Andrographis paniculata
| Andrographis paniculata | |
|---|---|
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Acanthaceae |
| Genus: | Andrographis |
| Species: | A. paniculata |
| Binomial name | |
| Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees[1] | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Andrographis paniculata is an annual herbaceous plant in the family Acanthaceae, native to India and Sri Lanka.
It is widely cultivated in Southern and Southeastern Asia, where it has been traditionally used to treat infections and some diseases. Mostly the leaves and roots were used for medicinal purposes. The whole plant is also used in some cases.[3]
Etymology
Andrographis paniculata is an erect annual herb extremely bitter in taste in all parts of the plant body. The plant is known in north-eastern India as Maha-tikta, literally "king of bitters", and known by various vernacular names (see the table below). As an Ayurveda herb it is known as Kalmegh or Kalamegha, meaning "dark cloud". It is also known as Nila-Vembu in Tamil, meaning "neem of the ground", since the plant, though being a small annual herb, has a similar strong bitter taste as that of the large Neem tree (Azadirachta indica). In Malaysia, it is known as Hempedu Bumi, which literally means 'bile of earth' since it is one of the most bitter plants that are used in traditional medicine.
Description
Andrographis paniculata grows erect to a height of 30–110 cm (12–43 in) in moist, shady places. The slender stem is dark green, squared in cross-section with longitudinal furrows and wings along the angles. The lance-shaped leaves have hairless blades measuring up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long by 2.5 cm (0.98 in). The small flowers are borne in spreading racemes. The fruit is a capsule around 2 cm (0.79 in) long and a few millimeters wide. It contains many yellow-brown seeds.
Distribution
A. paniculata is distributed in tropical Asian countries, often in isolated patches. It can be found in a variety of habitats, such as plains, hillsides, coastlines, and disturbed and cultivated areas such as roadsides, farms, and wastelands. Native populations of A. paniculata are spread throughout south India and Sri Lanka which perhaps represent the center of origin and diversity of the species. The herb is an introduced species in northern parts of India, Java, Malaysia, Indonesia, the West Indies, and elsewhere in the Americas. The species also occurs in Hong Kong, Thailand, Brunei, Singapore, and other parts of Asia where it may or may not be native. The plant is cultivated in many areas, as well.
Unlike other species of the genus, A. paniculata is of common occurrence in most places in India, including the plains and hilly areas up to 500 m (1,600 ft), which accounts for its wide use.
In India the major source of plant is procured from wild habitat.The plant is in Low Risk or Least Concerned in the IUCN category. Under the trade name Kalmegh Annually on an average 2,000–5,000 tonnes (2,200–5,500 tons) of plant is traded in India.[4]
Cultivation
It does best in a sunny location. The seeds are sown during May and June (northern hemisphere). The seedlings are transplanted at a distance of 60 cm (24 in) x 30 cm (12 in).
Traditional medicine
Since ancient times, A. paniculata has been used in traditional Siddha and Ayurvedic[5] systems of medicine as well as in tribal medicine in India.
Medical use
According to the Mayo Clinic Book of Alternative Medicine, "A specific product (andrographis combined with Eleutherococcus senticosus) may shorten the duration and lessen the symptoms of common cold."[6] It also says, "Pregnant women shouldn't use andrographis because it could terminate pregnancy."[6] A review concluded that existing evidence from controlled clinical trials supports a role for A. paniculata in the treatment of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections.[7] There is no evidence of its effectiveness in cancer treatment.[8]
Chemistry
Andrographolide is the major constituent extracted from the leaves of the plant and is a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone. This bitter principle was isolated in pure form by Gorter (1911). Systematic studies on chemistry of A. paniculata have been carried out.[9][10]
Some known constituents are:
- "14-Deoxy-11-dehydroandrographolide, Plant
- 14-Deoxy-11-oxoandrographolide, Plant
- 5-Hydroxy-7,8,2',3'-Tetramethoxyflavone, Plant
- 5-Hydroxy-7,8,2'-Trimethoxyflavone, Tissue Culture
- Andrographine, Root
- Andrographolide, Plant
- Neoandrographolide, Plant
- Panicoline, Root
- Paniculide-A, Plant
- Paniculide-B, Plant
- Paniculide-C, Plant"[11]
