Angel Falls

Angel Falls
Salto Ángel
Kerepakupai Vená

Angel Falls, Bolívar State, Venezuela
Location in Venezuela
Location Auyán-tepui, Canaima National Park, Bolívar State, Venezuela
Coordinates 5°58′03″N 62°32′08″W / 5.96750°N 62.53556°W / 5.96750; -62.53556Coordinates: 5°58′03″N 62°32′08″W / 5.96750°N 62.53556°W / 5.96750; -62.53556
Type Plunges
Total height 979 m (3,212 ft)
Number of drops 2
Longest drop 807 m (2,648 ft)
World height ranking 1[1]

Angel Falls (Spanish: Salto Ángel; Pemon language: Kerepakupai Meru meaning "waterfall of the deepest place", or Parakupá Vená, meaning "the fall from the highest point") is a waterfall in Venezuela. It is the world's highest uninterrupted waterfall, with a height of 979 meters (3,212 ft) and a plunge of 807 meters (2,648 ft). The waterfall drops over the edge of the Auyán-tepui mountain in the Canaima National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Canaima), a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Gran Sabana region of Bolívar State. The height figure 979 metres (3,212 ft) mostly consists of the main plunge but also includes about 400 metres (0.25 mi) of sloped cascade and rapids below the drop and a 30-metre (98 ft) high plunge downstream of the talus rapids.

The falls are along a fork of the Rio Kerepacupai Meru which flows into the Churun River, a tributary of the Carrao River, itself a tributary of the Orinoco River.

History

Name

The waterfall has been known as the Angel Falls since the Mid-20th century; they are named after Jimmie Angel, a US aviator, who was the first person to fly over the falls.[2] Angel's ashes were scattered over the falls on 2 July 1960.[3]

The common Spanish name Salto Ángel derives from his surname. In 2009, President Hugo Chávez announced his intention to change the name to the purported original indigenous Pemon term ("Kerepakupai Vená", meaning "waterfall of the deepest place"), on the grounds that the nation's most famous landmark should bear an indigenous name.[4] Explaining the name change, Chávez was reported to have said, "This is ours, long before Angel ever arrived there ... this is indigenous property."[5] However, he later said that he would not decree the change of name, but only was defending the use of Kerepakupai Vená.[6]

Partly clouded view of Auyán-tepui and Angel Falls (centre) from Isla Raton camp, taken during the end of the dry season

Exploration

Sir Walter Raleigh in his expedition to find the fabled city of El Dorado described what was possibly a tepuy (table top mountain), and he is said to have been the first European to view Angel Falls, although these claims are considered far-fetched.[7] Some historians state that the first European to visit the waterfall was Fernando de Berrío, a Spanish explorer and governor from the 16th and 17th centuries.[8] Other sources state that the first westerner to see the waterfall was the Catalan explorer Fèlix Cardona in 1927.[9]

According to accounts of Venezuelan explorer Ernesto Sánchez La Cruz, he spotted the falls in 1912, but he did not publicize his discovery. Cruz possibly saw the Montoya Falls in the Sierra Pacaraima region,[10] which are more than 500 metres (1,600 ft) tall. They were not known to the outside world until American aviator Jimmie Angel, following directions given by the explorer Fèlix Cardona who had seen the waterfall six years before, flew over them on 16 November 1933 on a flight while he was searching for a valuable ore bed.[9][11][12]

Returning on 9 October 1937, Angel tried to land his Flamingo monoplane El Río Caroní atop Auyán-tepui, but the plane was damaged when the wheels sank into the marshy ground. Angel and his three companions, including his wife Marie, were forced to descend the tepui on foot. It took them 11 days to make their way back to civilization by the gradually sloping back side, but news of their adventure spread and the waterfall was named Angel Falls in his honor. The name of the waterfall—"Salto Angel"—was first published on a Venezuelan government map in December 1939.[10]

Angel's plane remained on top of the tepui for 33 years before being lifted out by helicopter.[13] It was restored at the Aviation Museum in Maracay and now sits outdoors on the front of the airport at Ciudad Bolívar.

