American Airlines Flight 587

American Airlines Flight 587

N14053, the aircraft involved in the accident, at Miami International Airport in 1989.
Accident summary
Date November 12, 2001 (2001-11-12)
Summary Tail structure failure due to pilot error while encountering wake turbulence, incorrect pilot training[1]
Site Belle Harbor, Queens, New York City, New York, United States
Passengers 251
Crew 9
Fatalities 265 (all 260 on board; 5 on the ground)
Injuries (non-fatal) 1 (on the ground)
Survivors 0
Aircraft type Airbus A300B4-605R
Operator American Airlines
Registration N14053
Flight origin John F. Kennedy International Airport
New York City, United States
Destination Las Américas International Airport
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

American Airlines Flight 587 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City to Las Américas International Airport in Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic. On November 12, 2001, the Airbus A300-600 flying the route crashed shortly after takeoff into the Belle Harbor neighborhood of Queens, a borough of New York City. All 260 people aboard the plane (251 passengers and nine crew members) died, including one dog carried in the cargo hold;[2] five bystanders and one other dog on the ground were killed as well.[2] It is the second-deadliest aviation incident in New York State, the second-deadliest aviation incident involving an Airbus A300 (after Iran Air Flight 655), and the second-deadliest aviation accident to occur on U.S. soil (after American Airlines Flight 191). No commercial airplane crash since then that was ruled accidental and not criminal has even surpassed that death toll, even though there had been deadlier incidents of this type before 2001.

The location of the accident and the fact that it took place two months and one day after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in Manhattan initially spawned fears of another terrorist attack. Terrorism was officially ruled out as the cause by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which instead attributed the disaster to the first officer's overuse of rudder controls in response to wake turbulence, or jet wash, from a Japan Airlines Boeing 747-400 that took off minutes before it. According to the NTSB, this aggressive use of the rudder controls by the co-pilot caused the vertical stabilizer to snap off the plane. The plane's two engines also separated from the aircraft before it hit the ground.[3]

Accident

Flight 587, circled in white, can be seen in this photo moving downward with a white streak behind the aircraft. The photo is a still from a video, released by the NTSB, that was recorded by a toll-booth camera located on the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge.[4]

The accident aircraft, registration N14053,[5] was an Airbus A300B4-605R delivered in 1988 with a seating configuration for 251 passengers and nine crew[2] and powered by two General Electric CF6-80C2A5 engines.[6][7] On-board were two flight crew members, Captain Ed States (42) and First Officer Sten Molin (34); seven cabin crew members and 251 passengers.

With the first officer at the controls, the plane pushed back from its gate at 9:00 AM. It taxied to Runway 31L behind a Japan Airlines Boeing 747-400 bound for Tokyo. At 9:11 AM, the 747 was cleared for takeoff. As the JAL flight climbed, the tower contacted Flight 587's pilots and warned them about potential wake turbulence from the 747.[1]

At 9:13:28, the A300 was cleared for takeoff on Runway 31L. The aircraft left the runway at 9:14:29, about 1 minute and 40 seconds after the JAL flight. From takeoff, the plane climbed to an altitude of 500 feet above mean sea level (msl) and then entered a climbing left turn to a heading of 220°. At 9:15:00, the pilot made initial contact with the departure controller, informing him that the airplane was at 1,300 feet and climbing to 5,000 feet. The departure controller instructed the aircraft to climb to and maintain 13,000 feet.[1]

Data from the flight data recorder (FDR) showed that the events leading into the crash began at 9:15:36, when the aircraft hit wake turbulence from the JAL flight just in front of it. The first officer attempted to stabilize the aircraft with alternating aggressive rudder inputs from left to right. This continued for at least 20 seconds, until 9:15:56, when the stress of the first officer's repeated rudder movements caused the lugs that attached the vertical stabilizer and rudder to fail. The stabilizer separated from the aircraft and fell into Jamaica Bay, about one mile north of the main wreckage site. Eight seconds later, the stall warning sounded on the cockpit voice recorder.

