Arcade game

A player playing Police 911, an arcade game in which players use a light gun.
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Video games

An arcade game or coin-op is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants, bars and amusement arcades. Most arcade games are video games, pinball machines, electro-mechanical games, redemption games or merchandisers. While exact dates are debated, the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s and ending sometime in the mid-1980s. Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s, the arcade industry subsequently declined in the Western hemisphere as competing home-based video game consoles such as Playstation and Xbox increased in their graphics and game-play capability and decreased in cost.

History

The first popular "arcade games" included early amusement-park midway games such as shooting galleries, ball-toss games, and the earliest coin-operated machines, such as those that claimed to tell a person's fortune or that played mechanical music. The old Midways of 1920s-era amusement parks (such as Coney Island in New York) provided the inspiration and atmosphere for later arcade games. In the 1930s the first coin-operated pinball machines emerged. These early amusement machines differed from their later electronic cousins in that they were made of wood. They lacked plungers or lit-up bonus surfaces on the playing field, and used mechanical instead of electronic scoring-readouts. By around 1977 most pinball machines in production switched to using solid-state electronics both for operation and for scoring.[1]

Electro-mechanical games

In 1966, Sega introduced an electro-mechanical game called Periscope[2] - an early submarine simulator and light gun shooter[3] which used lights and plastic waves to simulate sinking ships from a submarine.[4] It became an instant success in Japan, Europe, and North America,[5] where it was the first arcade game to cost a quarter per play,[2] which would remain the standard price for arcade games for many years to come.[5] In 1967 Taito released an electro-mechanical arcade game of their own, Crown Soccer Special, a two-player sports game that simulated association football, using various electronic components, including electronic versions of pinball flippers.[6]

Sega later produced gun games which resemble first-person shooter video games, but which were in fact electro-mechanical games that used rear image projection in a manner similar to the ancient zoetrope to produce moving animations on a screen.[7] The first of these, the light-gun game Duck Hunt,[8] appeared in 1969;[9] it featured animated moving targets on a screen, printed out the player's score on a ticket, and had volume-controllable sound-effects.[8] That same year, Sega released an electro-mechanical arcade racing game, Grand Prix, which had a first-person view, electronic sound, a dashboard with a racing wheel and accelerator,[10] and a forward-scrolling road projected on a screen.[11] Another Sega 1969 release, Missile, a shooter and vehicle-combat simulation, featured electronic sound and a moving film strip to represent the targets on a projection screen. It was the earliest known arcade game to feature a joystick with a fire button, which formed part of an early dual-control scheme, where two directional buttons are used to move the player's tank and a two-way joystick is used to shoot and steer the missile onto oncoming planes displayed on the screen; when a plane is hit, an animated explosion appears on screen, accompanied by the sound of an explosion.[12] In 1970 Midway released the game in North America as S.A.M.I..[12][13] In the same year, Sega released Jet Rocket, a combat flight-simulator featuring cockpit controls that could move the player aircraft around a landscape displayed on a screen and shoot missiles onto targets that explode when hit.[14]

In the course of the 1970s, following the release of Pong in 1972, electronic video-games gradually replaced electro-mechanical arcade games.[15] In 1972, Sega released an electro-mechanical game called Killer Shark, a first-person light-gun shooter known for appearing in the 1975 film Jaws.[7] In 1974, Nintendo released Wild Gunman, a light-gun shooter that used full-motion video-projection from 16 mm film to display live-action cowboy opponents on the screen.[16] One of the last successful electro-mechanical arcade games was F-1, a racing game developed by Namco and distributed by Atari in 1976;[17] this game appeared in the films Dawn of the Dead (1978)[18] and Midnight Madness (1980), as did Sega's Jet Rocket in the latter film. The 1978 video game Space Invaders, however, dealt a yet more powerful blow to the popularity of electro-mechanical games.[19]

Arcade video games

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History of video games

In 1971 students at Stanford University set up the Galaxy Game, a coin-operated version of the Spacewar video game. This ranks as the earliest known instance of a coin-operated video game. Later in the same year, Nolan Bushnell created the first mass-manufactured game, Computer Space, for Nutting Associates.

In 1972, Atari was formed by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari essentially created the coin-operated video game industry with the game Pong, the first successful electronic ping pong video game. Pong proved to be popular, but imitators helped keep Atari from dominating the fledgling coin-operated video game market.

Golden age

Taito's Space Invaders, in 1978, proved to be the first blockbuster arcade video game.[20] Its success marked the beginning of the golden age of arcade video games. Video game arcades sprang up in shopping malls, and small "corner arcades" appeared in restaurants, grocery stores, bars and movie theaters all over the United States, Japan and other countries during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Space Invaders (1978), Galaxian (1979), Pac-Man (1980), Battlezone (1980), Defender (1980), and Bosconian (1981) were especially popular. By 1981, the arcade video game industry was worth $8 billion[21] ($21.1 billion in 2016).

During the late 1970s and 1980s, chains such as Chuck E. Cheese's, Ground Round, Dave and Busters, ShowBiz Pizza Place and Gatti's Pizza combined the traditional restaurant or bar environment with arcades.[22] By the late 1980s, the arcade video game craze was beginning to fade due to advances in home video game console technology. By 1991, US arcade video game revenues had fallen to $2.1 billion.[23]

Late 1980s

Sega AM2's Hang-On, designed by Yu Suzuki and running on the Sega Space Harrier hardware, was the first of Sega's "Super Scaler" arcade system boards that allowed pseudo-3D sprite-scaling at high frame rates.[24] The pseudo-3D sprite/tile scaling was handled in a similar manner to textures in later texture-mapped polygonal 3D games of the 1990s.[25] Designed by Sega AM2's Yu Suzuki, he stated that his "designs were always 3D from the beginning. All the calculations in the system were 3D, even from Hang-On. I calculated the position, scale, and zoom rate in 3D and converted it backwards to 2D. So I was always thinking in 3D."[26] It was controlled using a video game arcade cabinet resembling a motorbike, which the player moves with their body. This began the "Taikan" trend, the use of motion-controlled hydraulic arcade cabinets in many arcade games of the late 1980s, two decades before motion controls became popular on video game consoles.[27]

Renaissance

In the early 1990s, the arcades experienced a major resurgence with the 1991 release of Capcom's Street Fighter II,[28] which popularized competitive fighting games and revived the arcade industry to a level of popularity not seen since the days of Pac-Man,[29] setting off a renaissance for the arcade game industry in the early 1990s.[30] Its success led to a wave of other popular games which mostly were in the fighting genre, such as Pit-Fighter (1990) by Atari, Mortal Kombat by Midway Games,[31] Fatal Fury: King of Fighters (1992) by SNK, Virtua Fighter (1993) by SEGA, Killer Instinct (1994) by Rare, and The King of Fighters (1994–2005) by SNK. In 1993, Electronic Games noted that when "historians look back at the world of coin-op during the early 1990s, one of the defining highlights of the video game art form will undoubtedly focus on fighting/martial arts themes" which it described as "the backbone of the industry" at the time.[32]

3D polygon graphics were popularized by the Sega Model 1 games Virtua Racing (1992) and Virtua Fighter (1993),[33] followed by racing games[29] like the Namco System 22 title Ridge Racer (1993) and Sega Model 2 title Daytona USA, and light gun shooters like Sega's Virtua Cop (1994)[34] and Mesa Logic's Area 51 (1995), gaining considerable popularity in the arcades.[29] By 1994, arcade games in the United States were generating revenues of $7 billion[35] in quarters (equivalent to $11.3 billion in 2016),[36] in comparison to home console game sales of $6 billion,[35] with many of the best-selling home video games in the early 1990s often being arcade ports.[37] Combined, total US arcade and console game revenues of $13 billion in 1994 ($21 billion in 2016) was nearly two and a half times the $5 billion revenue grossed by movies in the United States at the time.[35]

Around the mid-1990s, the fifth-generation home consoles, Sega Saturn, PlayStation, and Nintendo 64, began offering true 3D graphics. By 1995, personal computers followed, with 3D accelerator cards. While arcade systems such as the Sega Model 3 remained considerably more advanced than home systems in the late 1990s,[38][39] the technological advantage that arcade games had, in their ability to customize and use the latest graphics and sound chips, slowly began narrowing, and the convenience of home games eventually caused a decline in arcade gaming. Sega's sixth generation console, the Dreamcast, could produce 3D graphics comparable to the Sega NAOMI arcade system in 1998, after which Sega produced more powerful arcade systems such as the Sega NAOMI Multiboard and Sega Hikaru in 1999 and the Sega NAOMI 2 in 2000, before Sega eventually stopped manufacturing expensive proprietary arcade system boards, with their subsequent arcade boards being based on more affordable commercial console or PC components.