The first recorded person of European descent to reach the base of the falls was Latvian explorer Aleksandrs Laime, also known as Alejandro Laime to the native Pemon tribe. He reached the falls alone in 1946. He was the first to reach the upper side of falls in the late 1950s, by climbing on the back side where the slope is not vertical.[14] He also reached Angel's plane 18 years after the crash landing. On 18 November 1955, Latvian independence day, he announced to Venezuelan newspaper El Nacional that this stream without any known local name should be called after a Latvian river, Gauja. The same year, this name was registered in the National Cartographic Institution of Venezuela. There are no convincing proofs that indigenous Pemon people had named the local streams, as Auyán-tepui was considered to be a dangerous place and was not visited by the indigenous people.[14] However, lately the Pemon name Kerep is used as well.

Laime was also the first to clear a trail that leads from the Churun River to the base of the falls. On the way is a viewpoint commonly used to capture the falls in photographs. It is named Mirador Laime ("Laime's Viewpoint" in Spanish) in his honor. This trail is used now mostly for tourists, to lead them from the Isla Ratón camp to the small clearing.

The official height of the falls was determined by a survey carried out by an expedition organized and financed by American journalist Ruth Robertson on 13 May 1949.[10][15] The first known attempt to climb the face of the cliff was made in 1968 during the wet season. It failed because of slippery rock. In 1969, a second attempt was made during the dry season. This attempt was thwarted by lack of water and an overhang 120 metres (400 ft) from the top. The first climb to the top of the cliff was completed on 13 January 1971. The climbers required nine and a half days to ascend and one and a half days to rappel down.[16]

Tourism

Angel Falls is one of Venezuela's top tourist attractions, though a trip to the falls is a complicated affair. The falls are located in an isolated jungle. A flight from Puerto Ordaz or Ciudad Bolívar is required to reach Canaima camp, the starting point for river trips to the base of the falls. River trips generally take place from June to December, when the rivers are deep enough for use by the Pemon guides. During the dry season (December to March) there is less water seen than in the other months. The falls receive roughly 900,000 visitors per year.

Angel Falls also inspired the setting of the Disney animated film Up (2009) although, in the film, the location was called Paradise Falls instead of Angel Falls. It also makes a small appearance in the Disney film Dinosaur, as well as the 1990 film Arachnophobia. Most recently, it makes an appearance in the 2015 film Point Break. Numerous documentaries have covered the falls, including Planet Earth.

References

  1. ↑ "Angel Falls". Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 November 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  2. ↑ "Plane Pilot Sights Highest Waterfall in World". Popular Science: 37. April 1938.
  3. ↑ "The History of Jimmie Angel". Jimmie Angel Historical Project. Archived from the original on 16 March 2010.
  4. ↑ Carroll, Rory (21 December 2009). "Hugo Chávez renames Angel Falls". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  5. ↑ "Venezuela Chavez renames world's tallest waterfall". Thomson Reuters Foundation. 17 September 2011. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  6. ↑ "Chávez dice que no decretó el cambio de nombre del Salto Ángel". Noticias24 (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  7. ↑ "Walter Raleigh -- Delusions of Guiana". The Lost World: The Gran Sabana, Canaima National Park and Angel Falls - Venezuela. Archived from the original on 14 October 2002. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  8. ↑ Valeriano Sánchez Ramos (2005). Farua: revista del Centro Virgitano de Estudios Históricos. pp. 105–42. ISSN 1138-4263.
  9. 1 2 Casanova_y_Solanas, Eugenio (2013). La conquista del Orinoco.
  10. 1 2 3 Angel, Karen (April 2012). "Why the World’s Tallest Waterfall is Named Angel Falls" (PDF). Terrae Incognitae. 44 (1): 16–42. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  11. ↑ "Jimmie Angel ... An Explorer". 25 December 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  12. ↑ Angel, Karen (2001). "The Truth About Jimmie Angel & Angel Falls". Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  13. ↑ "Rescate de la avioneta de Jimmy Ángel" (in Spanish).
  14. 1 2 Stavro, Andris (1999). Aleksandrs Laime un viņa zelta upe (1st ed.). ISBN 9984071847.
  15. ↑ Robertson, Ruth. "Jungle Journey to the World's Highest Waterfall". In Jenkins, Mark. Worlds to Explore. National Geographic. ISBN 978-1-4262-0044-1.
  16. ↑ David Nott, Angels Four, Prentice-Hall Inc. 1972 chronicles the first successful climb up the face of Auyantepui to the top of the falls.
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