Albrecht von Graefe

Albrecht von Gräfe
Born 22 May 1828
Finkenheerd, Brandenburg
Died 20 July 1870 (1870-07-21) (aged 42)
Berlin, Brandenburg
Nationality Prussian
Fields ophthalmology
Alma mater Humboldt University of Berlin
Known for treatment of glaucoma
Influences Johannes Müller, Carl Ferdinand von Arlt
Influenced Johann Friedrich Horner, Richard Liebreich, Michele Del Monte, Julius Jacobson

Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von Gräfe,[1] often Anglicized to Graefe[2] (22 May 1828 – 20 July 1870), was a Prussian pioneer of German ophthalmology. Graefe was born in Finkenheerd, Brandenburg, the son of Karl Ferdinand von Graefe (1787–1840). He was the father of the far right politician Albrecht von Graefe (1868–1933).

Background

Graefe studied philosophy, logic, natural sciences and anatomy in Berlin, obtaining his medical doctorate in 1847. He continued his studies at Prague, Paris, Vienna and London, and having devoted special attention to ophthalmology, in 1850, he began to practice as an oculist in Berlin. Here, he founded a private institution for the treatment of eyes.[3] During the same year, he received his habiltation with the thesis Über die Wirkung der Augenmuskeln.[4]

In 1858 he became an associate professor of ophthalmology in Berlin, where in 1866 he was appointed a full professor.[5] In 1870, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

In 1862 he married Anna Knuth. The couple had three children, two of whom died in infancy.

Graefe died in Berlin from pulmonary tuberculosis on July 20, 1870. His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof II der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. II of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.

Memorial at the Charité Berlin by Rudolf Siemering

Contributions

Cataract knife according to Graefe

Graefe made many contributions to ophthalmological science, being considered one of the more important (if not the most important) figures in 19th century ophthalmology. Among his achievements were a method of treating glaucoma and a new operation for cataract.[3]

He introduced iridectomy for glaucoma,[6] identified retardation of the eyelid in Basedow's disease,[5] and described the combination of retinitis pigmentosa and perceptive deafness in Usher's syndrome.[7] Also, he provided early descriptions of optic neuritis (1860),[8] chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (1868).[9] and papilledema (involving four patients with brain tumor and a swelling of the optic disc).[5][10] In addition, he is credited with design of a specialized knife, the "Von Graefe knife", for cataract surgery.[11] This knife was used till the 1960s. The eponymous "Gräfe's sign" is associated with Graves-Basedow disease.[12]

In 1855 he founded the Archiv für Ophthalmologie, in which Carl Ferdinand von Arlt (1812–1887) and Franciscus Donders (1818–1889) collaborated. In 1863 he founded the Deutsche Ophtalmologische Gesellschaft.[5]

Notes

  1. ↑ " Baynes, T.S.; Smith, W.R., eds. (1880). "Gräfe, Albrecht von". Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
  2. ↑ See the article on Ä.
  3. 1 2  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gräfe, Albrecht von". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 315.
  4. ↑ Biography and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
  5. 1 2 3 4 Albrecht von Graefe @ Who Named It
  6. ↑ Medical disctionary Graefe's operation
  7. ↑ Usher's syndrome @ Who Named It
  8. ↑ Optic Neuritis: Historical Aspects J Neuroophthalmol 2001 December;21(4):302-309
  9. ↑ MR of Extraocular Muscles in Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19:95–99, January 1998
  10. ↑ Cyber-Sight Orbis Papilledema
  11. ↑ ASCRS Eye World Graefe honored for advances in ophthalmology
  12. ↑ Graefe's sign at WhoNamedIt

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