Decline

Arcade video games had declined in popularity so much by the late 1990s, that revenues in the United States dropped to $1.33 billion in 1999,[40] and reached a low of $866 million in 2004.[41] Furthermore, by the early 2000s, networked gaming via computers and then consoles across the Internet had also appeared,[42] replacing the venue of head-to-head competition and social atmosphere once provided solely by arcades.[43] The arcades also lost their status as the forefront of new game releases. Given the choice between playing a game at an arcade three or four times (perhaps 15 minutes of play for a typical arcade game), and renting, at about the same price, exactly the same game—for a video game console—the console became the preferred choice. Fighting games were the most attractive feature for arcades, since they offered the prospect of face-to-face competition and tournaments, which correspondingly led players to practice more (and spend more money in the arcade), but they could not support the business all by themselves.

A 20th anniversary arcade machine, combining the two classic games Ms Pac-Man and Galaga.

To remain viable, arcades added other elements to complement the video games such as redemption games, merchandiser games, and food service, typically snacks and fast food. Referred to as "fun centers" or "family fun centers",[44] some of the longstanding chains such as Chuck E. Cheese's and Gatti's Pizza ("GattiTowns")[45] also changed to this format. Many 1980s-era video game arcades have long since closed, and classic coin-operated games have become largely the province of dedicated gamers and hobbyists. In the 2010s, some movie theaters and family fun centers still have small arcades.

2000s–2010s

In the 2000s and 2010s, arcades have found a niche market by providing games that use special controllers largely inaccessible to home users, such as dance games that have a floor that senses the user's dancing. An alternative interpretation (one that includes fighting games, which continue to thrive and require no special controller) is that the arcade game is now a more socially-oriented hangout, with games that focus on an individual's performance, rather than the game's content, as the primary form of novelty. Examples of today's popular genres are rhythm games such as Dance Dance Revolution (1998) and DrumMania (1999), and rail shooters such as Virtua Cop (1994), Time Crisis (1995) and House of the Dead (1996). In the Western world, the arcade video game industry still exists, but in a greatly reduced form. Video arcade game hardware is often based on home game consoles to reduce development costs; there are video arcade versions of Dreamcast (NAOMI, Atomiswave), PlayStation 2 (System 246), Nintendo GameCube (Triforce), and Microsoft Xbox (Chihiro) home consoles and PC (e.g. Taito Type X). Some arcades have survived by expanding into ticket-based prize redemption and more physical games with no home console equivalent, such as skee ball and Whac-A-Mole. Some genres, particularly dancing and rhythm games (such as Konami's Dance Dance Revolution), continue to be popular in arcades.

Worldwide, arcade game revenues gradually increased from $1.8 billion in 1998 to $3.2 billion in 2002, rivalling PC game sales of $3.2 billion that same year.[46] In particular, arcade video games are a thriving industry in China, where arcades are widespread across the country.[47] The US market has also experienced a slight resurgence, with the number of video game arcades across the nation increasing from 2,500 in 2003 to 3,500 in 2008, though this is significantly less than the 10,000 arcades in the early 1980s. As of 2009, a successful arcade game usually sells around 4000 to 6000 units worldwide.[48]

The relative simplicity yet solid gameplay of many of these early games has inspired a new generation of fans who can play them on mobile phones or with emulators such as MAME. Some classic arcade games are reappearing in commercial settings, such as Namco's Ms. Pac-Man 20 Year Reunion / Galaga Class of 1981 two-in-one game,[49] or integrated directly into controller hardware (joysticks) with replaceable flash drives storing game ROMs. Arcade classics have also been reappearing as mobile games, with Pac-Man in particular selling over 30 million downloads in the United States by 2010.[50] Arcade classics have also begun to appear on multi-game arcade machines for home users.[51]

Japan

In the Japanese gaming industry, arcades have remained popular through to the present day. As of 2009, out of Japan's $20 billion gaming market, $6 billion of that amount is generated from arcades, which represent the largest sector of the Japanese video game market, followed by home console games and mobile games at $3.5 billion and $2 billion, respectively.[52] In 2005, arcade ownership and operation accounted for a majority of Namco's for example.[53] With considerable withdrawal from the arcade market from companies such as Capcom, Sega became the strongest player in the arcade market with 60% marketshare in 2006.[54] Despite the global decline of arcades, Japanese companies hit record revenue for three consecutive years during this period.[55] However, due to the country's economic recession, the Japanese arcade industry has also been steadily declining, from ¥702.9 billion (US$8.7 billion) in 2007 to ¥504.3 billion ($6.2 billion) in 2010.[56] In 2013, estimation of revenue is ¥470 billion.[56]

In the Japanese market, network and card features introduced by Virtua Fighter 4 and World Club Champion Football, and novelty cabinets such as Gundam Pod machines have caused revitalizations in arcade profitability in Japan. The reason for the continued popularity of arcades in comparison to the west, are heavy population density and an infrastructure similar to casino facilities.

Former rivals in the Japanese arcade industry, Konami, Taito, Bandai Namco and Sega, are now working together to keep the arcade industry vibrant. This is evidenced in the sharing of arcade networks, and venues having games from all major companies rather than only games from their own company.[57]

Technology

Inside of a Neo Geo

Virtually all modern arcade games (other than the very traditional Midway-type games at county fairs) make extensive use of solid state electronics, integrated circuits and Cathode Ray Tube screens. In the past, coin-operated arcade video games generally used custom per-game hardware often with multiple CPUs, highly specialized sound and graphics chips, and the latest in expensive computer graphics display technology. This allowed arcade system boards to produce more complex graphics and sound than what was then possible on video game consoles or personal computers, which is no longer the case in the 2010s. Arcade game hardware in the 2010s is often based on modified video game console hardware or high-end PC components. Arcade games frequently have more immersive and realistic game controls than either PC or console games, including specialized ambiance or control accessories: fully enclosed dynamic cabinets with force feedback controls, dedicated lightguns, rear-projection displays, reproductions of automobile or airplane cockpits, motorcycle or horse-shaped controllers, or highly dedicated controllers such as dancing mats and fishing rods. These accessories are usually what set modern video games apart from other games, as they are usually too bulky, expensive, and specialized to be used with typical home PCs and consoles.

Arcade genre

A man playing arcade game using a light gun in Jakarta, Indonesia

Arcade games often have short levels, simple and intuitive control schemes, and rapidly increasing difficulty. This is due to the environment of the Arcade, where the player is essentially renting the game for as long as their in-game avatar can stay alive (or until they run out of tokens). Games on consoles or PCs can be referred to as "arcade games" if they share these qualities or are direct ports of arcade titles. Many independent developers are now producing games in the arcade genre that are designed specifically for use on the Internet. These games are usually designed with Flash/Java/DHTML and run directly in web-browsers. Arcade racing games have a simplified physics engine and do not require much learning time when compared with racing simulators. Cars can turn sharply without braking or understeer, and the AI rivals are sometimes programmed so they are always near the player (rubberband effect).

Arcade flight games also use simplified physics and controls in comparison to flight simulators. These are meant to have an easy learning curve, in order to preserve their action component. Increasing numbers of console flight video games, from Crimson Skies to Ace Combat and Secret Weapons Over Normandy indicate the falling of manual-heavy flight sim popularity in favor of instant arcade flight action.[58] Other types of arcade-style games include fighting games (often played with an arcade controller), beat 'em up games (including fast-paced hack and slash games), light gun rail shooters and "bullet hell" shooters (intuitive controls and rapidly increasing difficulty), music games (particularly rhythm games), and mobile/casual games (intuitive controls and often played in short sessions).

Arcade action games

The term "arcade game" is also used to refer to an action video game that was designed to play similarly to an arcade game with frantic, addictive gameplay.[59] The focus of arcade action games is on the user's reflexes, and the games usually feature very little puzzle-solving, complex thinking, or strategy skills. Games with complex thinking are called strategy video games or puzzle video games.

Emulation

Emulators such as MAME, which can be run on modern computers and a number of other devices, aim to preserve the games of the past. Emulators enable game enthusiasts to play old video games using the actual code from the 1970s or 1980s, which is translated by a modern software system. Legitimate emulated titles started to appear on the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, with CD-ROM compilations such as Arcade's Greatest Hits: The Atari Collection 1, and on the PlayStation 2 and GameCube with DVD-ROM titles such as Midway Arcade Treasures. Arcade games are currently being downloaded and emulated through the Nintendo Wii Virtual Console Service starting in 2009 with Gaplus, Mappy, Space Harrier, Star Force, The Tower of Druaga, Tecmo Bowl, Altered Beast and many more. Other classic arcade games such as Asteroids, Tron, Discs of Tron, Yie Ar Kung-Fu, Pac-Man, Joust, Battlezone, Dig Dug, Robotron: 2084, and Missile Command are emulated on PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade.