At the moment the stabilizer separated from the aircraft, the plane pitched downwards, headed straight for Belle Harbor. As the pilots struggled to control the aircraft, it went into a flat spin. The resulting aerodynamic loads sheared both engines from the aircraft seconds before impact. The engines landed several blocks north and east of the main wreckage site. Losing the engines cut off power to the FDR at 9:16:00, while the CVR (cockpit voice recorder), utilizing a battery backup, cut off at 9:16:15 moments before impact with the ground. The main impact location was the intersection of Newport Avenue and Beach 131st Street.[1]

Investigation

The accident aircraft taxiing to Runway 31L at 8:59 AM, moments before takeoff. (The timestamp shown in the picture is not the actual time of day; it had not been adjusted for Standard Time).[8]

Initial terrorism concerns

Because the crash was two months and one day after the September 11 attacks and occurred in New York, several major buildings including the Empire State Building and the United Nations Headquarters were evacuated. In the months after the crash, rumors suggested that it had been destroyed in a terrorist plot, with a shoe bomb similar to the one found on Richard Reid.[9][10] In May 2002, Mohammed Jabarah agreed to cooperate with investigators as part of a plea bargain. Among the details he gave authorities was that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's lieutenant had told him that Reid and Abderraouf Jdey had both been enlisted by the al-Qaeda chief to carry out identical shoe-bombing plots as part of a second wave of attacks against the United States, and that they had successfully blown up Flight 587, while Reid had been foiled.[11][12][13][14][15]

The informational memo which suggested that Jdey had a role in the crash was a Canadian government memo written around May 2002.[13][14] According to that memo, the reliability of the source for this information—Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's lieutenant—was "unknown."[13][14] The Canadian memo also specified how Jdey, a naturalized Canadian citizen, was to use his own Canadian passport to board the flight.[14] While American Airlines' passenger manifest indicated citizens boarding with passports from the United States, the Dominican Republic, Taiwan, France,[lower-alpha 1] Haiti and Israel—not one passenger boarded the aircraft using a Canadian passport.[16][14] According to NTSB spokesman Ted Lopatkiewicz, the weight of the memo's supposed veracity begins to lessen with the fact that no evidence of a terrorist travelling on board was found, continues to lessen upon evidence that the aircraft was brought down after a piece of the empennage, "the vertical fin, came off", and ultimately evaporates with the lack of indication of "any kind of event in the cabin."[13]

NTSB investigation

National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) employee Brian Murphy (second from right) updates NTSB Chairman Marion Blakey (third from right) on the investigation of the tail fin and rudder from AA flight 587 (February 11, 2002)

The A300-600 took off immediately after a Japan Airlines Boeing 747-400 on the same runway. It flew into the larger jet's wake, an area of turbulent air. The first officer attempted to stabilize the aircraft with alternating aggressive rudder inputs. The force of the air flowing against the moving rudder stressed the aircraft's vertical stabilizer, and eventually snapped it off entirely, causing the aircraft to lose control and crash. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) concluded that the enormous stress on the rudder was due to the first officer's "unnecessary and excessive" rudder inputs, and not the wake turbulence caused by the 747. The NTSB further stated "if the first officer had stopped making additional inputs, the aircraft would have stabilized".[17] Contributing to these rudder pedal inputs were characteristics of the Airbus A300-600 sensitive rudder system design and elements of the American Airlines Advanced Aircraft Maneuvering Training Program (AAMP).[18]

The manner in which the vertical stabilizer separated concerned investigators. The vertical stabilizer is connected to the fuselage with six attaching points. Each point has two sets of attachment lugs, one made of composite material, another of aluminium, all connected by a titanium bolt; damage analysis showed that the bolts and aluminium lugs were intact, but not the composite lugs. This, coupled with two events earlier in the life of the aircraft, namely delamination in part of the vertical stabilizer prior to its delivery from Airbus's Toulouse factory, and an encounter with heavy turbulence in 1994, caused investigators to examine the use of composites.[19] The possibility that the composite materials might not be as strong as previously supposed was a cause of concern because they are used in other areas of the plane, including the engine mounting and the wings. Tests carried out on the vertical stabilizers from the accident aircraft, and from another similar aircraft, found that the strength of the composite material had not been compromised, and the NTSB concluded that the material had failed because it had been stressed beyond its design limit.