List of vernacular names of A. paniculata Nees
| Language | Common name |
|---|---|
| Punjabi | Chooraita |
| Assamese | Chirota |
| Arabic | Quasabhuva |
| Marathi | kadu kirayata,Oli-kiryata |
| Bengali | Kālmegh (কালমেঘ), Chirota (চিরতা) |
| Oriya | ଭୁଇଁ ନିମ୍ବ (Bhuinimba), ଚିରେଇତା (Chireita)[12] |
| Chinese | Chuan Xin Lian (穿心蓮) |
| English | Green chirayta, creat, king of bitters, andrographis, India echinacea |
| Persian | Naine-havandi |
| Gujarati | કરિયાતુ (Kariyatu) |
| Sanskrit | Kālamegha (कालमेघ), Bhūnimba (भूनिम्ब)[13] |
| Hindi | कीरायत (Kirayat) |
| Tamil | Siriyaa Nangai [சிறியா நங்கை]/ Nila Vembu [நிலவேம்பு] |
| Kannada | Nelabevu (ನೆಲಬೇವು) |
| Malayalam | NilavEpp (നിലവേപ്പ്), Kiriyathth (കിരിയത്ത്) |
| Telugu | Nelavemaa (నేలవేము) or Nelavepu meaning "Neem of the ground". "Nela" = ground and "vemaa" = neem. |
| Malay | Hempedu Bumi |
| Bahasa Indonesia | Sambiloto, sambiroto |
| Tagalog | Aluy, Likha, Sinta, Serpentina |
| Thai | Fa Thalai Chon (ฟ้าทะลายโจร, Thai pronunciation: [fáː.tʰa.lāːj.tɕōːn]), literally meaning 'the heavens strike the thieves' |
| Khmer | Smau pramat manuss (ស្មៅប្រមាត់មនុស្ស), literally meaning 'human gallblader grass', Smau phtuh (ស្មៅផ្ទុះ), literally meaning 'exploding grass'[14] |
| Lao | La Xa Bee (ລາຊາບີ, Lao pronunciation: [láː.sáː.bìː]) |
| Sinhalese | Hīn Kohomba / Heen Kohomba (හීන් කොහොඹ), meaning "small neem", or Hīn Bīm Kohomba / Heen Bim Kohomba(හීන් බිම් කොහොඹ) meaning "small neem of the ground". |
| Vietnamese | Xuyên Tâm Liên |
| Akean | Marean |
| Konkani | Kiratin |
See also
References
- ↑ GRIN Species Profile
- ↑ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ↑ "Traded Medicinal Plants Database".
- ↑ "List of 178 Medicinal Plant Species in high Volume Trade (>100 MT/Year)".
- ↑ medicinal properties of bhunimb Nighatu adarsh
- 1 2 "3". Mayo Clinic Book of Alternative Medicine (second ed.). 2010. p. 47.
- ↑ Akbar S (2011). "Andrographis paniculata: a review of pharmacological activities and clinical effects". Altern Med Rev. 16 (1): 66–77. PMID 21438648.
- ↑ "Andrographis". Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center.
- ↑ Chao W-W., Lin B.-F. "Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds in Andrographis paniculata (Chuanxinlian) Chinese Medicine 2010 5 Article Number 17
- ↑ Hossain MS, Urbi Z, Sule A, Hafizur Rahman KM (2014). "Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees: a review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology". ScientificWorldJournal. 2014: 274905. PMC 4408759
. PMID 25950015. doi:10.1155/2014/274905. - ↑ "Species Information". sun.ars-grin.gov. Archived from the original on 2004-11-10. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
- ↑ "Ekamravan -- Medicinal Plant Garden, Odisha".
- ↑ sanskrit synonyms of bhunimb Amarkosha ch. 2, section - forest medicinal plants, verse - 143
- ↑ Mathieu LETI, HUL Sovanmoly, Jean-Gabriel FOUCHÉ, CHENG Sun Kaing & Bruno DAVID, Flore photographique du Cambodge, Toulouse, Éditions Privat, 2013, p. 35.
Further reading
- Germplasm Resources Information Network: Andrographis paniculata
- Coon, JT; Ernst, E (2004). "Andrographis paniculatain the Treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review of Safety and Efficacy". Planta Medica. 70 (4): 293–8. PMID 15095142. doi:10.1055/s-2004-818938.
- Mishra, Siddhartha K; Sangwan, Neelam S; Sangwan, Rajender S (2007). "Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh): A review". Pharmacognosy Reviews. 1 (2): 283–98.
- Sareer, Ovais; Ahmad, Sayeed; Umar, Shahid (2014). "Andrographis paniculata: A critical appraisal of extraction, isolation and quantification of andrographolide and other active constituents". Natural Product Research. 28 (23): 2081–101. PMID 24912126. doi:10.1080/14786419.2014.924004.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrographis paniculata. |
- Andrographis (www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au)
- Dr. Duke's Database
- Caldecott, Todd (2006). Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life. Elsevier/Mosby. ISBN 0-7234-3410-7. Contains a detailed monograph on Andrographis paniculatus (Bhunimba) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20110519163542/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/390-bhunimba
- Akbar, S (2011). "Andrographis paniculata: A review of pharmacological activities and clinical effects" (PDF). Alternative Medicine Review. 16 (1): 66–77. PMID 21438648.
- Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) (in traditional Chinese) (in English)
- 穿心蓮, Common Andrographis Herb, Chuan Xin Lian Chinese Medicine Specimen Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) (in traditional Chinese) (in English)