Industry

In addition to restaurants and video arcades, arcade games are also found in bowling alleys, college campuses, video rental shops, dormitories, laundromats, movie theaters, supermarkets, shopping malls, airports, ice rinks, corner shops, truck stops, bars/pubs, hotels, and even bakeries. In short, arcade games are popular in places open to the public where people are likely to have free time.[60]

The American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA) is a trade association established in 1981[61] that represents the coin-operated amusement machine industry,[62] including 120 arcade game distributors and manufacturers.[63]

List of highest-grossing games

For arcade games, success was usually judged by either the number of arcade hardware units sold to operators, or the amount of revenue generated, from the number of coins (such as quarters or 100 yen coins) inserted into machines,[64] or the hardware sales (with arcade hardware prices often ranging from $1000 to $4000 or more). This list only includes arcade games that have either sold more than 1000 hardware units or generated a revenue of more than US$1 million. Most of the games in this list date back to the golden age of arcade video games, though some are also from before and after the golden age.

Game Release year Hardware units sold Estimated gross revenue
(US$ without inflation)		 Estimated gross revenue
(US$ with 2016 inflation)[36]
Space Invaders 1978 360,000 (up to 1980)[65] $2.702 billion (up to 1982)[n 1] $9.92 billion
Pac-Man 1980 400,000 (up to 1982)[66] $2.5 billion (up to 1999)[n 2] $7.27 billion
Street Fighter II 1991 200,000 (up to 1992)
(The World Warrior: 60,000
Champion Edition: 140,000)[n 3]		 $2.312 billion (up to 1995)
(The World Warrior
Champion Edition)[69]		 $4.07 billion
(The World Warrior
Champion Edition)
Donkey Kong 1981 132,000 (up to 1982)[n 4] $280 million (up to 1982)
(US hardware sales)[71]		 $738 million
(US hardware sales)
Ms. Pac-Man 1981 125,000 (up to 1988)[72][73]
Asteroids 1979 100,000 (up to 2001)[73][74] $800 million (up to 1991)[75][76] $1.41 billion
Defender 1981 60,000 (up to 2002)[77][78] $1 billion (up to 2002)[79][80] $1.33 billion
Galaxian 1979 40,000 (in the US up to 1982)[81][82]
Donkey Kong Jr. 1982 30,000 (in the US up to 1982)[83]
Mr. Do! 1982 30,000 (in the US up to 1982)[84]
Popeye 1982 20,000 (in the US up to 1982)[70]
Out Run 1986 20,000 (up to 1987)[85]
Pump It Up 1999 20,000 (up to 2005)[86]
NBA Jam 1993 20,000 (up to 2013)[87] $1 billion (up to 2010)[88] $1.1 billion
Gun Fight 1975 8,000 (up to 1976)[89][90]
Sega Network Mahjong MJ3 2005 7,608 (up to 2006)[91]
Hang-On 1985 7,500 (up to 1985)[92]
Dinosaur King 2005 7,000 (up to 2006)[93]
Wheels (Speed Race) 1974 7,000 (up to 1975)[94][95]
Sega Network Mahjong MJ2 2003 5,486 (up to 2005)[96]
Donkey Kong 3 1983 5,000 (in the US up to 1982)[n 4]
Sangokushi Taisen 2 2006 4,041 (up to 2007)[n 5]
Initial D Arcade Stage 4 2007 3,904 (up to 2007)[n 6]
Mario Bros. 1983 3,800 (in the US up to 1983)[101]
Dance Dance Revolution 1998 3,500 (in Japan as of 1999)[102]
Zoo Keeper 1982 3,000 (in the US up to 1983)[103]
Initial D Arcade Stage 2001 2,534 (up to 2004)[104]
World Club Champion Football 2002 2,479 (up to 2009)[n 7] $706.014 million (up to 2012)[106] $940 million
Mortal Kombat 1992 24,000 (up to 2002)[31] $570 million (up to 2002)[31] $759 million
Jungle Hunt 1982 18,000 (in the US up to 1983)[103]
Scramble 1981 15,136 (up to 1981)[110]
Mushiking: King of the Beetles 2003 13,500 (up to 2005)[111] $530 million (up to 2007)[n 10] $690 million
Mahjong Fight Club 3 2004 13,000 (up to 2004)[112]
Super Cobra 1981 12,337 (up to 1981)[110]
Oshare Majo: Love and Berry 2004 10,300 (up to 2006)[113][114] $302.68 million (up to 2007)[n 11] $384 million
Centipede 1981 55,988 (up to 1991)[115] $115.65 million (up to 1991)[115] $203 million
Shining Force Cross 2009 2,389 (up to 2009)[116]
Pengo 1982 2,000 (in the US up to 1983)[103]
Sangokushi Taisen 2005 1,942 (up to 2006)[117]
World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008 1,689 (up to 2009)[n 8] $150.1 million (up to 2012)[n 9] $167 million
Dragon's Lair 1983 16,000 (up to 1983)[119][120] $68.8 million (up to 1983)[119][121] $165 million
Mortal Kombat II 1993 27,000 (up to 2002)[31] $100 million (up to 1994)[122] $162 million
Pole Position 1982 21,000 (in the US up to 1983)[101] $60.933 million (up to 1983)[101][115]
(US hardware sales)		 $151 million
(US hardware sales)
StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins 2011 $132.18 million (up to 2012)[n 12] $141 million
Border Break 2009 2,998 (up to 2009)[116] $107 million (up to 2012)[n 13] $119 million
Dig Dug 1982 22,228[115] (in the US up to 1983)[103] $46.3 million (up to 1983)[115]
(US hardware sales)		 $115 million
(US hardware sales)
Tempest 1981 29,000 (up to 1983)[101] $62.408 million (up to 1991)[115] $110 million
TV Basketball (Basketball) 1974 1,400 (up to 1974)[123]
The House of the Dead 4 2005 1,008 (up to 2005)[124]
Radar Scope 1980 1,000 (in the US up to 1980)[125]
Tron 1982 800 (in the US up to 1982)[126] $45 million (up to 1983)[127] $102 million
Sengoku Taisen 2010 $94.04 million (up to 2012)[n 14] $103 million
Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road 2007 $78.2 million (up to 2008)[n 15] $90.3 million
StarHorse2 2005 38,614 (up to 2009)[n 16] $59.321 million (up to 2011)
(Fifth Expansion)[n 17]		 $72.7 million
(Fifth Expansion)
Q*bert 1982 25,000 (up to 2001)[131]
Robotron: 2084 1982 23,000 (up to 1983)[101]
Samba de Amigo 1999 3,000 (up to 2000)[132] $47.11 million (up to 2000)[133] $67.7 million
Asteroids Deluxe 1981 22,399 (up to 1999)[134] $46.1 million (up to 1999)[134] $66.3 million
Missile Command 1980 19,999 (up to 2010)[135] $36.8 million (up to 1991)[134] $64.7 million
Berzerk 1980 15,780 (up to 1981)[110]
Sangokushi Taisen 3 2007 $54.4 million (up to 2011)[n 18] $62.8 million
Pong 1972 8,500–19,000[136][137] $11 million (up to 1973)[138] $59.3 million}
Lord of Vermilion 2008 $50.443 million (up to 2008)[n 19] $56.1 million
Sega Network Mahjong MJ4 2008 12,892 (up to 2009)[139] $47 million (up to 2010)[n 20] $52.3 million
Kangaroo 1982 9,803[115] (up to 1983)[103] $20.58 million (up to 1983)
(US hardware sales)[115]		 $51.1 million
(US hardware sales)
Battlezone 1980 15,122 (up to 1999)[134] $31.2 million (up to 1999)[134] $44.9 million
Stargate 1983 15,000 (up to 1983)[101]
Space Duel 1982 12,038 (up to 1991)[115]
Big Buck Hunter Pro 2006 10,000 (up to 2009)[141][142]
Snake Pit 1983 9,000 (up to 1983)[143]
Bagman 1983 5,000 (in the US up to 1983)[103]
Big Buck Safari 2008 5,500 (up to 2009)[141]
Hard Drivin' 1989 3,318 (up to 1989)[115] $22.9 million (up to 1989)[115] $44.2 million
Gauntlet 1985 7,848 (up to 1985)[115] $18.01 million (up to 1985)[115] $40.1 million
Sega Network Mahjong MJ5 2011 $34.87 million (up to 2012)[n 21] $37.1 million
Millipede 1982 9,990 (up to 1991)[115] $20.669 million (up to 1991)[115] $36.3 million
Race Drivin' 1990 3,525 (up to 1991)[115] $20.03 million (up to 1991)[115] $35.2 million
Time Traveler 1991 $18 million (up to 1991)[121] $31.7 million
Space Ace 1984 $13 million (up to 1984)[121] $30 million
Xevious 1982 5,295 (in the US up to 1983)[115] $11.1 million (up to 1983)[115]
(US hardware sales)		 $27.5 million
(US hardware sales)
Big Buck Hunter Pro: Open Season 2009 3,000 (up to 2010)[145]
Silver Strike Live 2010 3,000 (up to 2010)[146]
H2Overdrive 2009 2,000 (up to 2010)[147]
Atari Football 1978 11,306 (up to 1999)[134] $17.266 million (up to 1999)[134] $24.8 million
Final Lap 1987 1,150 (in the US up to 1988)[115] $9.5 million (up to 1988)[115]
(US hardware sales)		 $20 million
(US hardware sales)
Paperboy 1984 3,442 (up to 1991)[115] $8.6 million (up to 1991)[115] $15.1 million
Star Wars 1983 12,695 (up to 1991)[115] $7.595 million (up to 1991)[115] $13.4 million
Beatmania 1997 25,000 (up to 2000)[148] $12.4 million (up to 1998)
(Japan hardware sales)[n 22]		 $18.5 million
(Japan hardware sales)
Sprint 2 1976 8,200 (up to 1999)[134] $12.669 million (up to 1999)[134] $18.2 million
Championship Sprint 1986 3,595 (up to 1991)[115] $8.26 million (up to 1991)[115] $14.5 million
Pole Position II 1983 2,400 (in the US up to 1983)[115] $7.43 million (up to 1983)[115]
(US hardware sales)		 $17.9 million
(US hardware sales)
Breakout 1976 11,000 (up to 1999)[134] $12.045 million (up to 1999)[134] $17.3 million
Sea Wolf 1976 10,000 (up to 2000)[149]
Lunar Lander 1979 4,830 (up to 1999)[134] $8.19 million (up to 1999)[134] $11.8 million
Super Sprint 1986 2,232 (up to 1999)[134] $7.8 million (up to 1999)[134] $11.2 million
Marble Madness 1984 4,000 (up to 1985)[150] $6.3 million (up to 1991)[115] $11.1 million
Sea Wolf II 1978 4,000 (up to 2000)[151]
Rolling Thunder 1986 2,406 (in the US up to 1987)[115] $4.8 million (up to 1987)[115]
(US hardware sales)		 $10.5 million
(US hardware sales)
Tetris 1989 5,771 (in the US up to 1991)[115] $5.2 million (up to 1991)[115]
(US hardware sales)		 $9.14 million
(US hardware sales)
Arabian 1983 1,950 (in the US up to 1983)[103] $3.9 million (up to 1983)[115]
(US hardware sales)		 $9.38 million
(US hardware sales)
Terminator Salvation 2010 1,000 (up to 2010)[152] $8 million (up to 2010)[152] $8.79 million
Blasteroids 1987 2,000 (up to 1991)[115] $4.69 million (up to 1991)[115] $8.25 million
Super Breakout 1978 4,805 (up to 1999)[134] $5.7 million (up to 1999)[134] $8.19 million
Pac-Mania 1987 1,412 (in the US up to 1987)[115] $2.82 million (up to 1987)[115]
(US hardware sales)		 $5.94 million
(US hardware sales)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 1985 2,825 (up to 1991)[115] $3.2 million (up to 1991)[115] $5.63 million
Four Trax 1989 205 (in the US & EU as of 1989)[115] $2.9 million (up to 1989)[115]
(US & EU hardware sales)		 $5.6 million
(US & EU hardware sales)
Assault 1988 1,079 (in the US up to 1988)[115] $2.5 million (up to 1988)[115]
(US hardware sales)		 $5.06 million
(US hardware sales)
Gauntlet II 1986 3,520 (up to 1991)[115] $2.4 million (up to 1991)[115] $4.22 million
Guitar Hero Arcade 2009 2,000 (up to 2009)[153]
Drag Race 1977 1,900 (up to 1999)[134] $2.8 million (up to 1999)[134] $4.03 million
Night Driver 1976 2,100 (up to 1999)[134] $2.4675 million (up to 1999)[134] $3.55 million
I, Robot 1984 750-1,000[115][154] $1.5 million (up to 1984)[115] $3.46 million
R.B.I. Baseball 1987 3,945 (in the US up to 1987)[115] $1.6 million (up to 1987)[115]
(US hardware sales)		 $3.37 million
(US hardware sales)
Computer Space 1971 1,500–2,000 (up to 1984)[155][156]
Death Race 1976 1,000 (up to 1976)[90]
Dunk Shot 1986 556 (in the US up to 1987)[115] $1.4 million (up to 1987)[115]
(US hardware sales)		 $3.06 million
(US hardware sales)
Star Wars: Return of the Jedi 1984 800 (up to 1991)[115] $1.68 million (up to 1991)[115] $2.95 million
Dragon Spirit 1987 600 (in the US up to 1987)[115] $1.2 million (up to 1987)[115]
(US hardware sales)		 $2.53 million
(US hardware sales)
Triple Hunt 1977 865 (up to 1999)[134] $1.2 million (up to 1999)[134] $1.73 million