The crash was witnessed by hundreds of people, 349 of whom gave accounts of what they saw to the NTSB. About half (52%) reported a fire or explosion before the plane hit the ground. Others stated that they saw a wing detach from the aircraft, when in fact it was the vertical stabilizer.[20] Some witnesses reported seeing one of the engines burst into flames and break off the plane, and others reported hearing a loud sound like a sonic boom.[21]

After the crash, Floyd Bennett Field's empty hangars were used as a makeshift morgue for the identification of crash victims.[22]

Findings

Photo showing the crash site

According to the official accident report, after the first officer made his initial rudder pedal input, he made a series of alternating full rudder inputs. This led to increasing sideslip angles. The resulting hazardous sideslip angle led to extremely high aerodynamic loads that resulted in separation of the vertical stabilizer. If the first officer had stopped making these inputs at any time before the vertical stabilizer separation, the natural stability of the airplane would have returned the sideslip angle to near 0°, and the accident would have been avoided.[23] The airplane performance study indicated that when the vertical stabilizer separation began, the aerodynamic loads were about two times the loads defined by the design envelope. It can be determined that the vertical stabilizer's structural performance was consistent with design specifications and exceeded certification requirements.

Contributing factors include the following: First, the first officer's predisposition to overreact to wake turbulence; second, the training provided by American Airlines that could have encouraged pilots to make large flight control inputs; third, the first officer likely did not understand an airplane's response to large rudder inputs at high airspeeds or the mechanism by which the rudder rolls a transport-category airplane; finally, light rudder pedal forces and small pedal displacement of the A300-600 rudder pedal system increased the airplane's susceptibility to a rudder misuse.[1]

Most aircraft require increased pressure on the rudder pedals to achieve the same amount of rudder control at a higher speed. The Airbus A300 and later Airbus A310 do not operate on a fly-by-wire flight control system, but instead use conventional mechanical flight controls. The NTSB determined that "because of its high sensitivity, the A300-600 rudder control system is susceptible to potentially hazardous rudder pedal inputs at higher speeds".[17] The Allied Pilots Association, in its submission to the NTSB, argued that the unusual sensitivity of the rudder mechanism amounted to a design flaw which Airbus should have communicated to the airline. The main rationale for their position came from a 1997 report that referenced 10 incidents in which A300 tail fins had been stressed beyond their design limitation.[18][24]

Airbus charged that the crash was mostly American Airlines' fault arguing that the airline did not train its pilots properly about the characteristics of the rudder. Aircraft tail fins are designed to withstand full rudder deflection in one direction when below maneuvering speed, but this does not guarantee that they can withstand an abrupt shift in rudder from one direction to the other. The NTSB indicated that American Airlines' Advanced Aircraft Maneuvering Program (AAMP) tended to exaggerate the effects of wake turbulence on large aircraft. Therefore, pilots were being trained to react more aggressively than was necessary.[17] According to author Amy Fraher, this led to concerns of whether it was appropriate for the AAMP to be placing such importance on "the role of flight simulators in teaching airplane upset recovery at all."[25] Fraher states that the key to understanding the crash of Flight 587 ultimately lay in "how the accident pilots' expectations about aircraft performance were erroneously established through 'clumsy' flight simulator training in American's AAMP."[25]

Statement of probable cause

From the NTSB report of the accident:

The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the in-flight separation of the vertical stabilizer as a result of the loads beyond ultimate design that were created by the first officer’s unnecessary and excessive rudder pedal inputs. Contributing to these rudder pedal inputs were characteristics of the Airbus A300-600 rudder system design and elements of the American Airlines Advanced Aircraft Maneuvering Program (AAMP).

