeit | mephitine | |
| Sloth | kitten pup baby | sow | boar | N/A | xenarthran (broader group) | |
| Snail | ? | ? | ? | escargatoire[74][76] rout[74][77] walk[74] | gastropodian | escargot |
| Snake (list) | snakelet hatchling (a newly hatched snake) neonate (newborn) | N/A | N/A | nest ball slither | anguine elapine serpentine viperine ophidian | |
| Spider (list) | spiderling | ? | ? | cluster[74] clutter[74] | arachnine arachnoid | |
| Squirrel | pup kit kitten | doe | buck | scurry[30] dray[68] | sciurine | |
| Starling | ? | ? | ? | chattering[8][28] murmuration[2][8][11][14] | sturnine | |
| Stegosaurus | ? | ? | ? | handful[78] | ||
| Swan | cygnet flapper | pen | cob | flock lamentation | cygnine | |
| T | ||||||
| Tapir | calf | cow | bull | herd | tapirine | |
| Tarsier | infant | doe | buck | herd | tarsiine | |
| Termite | larva | cow | bull | colony nest swarm | isopteran | |
| Tiger | cub[19] whelp | tigress | tiger | ambush[8] streak[30] | tigrine | |
| Toad | tadpole toadlet | N/A | N/A | knot[8][11] | ranine batrachian | |
| Turkey (list) | poult | hen | gobbler stag tom jake (immature) | rafter[79][80] | ? | poultry |
| Turtle | hatchling | N/A | N/A | bale[81] | chelonian | |
| U | ||||||
| V | ||||||
| Vicuña | calf | cow | bull | posse herd | cameline | |
| W | ||||||
| Wallaby | joey | jill | jack | mob | ? | |
| Walrus | calf | cow | bull | herd flock | odobenine | |
| Wasp | larva | queen worker | drone | swarm hive colony nest | vespine | |
| Water buffalo | calf | cow | bull | ? | ? | carabeef |
| Weasel | pup kit | bitch doe jill | buck dog hub jack | gang[13] sneak[13] | musteline | |
| Whale | calf[25] | cow[26] | bull | pod school | cetacean cetaceous | blubber |
| Wolf | pup[5] puppy cub whelp | bitch she-wolf | dog | pack | lupine canine | |
| Wolverine | kit whelp | angeline | wolverine | pack | musteline | |
| Wombat | joey | jill | jack | wisdom[82] | ? | |
| Wren | chick | cow | bull | ? | troglodytine | |
| X | ||||||
| Y | ||||||
| Yak | calf | cow | bull | herd | ? | |
| Z | ||||||
| Zebra | colt foal | mare | stallion | herd[8][83] cohort[83] dazzle [84] zeal[8][83] | zebrine hippotigrine |
See also
Notes
- ↑ The term "flange" was originally used to denote a group of baboons in a Not the Nine O'Clock News comedy sketch entitled "Gerald the Intelligent Gorilla" where it was used for comic effect. It has since been used in the scientific literature for a collection of baboons.
- ↑ A worker bee is a sexually undeveloped female.
- ↑ Castrated male cattle are steers in the United States, or bullocks in the United Kingdom. Oxen are draft animals that are (if male) usually castrated but not necessarily. A young cow that has not given birth is a heifer. See Cattle for more names. Cows is often used informally to refer to cattle in general.
- ↑ Bovine refers to all species of genus Bos.
- 1 2 A castrated male sheep or goat is a wether. See sheep for more names.
- ↑ The term "cast" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ↑ The term "aerie" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. "Aerie" also refers to hawks and other birds of prey nesting high on a mountain top. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ↑ The term "staff" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ↑ The term "leash" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
- ↑ The term "flight" is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only "hawks of the wrist" to include goshawks and sparrowhawks. Hawks of the wrist are true hawks in the genus Accipiter.
References
- ↑ Woop Studios; Jay Sacher (2013), A Compendium of Collective Nouns: From an Armory of Aardvarks to a Zeal of Zebras, Chronicle Books, p. 9, ISBN 978-1-4521-2952-5
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 "What do you call a group of ...?". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Dictionary.com Animal Names". Archived from the original on 2007-11-14.
- ↑ "Merriam Webster Dictionary".
- 1 2 3 4 5 "the definition of pup".
- 1 2 3 Ivan G. Sparkes, Dictionary of Collective Nouns and Group Terms ().
- ↑ Riddell, Te Aorere. Toroa: The Royal Albatross. Huia, 2003. 11. Print.
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- 1 2 3 "the definition of calf".
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- ↑ Caro, T.M. (1994). Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains : group living in an asocial species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-226-09434-2.
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- ↑ American Kennel Club. "Learn - American Kennel Club". Akc.org. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
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- ↑ Lynn-Allen, Lieut.-Colonel B. G. (1951). Shot-gun and Sunlight - The Game Birds of East Africa. London: Batchworth Press.
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- ↑ New Zealand Penguins - Frequently Asked Questions
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. - ↑ Bartlett's Roget's Thesaurus (2003), ISBN 0316735876, ISBN 9780316735872, "Collective Names for Creatures", p. 90 (accessed 3 March 2014)
- ↑ John G. Robertson (1991). Robertson's Words for a Modern Age: A Cross Reference of Latin and Greek Combining Elements, Senior Scribe Publications ISBN 0963091905, ISBN 9780963091901, Appendix M: Group Names, pp. 231-236 (accessed 3 March 2014). Page 231 states that "The nomenclature in italics were considered the proper terms for groups of beasts, fish, fowls, insects or whatever was designated and 'codified in the fifteenth century'.... [However, regarding non-italicized terms,] Many of the words in the following list have no authoritative basis and have been created to express possible names for the groups represented."
- ↑ "Bale - definition of bale by The Free Dictionary". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
- ↑ Woop Studios; Jay Sacher (2013), A Compendium of Collective Nouns: From an Armory of Aardvarks to a Zeal of Zebras, Chronicle Books, p. 213, ISBN 978-1-4521-2952-5
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The dictionary definition of dazzle at Wiktionary
Further reading
- Peter Gray, "The encyclopedia of the biological sciences", 1970
- Lipton, James (1993) [1968]. An Exaltation of Larks (Ultimate ed.). Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-017096-2.
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