Best-selling arcade video game franchises

These are the combined hardware sales of at least two or more arcade games that are part of the same franchise. This list only includes franchises that have sold at least 5,000 hardware units or grossed at least $10 million revenues.

Franchise Original release year Total hardware units sold Gross revenue
(US$ without inflation)		 Gross revenue
(US$ with 2016 inflation)[36]
Pac-Man 1980 526,412 (up to 1988)[n 23] $3.853 billion (up to 1999)[n 24] $11.2 billion
Street Fighter 1987 500,000 (up to 2002)[158][159] $2.312 billion (up to 1993)
(Street Fighter II: The World Warrior
Street Fighter II′: Champion Edition)[69]		 $4.87 billion
(Street Fighter II: The World Warrior
Street Fighter II': Champion Edition)
Space Invaders 1978 360,000 (up to 1980)[65] $2.702 billion (up to 1982)[160] $9.92 billion
Pac-Man Clones 1980 300,000 (up to 2002)[161]
Mario 1981 170,800 (up to 1983)[n 25] $280 million (up to 1982)
(US hardware sales)[71]		 $738 million
(US hardware sales)
Donkey Kong 1981 167,000 (up to 1983)[n 4] $280 million (up to 1982)
(US hardware sales)[71]		 $738 million
(US hardware sales)
Asteroids 1979 136,437 (up to 1999)[n 26] $850.79 million (up to 1999)[n 27] $1.22 billion
Golden Tee Golf 1989 100,000 (up to 2011)[162]
Defender 1981 75,000 (up to 2002)[n 28] $1 billion (up to 2002)[79] $1.33 billion
Centipede 1981 65,978 (up to 1991)[n 29] $136.3 million (up to 1991)[n 30] $240 million
Mortal Kombat 1992 51,000 (up to 2002)[31] $1 billion (up to 1995)[163] $1.33 billion
Galaxian 1979 40,986 (in the US up to 1988)[n 31]
Starhorse 2000 38,734 (up to 2009)[n 32] $191.501 million (up to 2012)[n 33] $266 million
Big Buck 2000 33,500 (up to 2010)[n 34]
Mr. Do! 1982 30,000 (in the US up to 1982)[84]
Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road 2007 $78.2 million (up to 2008)[n 15] $90.3 million
Lord of Vermilion 2008 $50.443 million (up to 2008)[n 19] $56.1 million
Bemani 1997 28,500 (up to 2000)[n 35] $12.4 million (up to 1998)
(Japan hardware sales)[n 22]		 $18.5 million
(Japan hardware sales)
Scramble 1981 27,473 (up to 1981)[110]
Sega Network Mahjong 2000 25,986 (up to 2006)[n 36] $81.87 million (up to 2012)[n 39] $114 million
Pole Position 1982 24,550 (in the US up to 1983)[n 40] $77.9 million (up to 1988)
(US hardware sales)[n 41]		 $193 million
(US hardware sales)
Dig Dug 1982 22,228[115] (in the US up to 1983)[103] $46.3 million (up to 1983)[115]
(US hardware sales)		 $115 million
(US hardware sales)
Pump It Up 1999 20,000 (up to 2005)[86]
Breakout 1976 15,805 (up to 1999)[134] $17.745 million (up to 1999)[134] $25.5 million
Star Wars 1983 14,039 (up to 1991)[115] $9.275 million (up to 1983)[115] $16.3 million
Sprint 1976 14,027 (up to 1999)[134] $28.729 million (up to 1999)[134] $41.3 million
Mushiking 2003 13,500 (up to 2005)[111] $530 million (up to 2007)[n 10] $690 million
Sea Wolf 1976 14,000 (up to 2000)[149]
Mahjong Fight Club 2002 13,000 (up to 2004)[112]
Gauntlet 1985 11,368 (up to 1991)[115] $20.41 million (up to 1991)[115] $35.9 million
Love and Berry 2004 10,300 (up to 2006)[113] $302.68 million (up to 2007)[n 11] $384 million
Sangokushi Taisen 2005 9,929 (up to 2008)[n 42] $148.44 million (up to 2012)[n 44] $182 million
Pong 1972 8500–19,000[136][137] $11 million (up to 1973)[138] $59.3 million
Hang-On 1985 7,500 (up to 1985)[92]
Initial D Arcade Stage 2001 7,111 (up to 2005)[168]
Dinosaur King 2005 7,000 (up to 2006)[93]
Hard Drivin' 1989 6,843 (up to 1991)[115] $42.93 million (up to 1991)[115] $75.48 million
Xevious 1982 5,295 (in the US up to 1983)[115]
Samba de Amigo 1999 3,000 (up to 2000)[132] $47.11 million (up to 2000)[n 45] $67.7 million
Border Break 2009 2,998 (up to 2009)[116] $107 million (up to 2012)[n 13] $119 million
World Club Champion Football 2002 2,479 (up to 2009)[n 7] $706.014 million (up to 2012)[n 46] $940 million