Since the NTSB's report, American Airlines has modified its pilot training program.[26] Previous simulator training did not properly reflect "the actual large build-up in sideslip angle and sideloads that would accompany such rudder inputs in an actual airplane", according to the NTSB final report.[27]

Victims

Victims' nationalities[16][28]
Nationality Passengers Crew Ground Total
 United States 176 9 5 190
 Dominican Republic 68 0 0 68
 Taiwan 3 0 0 3
 France 1 0 0 1
 Haiti 1 0 0 1
 Israel 1 0 0 1
 United Kingdom 1[lower-alpha 1] 0 0 1
Total 251 9 5 265

All 260 people aboard the plane (251 passengers and the crew of nine) died, including one dog carried in the cargo hold.[2] Five bystanders and one dog on the ground were killed.[2]

Relatives gathered at Las Américas International Airport. The airport created a private area for relatives wishing to receive news about Flight 587. Some relatives arrived at the airport to meet passengers, unaware that the flight had crashed.[29] The authorities at John F. Kennedy International Airport used the JFK Ramada Plaza to house relatives and friends of the victims of the crash.[30] Because of its role in housing friends and relatives of several plane crashes, the hotel became known as the "Heartbreak Hotel".[30][31] Due to the fact that many families were ethnic Dominicans, the hotel prepared Dominican cuisine for them.[30] The family crisis center later moved to the Javits Center in Manhattan.[32]

One of the passengers killed on the flight was Hilda Yolanda Mayol, a 26-year-old American woman on her way to vacation in her native Dominican Republic.[33] Two months earlier, on 9/11, Mayol was working at a restaurant on the ground floor of the World Trade Center and escaped before the tower collapsed.[34][35]

Early on, some reports erroneously stated that Dominican native and then Yankees second baseman Alfonso Soriano had been aboard Flight 587.[36] The flight was regularly used by Major League Baseball players and scouts heading to the Dominican Republic,[37] but it turned out that Soriano was booked for a flight a few days later;[38] a Dominican teammate of Soriano, utility infielder Enrique Wilson, was originally booked on the flight, but after the Yankees' defeat in the World Series, he had decided to return home a few days earlier.[39]

Cultural background

In 2001, there were 51 weekly direct flights between JFK and the Dominican Republic, with additional flights offered in December. Most of the flights were offered by American Airlines,[40]:1[41] and the airline was described as having a virtual monopoly on the route.[40]:2 Around 90% of the passengers on the accident flight were of Dominican descent.[34]

The Guardian described the flight as having "cult status" in Washington Heights, a Dominican area of Manhattan.[34] Belkis Lora, a relative of a passenger on the crashed flight, said "Every Dominican in New York has either taken that flight or knows someone who has. It gets you there early. At home there are songs about it."[34] Seth Kugel, writing for The New York Times, said, "For many Dominicans in New York, these journeys home are the defining metaphor of their complex push-pull relationship with their homeland; they embody, vividly and poignantly, the tug between their current lives and their former selves. That fact gave Monday's tragedy a particularly horrible resonance for New York's Dominicans."[40]:1 He also said, "Even before Monday's crash, Dominicans had developed a complex love-hate relationship with American Airlines, complaining about high prices and baggage restrictions even while favoring the carrier over other airlines that used to travel the same route."[40]:2 David Rivas, the owner of the New York City travel agency Rivas Travel, said, "For the Dominican to go to Santo Domingo during Christmas and summer is like the Muslims going to Mecca."[40]:4 [42]

The crash did not affect bookings for the JFK-Santo Domingo route. Dominicans continued to book travel on the flights.[40]:4 American Airlines announced that it would end services between JFK and Santo Domingo on April 1, 2013.[43][44]

Memorial

Memorial

A memorial was constructed in Rockaway Park, Belle Harbor's neighboring community, in memory of the 265 victims of the crash at the south end of Beach 116th Street, a major commercial street in the area. It was dedicated on November 12, 2006, the fifth anniversary of the incident, in a ceremony attended by then Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg. A ceremony commemorating the disaster is held annually at the memorial every Nov 12, featuring a reading of the names of those killed aboard the aircraft and on the ground, with a formal moment of silence observed at 9:16 a.m., the estimated time of the crash.

The memorial wall, designed by Dominican artist Freddy Rodríguez and Situ Studio, has windows and a doorway looking toward the nearby Atlantic Ocean and angled toward the Dominican Republic. It is inscribed with the names of the victims.[45] Atop the memorial is a quotation, in both Spanish and English, from Dominican poet Pedro Mir, reading "Después no quiero más que paz" (Translation: "Afterwards I want nothing more than peace.")[46]

In a ceremony held on May 6, 2007, at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, 889 unidentified fragments of human remains of the victims of the crash were entombed in a group of four mausoleum crypts.[47]

Documentaries

There have been multiple documentaries made on the accident.

