Alfred Bog

Alfred Bog
Map showing the location of Alfred Bog
Alfred Bog
Location within Southern Ontario
Location Eastern Ontario, Canada
Nearest town Alfred, Ontario
Coordinates 45°29′30″N 74°50′30″W / 45.49167°N 74.84167°W / 45.49167; -74.84167Coordinates: 45°29′30″N 74°50′30″W / 45.49167°N 74.84167°W / 45.49167; -74.84167
Area 10,200 acres (41 km2)
Governing body Ontario Parks

The Alfred Bog is a domed peat bog in Eastern Ontario, Canada, about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) south of Alfred and 70 kilometres (43 mi) east of Ottawa. The bog is considered the largest high-quality bog in Southern Ontario,[1] and was designated by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources as a "Class 1 Wetland" and an "Area of Natural and Scientific Interest (ANSI)" in 1984.[2][3] It is home to rare animal species and a healthy moose population.[4]

The wetland, primarily consisting of bog as well as some marsh and swamp, is 10,200 acres (4,100 ha) in size of which 90% is protected as a nature preserve.[4] The bog is accessible by a 273-metre (896 ft) long boardwalk.[1]

History

The bog formed at the confluence of an ancient channel of the Ottawa River and South Nation River after the retreat of the Champlain Sea. The Ottawa River used to drain melting glacial waters from central Manitoba, but gradually reduced its flow and changed its course to its present location. Two large bogs, Mer Bleue at the west end and Alfred Bog at the east end, formed in the former southern channel.[5]

In the early 19th century, the Alfred Bog covered about 26,000 acres (11,000 ha), more than twice its present size, extending right to the town of Alfred. In 1806, it was described as "a thick spruce and cedar swamp with large areas of marsh". Human development of agriculture and peat extraction since then greatly reduced the bog. In the early 20th century, the Canadian government encouraged commercial peat extraction since peat could serve as an alternative fuel source to coal. A narrow-gauge railway was built to facilitate extraction, as well as a separate rail siding along the Montreal-Ottawa (M&O) line for shipping. By 1945, the bog was already reduced to 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres). As a result of the peat removal, the bog is generally between 1 and 2 metres (3 ft 3 in and 6 ft 7 in) higher than the surrounding farmland. Periodic burns and presence of drainage ditches have also changed the natural conditions of the remaining bog.[3][6][7]

Conservation efforts began in 1981 when zoning changes were proposed to allow new peat harvesting development. Since then the protected land has grown incrementally through the purchase of parcels of land from commercial and private owners.[2]

Flora

The vegetation is characteristic of boreal forest, normally found much farther north. Being a domed bog, water enters the bog mainly from natural precipitation creating oligotrophic conditions, ideal for sphagnum moss, the bog's dominant vegetation.[2] The peat ranges in depth from 1.2 to 7.1 metres (3 ft 11 in to 23 ft 4 in), with an average depth of 4.5 metres (15 ft).[6]

Some of the rare plants in the bog are white fringed orchid, Atlantic sedge, and rhodora.[2]

Tree species:[6]

Shrub species:[6]

Herbs/grasses/mosses:[6]

Fauna

Some of the rare animals in the bog are the Bog Elfin butterfly, Fletcher's dragonfly, and spotted turtle.[2]

Regionally rare birds found at the Alfred Bog are black-backed woodpecker, gray jay, palm warbler, northern hawk-owl, sedge wren, and Wilson's warbler, with sandhill cranes seen seasonally.[8]

Panorama of the Alfred Bog

References

  1. 1 2 "Alfred Bog Walk, Alfred, Ontario". www.nation.on.ca. South Nation Conservation. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Frank Pope (13 April 2005). "The Alfred Bog". www.ofnc.ca. The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  3. 1 2 "Peat: An Unmanaged Natural Resource?". Planning our Landscape, ECO Annual Report, 2004-05. Toronto, ON: Environmental Commissioner of Ontario. 2005. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  4. 1 2 "Get happy: get outside! - Alfred Bog". www.natureconservancy.ca. Nature Conservancy of Canada. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  5. ↑ "We Can Save Alfred Bog". www.ofnc.ca. The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. 13 April 2005. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 The Alfred Bog: Peatland Inventory And Evaluation (PDF). Bird and Hale Limited. November 1984. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  7. ↑ "The Alfred Peat Bog Railway". www.railways.incanada.net. Colin Churcher's Railway Pages. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  8. ↑ Larry E. Neily (August 4, 2010). "Favourite Outlying Sites: ALFRED BOG and ALFRED SEWAGE LAGOONS". www.neilyworld.com. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
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