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Space Invaders:
  2. 1 2 Pac-Man:
  3. ↑ Street Fighter II:
  4. 1 2 3 4 Donkey Kong:
    • Japan: 65,000 of Donkey Kong
    • Ashcraft, Brian; Snow, Jean (2008). "sixty-five+thousand" Arcade Mania: The Turbo-charged World of Japan's Game Centers (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 4-7700-3078-9. Retrieved 12 February 2012. Jumpman hopped over barrels, climbed ladders, and jumped from suspended platform to suspended platform as he tried to rescue a damsel from his pissed-off pet gorilla. The game was a smash, and sixty-five thousand cabinets were sold in Japan, propping up the then-struggling Nintendo and laying the groundwork for Nintendo and Donkey Kong creator Shigeru Miyamoto to dominate gaming throughout the 1980s and beyond.
    • United States: 67,000 of Donkey Kong
      • Bienaimé, Pierre (13 January 2012). "Square Roots: Donkey Kong (NES)". Nintendojo. Retrieved 8 April 2012. Donkey Kong sold some 67,000 arcade cabinets in two years, making two of its American distributors sudden millionaires thanks to paid commission. As a barometer of success, know that Pac-Man and Ms. Pac-Man are the only arcade games to have sold over 100,000 units in the United States.
    • United States: 30,000 of Donkey Kong Jr. and 5000 of Donkey Kong 3.[70]
  5. ↑ Sangokushi Taisen 2:
    • 3,211 units during April–September 2006.[93]
    • 830 units during April–September 2007.[99]
  6. 1 2 Initial D Arcade Stage 4:
    • 3,056 units in fiscal year ending March 2007.[100]
    • 848 units during April–September 2007.[99]
  7. 1 2 World Club Champion Football series, unit sales:
    • World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004–2005 - 514 units in fiscal year ending March 2006[91]
    • World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004–2005 Ver. 2 - 276 units during April–September 2006 (240 satellite units during April–June 2006,[105] and 36 body units during April–September 2006)[93]
    • World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008–2009 - 1,689 units from June 2008 to December 2009[n 8]
  8. 1 2 World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs
    • World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2006-2007 - 831 units from June 2008 to March 2009[118]
    • World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008–2009 - 858 units from April 2009 to December 2009[116]
  9. 1 2 3 World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥4.2 billion[140]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥3.8 billion[164]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥3.6 billion[144][170]
    • 1st Quarter Ended 30 June 2012: ¥0.5 billion[165]
    • Currency conversion:[109]
      • ¥4.2 billion = $51.9159 million
      • ¥3.8 billion = $46.9716 million
      • ¥3.6 billion = $44.8253 million
      • ¥0.5 billion = $6.3784 million
  10. 1 2 Mushiking:
  11. 1 2 Love and Berry:
  12. 1 2 StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins
    • Fiscal year ended March 2012: ¥10.1 billion[144]
    • 1st Quarter Ended 30 June 2012: ¥0.5 billion[165]
    • Currency conversion:[109]
      • ¥10.1 billion = $125.8 million
      • ¥0.5 billion = $6.3784 million
  13. 1 2 Border Break:
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥3.3 billion[140]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.5 billion[164]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥2.3 billion[144][169]
    • 1st Quarter Ended 30 June 2012: ¥0.5 billion[165]
    • Currency conversion:[109]
      • ¥3.3 billion = $40.7317 million
      • ¥2.5 billion = $30.8542 million
      • ¥2.3 billion = $28.6371 million
      • ¥0.5 billion = $6.3784 million
  14. 1 2 Sengoku Taisen:
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥6.4 billion[164]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥1.2 billion[144]
    Currency conversion:[109]
    • ¥6.4 billion = $79.1 million
    • ¥1.2 billion = $14.94 million
  15. 1 2 Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road
    • ¥4.5 billion from June 2007 to March 2008[128]
      • Currency conversion: $56.731 million[109]
    • ¥1.7 billion from April 2008 to September 2008[129]
      • Currency conversion: $21.4317 million[109]
  16. 1 2 StarHorse2:
    • From April 2005 to March 2007: 18,079 units
      • StarHorse2: New Generation – 7,819 units from April 2005 to June 2006 (6,020 units in fiscal year ended March 2006,[91] and 1,799 units during April–June 2006)[93]
      • StarHorse2: Second Fusion - 10,260 units from April 2006 to March 2007 (8,105 conversion kits during April–December 2006,[113] and 2,155 body and satellite units in fiscal year ending March 2007)[100]
    • From April 2007 to March 2008: 10,275 units (756 body and satellite units of StarHorse2: Second Fusion during April–September 2007,[99] and 9,519 conversion kits in fiscal year ended March 2008)[130]
    • From April 2009 to December 2009: 10,657 units of StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion[116]
  17. 1 2 StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion:
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥2.8 billion[140]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2 billion[164]
    • Currency conversion:[109]
      • ¥2.8 billion = $34.6039 million
      • ¥2 billion = $24.7171 million
  18. 1 2 Sangokushi Taisen 3:
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥1.8 billion[140]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.6 billion[164]
    • Currency conversion:[109]
      • ¥1.8 billion = $22.2401 million
      • ¥2.6 billion = $32.1248 million
  19. 1 2 Lord of Vermilion: ¥4 billion[129]
    • Currency conversion: $50.443 million[109]
  20. 1 2 Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥3.8 billion[140]
    • Currency conversion: $47 million[109]
  21. 1 2 Fiscal year ended March 2012: ¥2.8 billion[144]
    • Currency conversion: $34.87 million[109]
  22. 1 2 Beatmania:
    • ¥1 billion in May 1998[102]
    • Yen-Dollar currency conversion: $12.4 million[109]
  23. ↑ Pac-Man series:
  24. ↑ Pac-Man series:
  25. ↑ Mario series:
  26. ↑ Asteroids series:
  27. ↑ Asteroids series:
  28. ↑ Defender series:
  29. ↑ Centipede series:[101][115] Millipede: 9,990
  30. ↑ Centipede series:[115] Millipede: $20.669 million
  31. ↑ Galaxian series:
  32. ↑ StarHorse series:
    • Starhorse Progress – 120 in fiscal year ended March 2005[97]
    • StarHorse2 – 38,614 up to 2009[n 16]
  33. ↑ Starhorse series, 2009–2011:
    • Starhorse2 – $59.321 million[n 17]
    • StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins – $132.18 million[n 12]
  34. ↑ Big Buck series:
    • Big Buck Hunter series sales up until April 2007: 22,500 units, including 7,500 Big Buck Hunter Pro units.[142]
    • Series sales after April 2007 until September 2009: additional 2,500 Big Buck Hunter Pro units and 5,500 Big Buck Safari units.[141]
    • Big Buck Hunter Pro: Open Season sales from September 2009 to January 2010: 3,000 units[145]
  35. ↑ Bemani series, sales:
  36. ↑ Sega Network Mahjong MJ series:
    • Sega Network Mahjong MJ2 from April 2004 to June 2005: 5,486 units[n 37]
    • Sega Network Mahjong MJ3 from April 2005 to March 2006: 7,608 units[91]
    • Sega Network Mahjong MJ4 from April 2007 to March 2009: 12,892[n 38]
  37. ↑ Sega Network Mahjong MJ2:
    • April 2004 to March 2005: 4,984[97]
    • April 2005 to June 2005: 502[98]
  38. ↑ Sega Network Mahjong MJ4:
    • Fiscal year ended March 2008: 10,427[130]
    • Fiscal year ended March 2009: 2,465[118]
  39. ↑ Sega Network Mahjong MJ series, 2009–2012:
    • Sega Network Mahjong MJ4: $47 million in fiscal year 2010[n 20]
    • Sega Network Mahjong MJ5: $34.87 million in fiscal year 2012[n 21]
  40. ↑ Pole Position series US sales:
  41. ↑ Pole Position series US sales:[101][115]
  42. ↑ Sangokushi Taisen series:
    • Sales from January 2005 to September 2006: 5,153 units
      • Sangokushi Taisen from January 2005 to March 2006: 1,942 units[n 43]
      • Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April–September 2006: 3,211 units[93]
    • Sales from April 2007 to March 2008: 4,776
      • 166 body units of Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April–September 2007[99]
      • 4,610 satellite units of Sangokushi Taisen from April 2007 to March 2008[130]
  43. ↑ Sangokushi Taisen:
    • As of March 2005: 421[97]
    • April 2005 to March 2006: 1,521[91]
  44. ↑ Sangokushi Taisen series, 2009–2011:
    • Sangokushi Taisen 3: $54.4 million[n 18]
    • Sengoku Taisen: $94.04 million[n 14]
  45. ↑ Samba de Amigo: ¥3.84 billion
    • Currency conversion: $47.11 million[109]
  46. ↑ World Club Champion Football series, revenue:
    • Series revenues up until March 2009 - $552.3 million
      • 480 million player cards sold. Prices could range from ¥300 for a single card from an arcade machine to ¥1000 for a starter pack.[107] A ¥1000 starter pack consists of 11 player cards, equivalent to ¥90.91 each.[108] Total revenues from player card sales thus range from ¥43.64 billion (at ¥90.91 per card) to ¥144 billion (at ¥300 per card). In US dollars, this is equivalent to a range of $552.3 million to $1.82244 billion.[109] The lowest value of $552.3 million will be assumed.
    • World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs revenues from April 2009 to June 2012 - $150.1 million[n 9]