Notes

  1. 1 2 Passenger Sylvie Greleau, identified as British by American Airlines, carried a French passport. One additional passenger, Jean Heuze, also carried a French passport.[16]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "In-Flight Separation of Vertical Stabilizer, American Airlines Flight 587, Airbus Industrie A300-605R, N14053, Belle Harbor, New York, November 12 2001" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. October 26, 2004. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Vidoli, Giovanna M.; Mundorff, Amy Z. (1 April 2012). "Victim Fragmentation Patterns and Seat Location Supplements Crash Data: American Airlines Flight 587". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 83 (4): 412. doi:10.3357/ASEM.3155.2012.
  3. ↑ Paul Lowe (February 1, 2007). "NTSB report on AA 587 Spreads Blame". Aviation International News.
  4. ↑ "Animations and Videos from Board Meeting". National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011.
  5. ↑ "FAA Registry". Federal Aviation Administration.
  6. ↑ Harro Ranter (November 12, 2001). "ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A300B4-605R N14053 Belle Harbor, NY". Archived from the original on April 20, 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  7. ↑ ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A300B4-605R N14053 Belle Harbor, NY Archived April 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ↑ "NTSB footage of takeoff from construction site". National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011.
  9. ↑ Irvine, Reed; Kincaid, Cliff (February 6, 2002). "Rumors about Flight 587". Accuracy in Media. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  10. ↑ "Speculation about Flight 587 Crash Flourishes in Absence of Answers". Boston Globe. November 13, 2001.
  11. ↑ Ticin Online, Terrorismo: Canada, accuse ad Al Qaida per aereo caduto a NY, August 28, 2004 Archived March 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ↑ Bell, Stewart (2005). The Martyr's Oath. p. 157.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Bell, Stewart (August 27, 2004). "Montreal man downed US plane, CSIS told". National Post. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Schwach, Howard (20 November 2009). "KSM Trial Raises Questions For AA 587 | The Wave". The Rockaway Wave. Wave Publishing Company. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  15. ↑ Pipes, Daniel (August 30, 2004). "Why did American Airlines 587 Crash?". FrontPageMagazine.com. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  16. 1 2 3 "Flight 587: Final Passenger List". The Guardian. Associated Press. 15 November 2001. The Foreign Office has said passenger Sylvie Greleau, identified as British by American Airlines, carried a French passport, and as far it was concerned she was French. Ms Greleau, a sales and marketing director for Menzies Aviation Group, was formerly based in London.
  17. 1 2 3 "NTSB Press Release". October 26, 2004. Accessed December 6, 2005. Archived October 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  18. 1 2 "Submission of the Allied Pilots Association to the National Transportation Safety Board: Regarding the accident of American Airlines Flight 587 at Belle Harbor, New York November 12, 2001" (PDF). Allied Pilots Association. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  19. ↑ Wald, Matthew L.; Baker, Al (November 19, 2001). "A Workhorse of the Skies, Perhaps With a Deadly Defect". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  20. ↑ Wald, Matthew L (June 23, 2002). "Ideas & Trends; For Air Crash Detectives, Seeing Isn't Believing". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013. "According to the National Transportation Safety Board, which announced this month that it had gathered 349 eyewitness accounts through interviews or written statements, 52 percent said they saw a fire while the plane was in the air. The largest number (22 percent) said the fire was in the fuselage, but a majority cited other locations, including the left engine, the right engine, the left wing, the right wing or an unspecified engine or wing."
  21. ↑ Kleinfield, N. R. (November 13, 2001). "The Crash of Flight 587: The Overview". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  22. ↑ FDNY Responds: Flight 587 Crashes in the Rockaways, accessed January 1, 2007. Archived July 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ Bella, Timothy; Fearnow, Benjamin (November 11, 2011). "Remembering America's Second-Deadliest Plane Crash". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014.
  24. ↑ "Aviation Safety and Pilot Control: Understanding and Preventing Unfavorable Pilot-Vehicle Interactions" (Press release). Washington, D.C: Washington National Academy Press. 1997. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  25. 1 2 Fraher, Amy L. (July 2015). "Technology-Push, Market-Demand and the Missing Safety-Pull: A Case Study of American Airlines Flight 587". New Technology, Work and Employment. 30 (2): 124. doi:10.1111/ntwe.12050.