References

  1. ↑ Vintage Coin Operated Fortune Tellers, Arcade Games, Digger/Cranes, Gun Games and other Penny Arcade games, pre-1977 from Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum
  2. 1 2 Steven L. Kent (2000), The First Quarter: A 25-Year History of Video Games, p. 83, BWD Press, ISBN 0-9704755-0-0
  3. ↑ Brian Ashcraft (2008) Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers, p. 133, Kodansha International
  4. ↑ Steve L. Kent (2001), The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond: the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world, p. 102, Prima, ISBN 0-7615-3643-4
  5. 1 2 Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to PlayStation and beyond, p. 149, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 0-313-33868-X
  6. ↑ Crown Soccer Special at the Killer List of Videogames
  7. 1 2 D.S. Cohen. "Killer Shark: The Undersea Horror Arcade Game from Jaws". About.com. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
  8. 1 2 "1969 Sega Duck Hunt (Arcade Flyer)". pinrepair.com. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
  9. ↑ Duck Hunt (1969) at the Killer List of Videogames
  10. ↑ Grand Prix at the Killer List of Videogames
  11. ↑ Bill Loguidice & Matt Barton (2009), Vintage games: an insider look at the history of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the most influential games of all time, p. 198, Focal Press, ISBN 0-240-81146-1
  12. 1 2 Missile at the Killer List of Videogames
  13. ↑ S.A.M.I. at the Killer List of Videogames
  14. ↑ Jet Rocket at the Killer List of Videogames
  15. ↑ Brian Ashcraft (2008) Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers, p. 134, Kodansha International
  16. ↑ Wild Gunman (1974) at the Killer List of Videogames
  17. ↑ F-1 at the Killer List of Videogames
  18. ↑ Mall Arcade (Dawn Of The Dead) on YouTube
  19. ↑ Brian Ashcraft (2008) Arcade Mania! The Turbo Charged World of Japan's Game Centers, p. 136, Kodansha International
  20. ↑ Chris Kohler (2005). "Power-up: how Japanese video games gave the world an extra life". BradyGames. p. 18. ISBN 0-7440-0424-1. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
  21. ↑ "Can Lasers Save VIdeo Arcades?". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 3 February 1984. Retrieved 13 March 2012. Last year, arcade game revenues were approximately $5 billion, compared to $8 billion in 1981 and $7 billion in 1982.
  22. ↑ "Dave and Buster's About Page". Retrieved 20 September 2007.
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  35. 1 2 3 "Business Week". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg (3392–3405): 58. 1994. Retrieved 25 January 2012. Hollywood's aim, of course, is to tap into the $7 billion that Americans pour into arcade games each year – and the $6 billion they spend on home versions for Nintendo and Sega game machines. Combined, it is a market nearly 2 ½ times the size of the $5 billion movie box office.
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  61. ↑ gamingregulation.com
  62. ↑ "AAMA mission statement". AAMA. 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  63. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/23/technology/care-for-a-latte-with-that-mr-nukem.html
  64. ↑ Mark J. P. Wolf (2008). "The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond". ABC-CLIO. p. 275. ISBN 0-313-33868-X. Retrieved 10 April 2011. What are the best-selling video games? There are a number of factors to consider when attempting to answer this question. First, there are several different types of video games, which makes comparisons difficult, or perhaps unfair. Arcade games are played for a quarter a play (although some are 50 cents, or even more), while home games are bought outright, and their systems must be purchased as well.
  65. 1 2
  66. 1 2 3 Kao, John J. (1989). Entrepreneurship, creativity & organization: text, cases & readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 45. ISBN 0-13-283011-6. Retrieved 12 February 2012. Estimates counted 7 billion coins that by 1982 had been inserted into some 400,000 Pac Man machines worldwide, equal to one game of Pac Man for every person on earth. US domestic revenues from games and licensing of the Pac Man image for T-shirts, pop songs, to wastepaper baskets, etc. exceeded $1 billion.
  67. ↑ Ste Curran (2004). "Game plan: great designs that changed the face of computer gaming". Rotovision. p. 38. ISBN 2-88046-696-2. Retrieved 11 April 2011. When Street Fighter II′ (pronounced street fighter two dash) was released just a short time later, it sold around 140,000 units, at ¥160.000 (c. US $1300 / £820) each. The figures were beyond massive – they were simply unheard of. Capcom's Titanic wasn't sinking. Anything but. The game was a runaway success in its territory of choice, bringing Western gamers as much joy as it had in the East.
  68. ↑ Steven L. Kent (2001). "The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World". Prima. p. 446. Retrieved 9 April 2011. Capcom will not release the final numbers, but some outsiders have estimated that more than 60,000 Street Fighter II arcade machines were sold worldwide.
  69. 1 2 "top-10-biggest-grossing-arcade-games-of-all-time". 2013. p. 228. ISBN 0-7619-2976-2. Retrieved 23 April 2011. Due to the relative ease of making illegal versions of Capcom's CP System boards, many pirated copies of the arcade game also existed, which would likely boost its revenue number considerably. But for obvious reasons, the actual sum will never be known.
  70. 1 2 3 Steven L. Kent (2001). "The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World". Prima. p. 352. Retrieved 9 April 2011. With more than 60,000 units sold in the United States, Donkey Kong was Nintendo's biggest arcade hit. The arcade industry began its long collapse the year after Donkey Kong was released, and Nintendo's arcade fortunes eroded quickly. Nintendo released Donkey Kong Junior in 1982 and sold only 30,000 machines, 20,000 Popeye machines (also 1982), and a mere 5000 copies of Donkey Kong 3 (1983).
  71. 1 2 3 Jörg Ziesak (2009). "Wii Innovate – How Nintendo Created a New Market Through the Strategic Innovation Wii". GRIN Verlag. p. 50. ISBN 3640497740. Retrieved 9 April 2011. Donkey Kong was Nintendo's first international smash hit and the main reason behind the company's breakthrough in the Northern American market. In the first year of its publication, it earned Nintendo 180 million US dollars, continuing with a return of 100 million dollars in the second year.
  72. 1 2 "Bally Will Quit Making Pinball, Video Machines". Toledo Blade. 11 July 1988. p. 22. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  73. 1 2 Mark J. P. Wolf (2001). "The medium of the video game". University of Texas Press. p. 44. ISBN 0-292-79150-X. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  74. 1 2 Steve L. Kent (2001). The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world. Prima. p. 132. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. Atari sold more than 70,000 Asteroids machines in the United States. The game did not do as well in Europe and Asia, however. Only about 30,000 units were sold overseas.
  75. 1 2 Gottschalk, S. (1995). "Videology: Video-Games as Postmodern Sites/Sights of Ideological Reproduction". Symbolic Interaction. 18 (1). Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  76. ↑ "Forbes, Volume 127". Forbes: 102. 1981. Retrieved 25 February 2012. At $2000 a unit, Atari has made about $140 million from that game alone.
  77. 1 2 Sellers, John (2001). Arcade fever: the fan's guide to the golden age of video games. Philadelphia: Running Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-7624-0937-1. Retrieved 25 February 2012. Williams sold around 60,000 units of Defender, easily the company's most successful game.
  78. ↑ Steven L. Kent (2001). "The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World". Prima. p. 147. Retrieved 9 April 2011. Defender was Williams Electronics' biggest seller. More than 55,000 units were placed worldwide.
  79. 1 2 Morrison, Michael (2002). Sams teach yourself game programming in 24 hours (1. printing. ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Sams Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 0-672-32461-X. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  80. ↑ Mark J. P. Wolf. "The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond". ABC-CLIO. p. 104. ISBN 0-313-33868-X. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  81. 1 2 "MIDWAY MFG. CO. v. ARTIC INTERN.". 10 March 1982. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  82. 1 2 Bureau of National Affairs (1983). "United States Patents Quarterly, Volume 216". United States Patents Quarterly. Associated Industry Publications. Retrieved 9 April 2011. Since February 1980, Midway has sold in excess of 40,000 Galaxian games
  83. ↑ Donkey Kong:
    • Japan: 65,000 of Donkey Kong
      • Brian Ashcraft; with Jean Snow; forewords by Kevin Williams; Crecente, Brian (2008). "sixty-five+thousand" Arcade Mania: The Turbo-charged World of Japan's Game Centers (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 4-7700-3078-9. Retrieved 12 February 2012. Jumpman hopped over barrels, climbed ladders, and jumped from suspended platform to suspended platform as he tried to rescue a damsel from his pissed-off pet gorilla. The game was a smash, and sixty-five thousand cabinets were sold in Japan, propping up the then-struggling Nintendo and laying the groundwork for Nintendo and Donkey Kong creator Shigeru Miyamoto to dominate gaming throughout the 1980s and beyond.
    • United States: 67,000 of Donkey Kong
      • Bienaimé, Pierre (13 January 2012). "Square Roots: Donkey Kong (NES)". Nintendojo. Retrieved 8 April 2012. Donkey Kong sold some 67,000 arcade cabinets in two years, making two of its American distributors sudden millionaires thanks to paid commission. As a barometer of success, know that Pac-Man and Ms. Pac-Man are the only arcade games to have sold over 100,000 units in the United States.
    • United States: 30,000 of Donkey Kong Jr. and 5000 of Donkey Kong 3.[70]
  84. 1 2 Steve L. Kent (2001). The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world. Prima. p. 352. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. In 1982, Universal Sales made arcade history with a game called Mr Do! Instead of selling dedicated Mr Do! machines, Universal sold the game as a kit. The kit came with a customized control panel, a computer board with Mr Do! read-only memory (ROM) chips, stickers that could be placed on the side of stand-up arcade machines for art, and a plastic marquee. It was the first game ever sold as a conversion only. According to former Universal Sales western regional sales manager Joe Morici, the company sold approximately 30,000 copies of the game in the United States alone.
  85. ↑ Out Run: ZX Spectrum Instructions. U.S. Gold. 1987. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  86. 1 2 "Pump It Up: Exceed drops to PS2 / Xbox". Punch Jump Crew. 8 September 2005.
  87. ↑ The Huffington Post
  88. ↑ Computerandvideogames.com
  89. ↑ Arcade-history.com
  90. 1 2 Steven L. Kent (2001). "The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story behind the Craze that Touched Our Lives and Changed the World". Prima. p. 91. Retrieved 9 April 2011. According to Kauffman, Exidy sold only 1,000 Death Race machines, just a fraction of the number of Sea Wolf and Gun Fight machines Midway placed that same year, but Death Race stirred up protests and was even discussed on CBS's 60 Minutes.
  91. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "FY Ending March 2006: Full Year Results Presentation" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 16 May 2006. p. 11. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  92. 1 2 "Motorcycle game to Atari". NewsBytes. 1 October 1985. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2012. So far, Sega has shipped approx. 7,000 Hang-ons to the Japanese and overseas market. ATARI IRELAND gets 500 sets for the initial shipment, a report says.
  93. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "FY 2007: Interim Results (April-September 2006)" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 10 November 2006. pp. 11–13. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  94. ↑ Arcade-history.com
  95. ↑ Allincolorforaquarter.blogspot.co.uk
  96. ↑ Sega Network Mahjong MJ2:
    • April 2004 to March 2005: 4,984[97]
    • April 2005 to June 2005: 502[98]
  97. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "FY2004 Financial Results (for the year ended March 31, 2005)" (PDF). Tokyo: Sega Sammy Holdings. 25 May 2005. p. 11. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  98. 1 2 "FY2005 1Q Results: Amusement Machine Sales" (PDF). FY2005 1Q Business Results (April–June 2005). Sega Sammy Holdings. 4 August 2005. p. 6. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  99. 1 2 3 4 "Fiscal Year 2008: Interim Results" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 12 November 2007. p. 11. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  100. 1 2 "Fiscal Year Ended March 2007: Full Year Results" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 14 May 2007. p. 11. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  101. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Fujihara, Mary (2 November 1983). "Inter Office Memo". Atari. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  102. 1 2 3 ("Special Feature: Music Simulation Games Rock the Market". Annual Report. Konami. 1999. p. 2. Archived from the original on 25 June 2004. Retrieved 6 March 2012.)
  103. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fujihara, Mary (25 July 1983). "Inter Office Memo". Atari. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  104. 1 2 "First Half Business Results (April–September 2004)" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 11 November 2004. p. 4. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  105. ↑ "Segment Results: Amusement Machines" (PDF). FY 2007: 1st Quarter Results (April–June 2006). Sega Sammy Holdings. 28 July 2006. p. 10. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  106. ↑ World Club Champion Football series, revenue:
    • Series revenues up until March 2009 - $552.3 million
      • 480 million player cards sold. Prices could range from ¥300 for a single card from an arcade machine to ¥1000 for a starter pack.[107] A ¥1000 starter pack consists of 11 player cards, equivalent to ¥90.91 each.[108] Total revenues from player card sales thus range from ¥43.64 billion (at ¥90.91 per card) to ¥144 billion (at ¥300 per card). In US dollars, this is equivalent to a range of $552.3 million to $1.82244 billion.[109] The lowest value of $552.3 million will be assumed.
    • World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs revenues from April 2009 to June 2012 - $150.1 million[n 9]
  107. 1 2 "AOU 2009 - Sega World Club Champion Football Intercontinental Clubs 2007-2008". AOU Amusement Expo 2009. DigInfo TV. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  108. 1 2 "Sports Gaming in Japan: World Club Champion Football". GameSpot. 22 September 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  109. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 "Currency Conversion". XE.com. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  110. 1 2 3 4 "Stern Production Numbers and More CCI Photos". 1 May 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  111. 1 2 "FY Ending March 2006: Interim Results Presentation (April–September 2005)" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 22 November 2005. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  112. 1 2 "FY2005 Third quarter Financial Results (April–December 2004)" (PDF). Konami. 27 January 2005. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2006. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  113. 1 2 3 "Fiscal Year Ending March 2007: 3rd Quarter Results (April-December 2006)" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 7 February 2007. pp. 11–13. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  114. ↑ "Fiscal Year Ending March 2006: 3rd quarter Results (April–December 2005)" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 8 February 2006. p. 8. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  115. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 "Atari Production Numbers Memo". Atari Games. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  116. 1 2 3 4 5 "Appendix of Consolidated Financial Statements: 9 Months Ended December 31, 2009" (PDF). Sega Sammy Holdings. 5 February 2010. p. 3. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  117. ↑ Sangokushi Taisen:
    • As of March 2005: 421[97]
    • April 2005 to March 2006: 1,521[91]