  26. ↑ "Pilot error blamed for Flight 587 crash", AP, accessed February 7, 2008. Archived May 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ Croft, John (January 27, 2009). "Getting control of LOC". Flightglobal.Com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010.
  28. ↑ Barry, Dan; Gootman, Elissa (November 14, 2001). "THE CRASH OF FLIGHT 587: BELLE HARBOR; 5 Neighbors Gone, and a Jet Engine Where a Child's Bike Might Have Been". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
  29. ↑ "Shocked relatives gather at Dominican airport." CNN. November 13, 2001. Retrieved on June 6, 2007. Archived December 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  30. 1 2 3 "Hotel Near JFK Airport is Familiar With Airline Tragedy Archived March 8, 2014, at WebCite." (Archive) CNN. November 17, 2011. Retrieved on March 9, 2014.
  31. ↑ Adamson, April (September 4, 1998). "229 Victims Knew Jet Was In Trouble Airport Inn Becomes Heartbreak Hotel Again". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  32. ↑ Banduci, Lucy (November 15, 2011). "JFK’s Ramada Hotel Once Again Becomes Makeshift Crisis Center". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  33. ↑ "Airline releases victim list". CNN. November 15, 2001. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
  34. 1 2 3 4 Younge, Gary (November 10, 2006). "Flight to the death". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  35. ↑ Mikkelson, Barbara (April 23, 2008). "WTC Survivor Dies on AA Flight 587, Second Scythe". Snopes.com. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  36. ↑ "Soriano Heads Home To Help." New York Daily News. November 15, 2001. Retrieved on June 6, 2012. Archived August 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  37. ↑ Kepner, Tyler (November 13, 2001). "BASEBALL: Scouts had used doomed flight". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  38. ↑ Davidof, Ken (November 14, 2001). "Soriano Hardly a Victim / He wasn't on doomed flight, but will help Dominicans". Newsday.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  39. ↑ Olney, Buster (May 3, 2005). "Epilogue: 'The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty'". Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kugel, Seth (November 18, 2001). "Now Boarding, Dreams". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  41. ↑ "American Airlines S11 International Operation changes as of 23JAN11". London: UBM plc. January 23, 2011. Archived from the original on March 10, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
  42. ↑ Smith, Patrick (November 5, 2004). "Don't blame the pilot for the crash of Flight 587. The truth is much more complicated". Salon.com. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  43. ↑ Myers, Gay Nagle (January 28, 2013). "American chops two D.R. routes from New York". Travel Weekly. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  44. ↑ "American Airlines Cancels New York – Santo Domingo / Santiago". London: UBM plc. January 14, 2013. Archived from the original on March 10, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
  45. ↑ Flight 587 Memorial Dedicated in Rockaways, WNYC, accessed November 16, 2006. Archived December 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  46. ↑ "5 years later, a memorial for victims of New York plane crash that killed 265", International Herald Tribune via the Associated Press, November 12, 2006. Archived February 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  47. ↑ Trymaine, Lee (May 7, 2007). "Only 4 Coffins, but 265 Victims Are Mourned at Mass in the Bronx". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2016. Red roses in hand, about 45 mourners emerged yesterday from a Spanish-language Mass and walked a quarter-mile to a majestic mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.... More than five years after American Airlines Flight 587 crashed in Belle Harbor, Queens, killing 265 people, 889 fragments of human remains were placed in four coffins and finally laid to rest behind a wall of granite last week.
  48. ↑ "New York Air Crash". Seconds From Disaster. Season 3. 2006. National Geographic Channel.
  49. ↑ "Engineering Disasters 20". Modern Marvels. Season 13. 2006. The History Channel.
  50. ↑ "Queens Catastrophe". Mayday. Season 13. 2014. Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel.
  51. ↑ "Horizon: Flight 587". BBC Home. May 8, 2003. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013.

See also

External image
Photos of N14053 at Airliners.net
Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Airlines Flight 587.

Coordinates: 40°34′38″N 73°51′02″W / 40.57722°N 73.85056°W / 40.57722; -73.85056

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.