  118. 1 2 3 "Segment Results: Amusement Machine" (PDF). Fiscal Year 2009: Full Year Results (Ending March 2009). Sega Sammy Holdings. 14 May 2009. p. 15. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  119. 1 2 Steve L. Kent (2001). The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world. Prima. p. 225. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. Cinematronics sold more than 16,000 Dragon's Lair machines in 1983, for an average price of $4300. Coleco purchased the home rights to the game, giving Cinematronics an additional $2 million.
  120. ↑ Harmetz, Aljean (13 August 1983). "Daring Dirk Perk For Arcades". Ottawa Citizen. p. 29. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  121. 1 2 3 "Rick Dyer: Biography". Allgame. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
  122. ↑ http://www.deseretnews.com/article/347090/VIDEO-ARCADES-HANGOUT-CHOICE-OF-A-NEW-GENERATION.html
  123. ↑ http://allincolorforaquarter.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/video-game-firsts.html
  124. ↑ "Amusement Machine: 3Q Principle Titles" (PDF). Fiscal Year Ending March 2006: 3rd Quarter Appendix (April–December 2005). Sega Sammy Holdings. 8 February 2006. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  125. ↑ Radar Scope at the Killer List of Videogames
  126. ↑ Harmetz, Aljean (3 July 1982). "Movie Themes Come To Video Games". Star-News. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  127. ↑ Jack B. Rochester; John Gantz (1983). "The naked computer: a layperson's almanac of computer lore, wizardry, personalities, memorabilia, world records, mind blowers, and tomfoolery". William Morrow and Company. p. 164. ISBN 0-688-02450-5. Retrieved 20 April 2011. Although the Disney Studios expected to make over $400 million from this siliconic extravaganza, our source at Variety tells us that its North American rentals were $15 million and estimated total gross, $30 million. The arcade game Tron, made by Bally, grossed more.
  128. ↑ "Outline of Results Briefing" (PDF). Square Enix. 23 May 2008. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  129. 1 2 "Outline of Results Briefing by SQUARE ENIX HOLDINGS held on November 7, 2008" (PDF). Square-Enix.com. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  130. 1 2 3 4 "Segment Results: Amusement Machines" (PDF). FY 2008: Full Year Results (Ending March 2008). Sega Sammy Holdings. 15 May 2008. p. 13. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  131. ↑ Steve L. Kent (2001). The ultimate history of video games: from Pong to Pokémon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world. Prima. p. 224. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4. Gottlieb sold approximately 25,000 Q*Bert arcade machines.
  132. 1 2 "Japanese gamers shake it, shake it!". South Africa: Independent Online (South Africa). 14 August 2000. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  133. ↑ Samba de Amigo: ¥3.84 billion
    • Currency conversion: $47.11 million[109]
  134. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 "Production Numbers" (PDF). Atari. 1999. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  135. ↑ Fulton, Jeff (2010). "A short history of Missile Command". The essential guide to Flash games : building interactive entertainment with ActionScript 3.0 (New ed.). [Berkeley, Calif.]: Friends of ED. p. 138. ISBN 1-4302-2614-5. Retrieved 7 February 2012. While certainly not the size of Asteroids, the game was still a huge hit with almost 20,000 units sold.
  136. 1 2 "Business 1974: Industry: Space Age Pinball, Atari's PONG". Time. 5 October 1983. Retrieved 21 April 2011. Typical of the new games is Pong, a popular version of electronic table tennis manufactured by two-year-old Atari, Inc. (estimated fiscal 1974 revenue: $14 million) of Los Gatos, Calif. Atari sold some 8,500 games to U.S. amusement parlors and other businesses last year.
  137. 1 2 Ashley S. Lipson; Robert D. Brain (2009). "Computer and Video Game Law: Cases and Materials". Carolina Academic Press. p. 9. ISBN 1-59460-488-6. Retrieved 11 April 2011. Atari eventually sold more than 19,000 Pong machines, giving rise to many imitations. Pong made its first appearance in 1972 at "Andy Capp's," a small bar in Sunnyvale, California, where the video game was literally "overplayed" as eager customers tried to cram quarters into an already heavily overloaded coin slot.
  138. 1 2 Barack, Lauren (8 May 2003). "In Blast From the Past, Atari Video Games Plan a Return". New York Post. p. 34. Retrieved 28 February 2012. Its first hit game, "Pong," launched in 1972, made $11 million in revenue in just one year.
  139. ↑ Sega Network Mahjong MJ4:
    • Fiscal year ended March 2008: 10,427[130]
    • Fiscal year ended March 2009: 2,465[118]
  140. 1 2 3 4 5
  141. 1 2 3 "Big Buck Safari® Reaches Two Milestones!". Raw Thrills. 1 September 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  142. 1 2 Strang, Katie (24 April 2007). "Shootout at the local pub: Big Buck Hunter is a hit". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  143. ↑ "Entering The Snakepit – A Winner". NewsBytes. 20 December 1983. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  144. 1 2 3 4 5
  145. 1 2 Shaggy (7 January 2010). "Big Buck Hunter Open Season pushes 3000 units in 90 days". Arcade Heroes. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  146. ↑ Shaggy (11 February 2010). "Silver Strike LIVE starts shipping next week". Arcade Heroes. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  147. ↑ "Operator bowled over by H2Overdrive". Namco Bandai Games. 5 March 2010. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  148. 1 2 Beals, Gregory (11 December 2000). "Kings of Cool". Newsweek. Retrieved 19 April 2012. Konami has sold 25,000 Beatmania machines in three years. In the arcade industry, selling 1000 units is considered a success.
  149. 1 2 Steven L. Kent (2000). "The first quarter: a 25-year history of video games". BWD Press. p. 83. ISBN 0-9704755-0-0. Retrieved 9 April 2011. Sea Wolf, which was another creation of Dave Nutting, did solid business, selling more than 10,000 machines.
  150. ↑ Orland, Kyle (4 March 2011). "GDC 2011: Mark Cerny Discusses Marble Madness' Turbulent Development". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  151. ↑ Steven L. Kent (2000). "The first quarter: a 25-year history of video games". BWD Press. p. 83. ISBN 0-9704755-0-0. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  152. 1 2 Shaggy (3 May 2010). "Initial sales numbers for Terminator Salvation arcade". Arcade Heroes. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  153. ↑ Shaggy (10 June 2009). "Betson: 2000 Guitar Hero units have been sold in three months". Arcade Heroes. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  154. ↑ Buchanan, Levi (28 August 2008). The Revolution of I, Robot, IGN.
  155. ↑ "Atari: From Starting Block To Auction Block". InfoWorld. InfoWorld Media Group. 6 (32): 52. 6 August 1984. ISSN 0199-6649. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  156. ↑ Modine, Austin (13 December 2008). "Before Pong, there was Computer Space". The Register. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  157. ↑ Ms. Pac-Man revenue: 125,000 units, $2800 each
  158. ↑ "Call-it Entertainment, Inc. Partners with Capcom to Launch Street Fighter Wireless Game Series". Business Wire. 16 May 2002. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  159. ↑ "Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008". Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition. Guinness World Records. 2008. p. 77. ISBN 1-904994-21-0. Retrieved 9 April 2011. Street Fighter has sold over 25 million console games and 500,000 arcade units generating more than a billion dollars in revenue.
  160. ↑ Space Invaders:
  161. ↑ Leonard Herman; Jer Horwitz; Steve Kent; Skyler Miller (2002). "The History of Video Games" (PDF). GameSpot. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  162. ↑ "What is Golden Tee?". Incredible Technologies.
  163. ↑ Sickinger, Ted (6 November 1995). "The year of Mortal Kombat". The Kansas City Star. p. 1. Retrieved 4 March 2012. More than 1 billion quarters have dropped through its slots since 1992. The first two home versions sold more than 10 million copies at $50 and $60 apiece.
  164. 1 2 3 4 5
  165. 1 2 3
  166. 1 2
  167. 1 2
  168. ↑ Initial D series:
    • Initial D Arcade Stage: 2,534 units from April 2004 to September 2004[104]
    • Initial D Arcade Stage Ver. 3: 673 units from April 2004 to March 2005[97]
    • Initial D Arcade Stage 4: 3,904 units from April 2006 to September 2007[n 6]
  169. ↑
  170. ↑
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