Faiyum

Faiyum
الفيوم
Faiyum

Location in Egypt

Coordinates: 29°18′30″N 30°50′39″E / 29.308374°N 30.844105°E / 29.308374; 30.844105Coordinates: 29°18′30″N 30°50′39″E / 29.308374°N 30.844105°E / 29.308374; 30.844105
Country  Egypt
Governorate Faiyum
Elevation 23 m (75 ft)
Population (2012)
 • Total 349,883
Time zone EET (UTC+2)

Faiyum[1] (Arabic: الفيوم‎‎ El Fayyūm  pronounced [elfæjˈjuːm]; Coptic:  ̀Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ Phiom) is a city in Middle Egypt. Located 100 kilometres (62 miles) southwest of Cairo, in the Faiyum Oasis, it is the capital of the modern Faiyum Governorate. Originally called Shedet in Ancient Egypt, the Greeks called it Crocodilopolis or Krocodilopolis, the Romans Arsinoë.[2] It is one of Egypt's oldest cities due to its strategic location.[2]

Name and etymology

pA A i i G20 mw
N36
pꜣ-ymꜥ
in hieroglyphs

Its name in English is also spelled as Fayum, Faiyum or El Faiyūm. Faiyum was previously officially named Madīnet El Faiyūm (Arabic for The City of Faiyum). The name Faiyum (and its spelling variations) may also refer to the Faiyum Oasis, although it is commonly used by Egyptians today to refer to the city.[3][4]

The modern name of the city comes from Coptic  ̀Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ /Ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ epʰiom/peiom (whence the proper name Ⲡⲁⲓⲟⲙ payom), meaning the Sea or the Lake, which in turn comes from late Egyptian pꜣ-ymꜥ of the same meaning, a reference to the nearby Lake Moeris; the extinct elephant ancestor Phiomia was named after it.

Ancient history

Archaeological evidence has found occupations around the Fayum dating back to at least the Epipalaeolithic period. The middle Holocene occupations of the area are most widely studied on the north shore of Lake Qarun, where Caton-Thompson and Gardner did a number of excavations of Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic sites, as well as a general survey of the area.[5] Recently the area has been further investigated by a team from the UCLA/RUG/UOA Fayum Project.[6][7]

In the Pharaonic era, the city now called Medinet el Fayum (City of Faiyum) was called Shedet.[2] The 10th-century Bible exegete, Saadia Gaon, thought el Fayum to have actually been the biblical city of Pithom, mentioned in Exodus 1:11.[8] It was the most significant centre of the cult of Sobek, the crocodile-god. In consequence, the Greeks named it Crocodilopolis, "Crocodile City", from the particular reverence paid by its inhabitants to crocodiles. The city worshipped a tamed sacred crocodile, named Petsuchos, that was adorned with gold and gem pendants. The crocodile lived in a special temple pond and was fed by the priests with food provided by visitors. When the Petsuchos died, it was replaced by another.[9][10]

Under the Ptolemies, the city was for a while called Ptolemais Euergetis.[11] Ptolemy II Philadelphus (309–246 BC) rechristened the city Arsinoë and the whole nome after the name of his sister and wife Arsinoë (316–270 or 268), whom he deified after her death, if not before.[12]

Under the Roman Empire, Arsinoe became part of the province of Arcadia Aegypti. To distinguish it from other cities of the same name, it was called Arsinoë in Arcadia.

With the arrival of Christianity, Arsinoe became the seat of a bishopric, a suffragan of the Oxyrhynchus, the capital of the province and the metropolitan see. Lequien gives the names of several bishops of Arsinoe, nearly all of them associated with one heresy or another.[13]

The Catholic Church, considering Arsinoë in Arcadia to be no longer a residential bishopric, lists it as a titular see.[14]

Modern city

Faiyum has several large bazaars, mosques,[15] baths and a much-frequented weekly market. The canal called Bahr Yussef runs through the city, its banks lined with houses. There are two bridges over the river: one of three arches, which carries the main street and bazaar, and one of two arches, over which is built the Qaitbay mosque,[16] that was a gift from his wife to honor the Mamluk Sultan in Fayoum. Mounds north of the city mark the site of Arsinoe, known to the ancient Greeks as Crocodilopolis, where in ancient times the sacred crocodile kept in Lake Moeris was worshipped.[17] The center of the city is on the canal, with four waterwheels that were adopted by the governorate of Fayoum as its symbol; their chariots and bazaars are easy to spot.

Faiyum mummy portraits

Portrait of a man, c. 125–150 AD. Encaustic on wood; 37 cm × 20 cm (15 in × 8 in)

Faiyum is the source of some famous death masks or mummy portraits painted during the Roman occupation of the area. The Egyptians continued their practice of burying their dead, despite the Roman preference for cremation. While under the control of the Roman Empire, Egyptian death masks were painted on wood in a pigmented wax technique called encaustic—the Faiyum mummy portraits represent this technique.[18] Modern studies conclude that the Faiyum portraits represent Greek settlers in Egypt.[19][20] Victor J. Katz notes that "research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities".[21]

Main sights

Climate

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh).

The highest record temperatures was 46 °C (115 °F) on June 13, 1965 and the lowest record temperature was 2 °C (36 °F) on January 8, 1966.[22]

Climate data for Faiyum
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28
(82)		 30
(86)		 36
(97)		 41
(106)		 43
(109)		 46
(115)		 41
(106)		 43
(109)		 39
(102)		 40
(104)		 36
(97)		 30
(86)		 46
(115)
Average high °C (°F) 18.9
(66)		 20.9
(69.6)		 24.1
(75.4)		 29
(84)		 33.6
(92.5)		 35.5
(95.9)		 36.1
(97)		 35.8
(96.4)		 33.2
(91.8)		 30.7
(87.3)		 25.7
(78.3)		 20.4
(68.7)		 28.66
(83.57)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.6
(52.9)		 13.2
(55.8)		 16.1
(61)		 20.4
(68.7)		 24.9
(76.8)		 27.1
(80.8)		 28.2
(82.8)		 28.1
(82.6)		 25.7
(78.3)		 23.1
(73.6)		 18.6
(65.5)		 13.5
(56.3)		 20.87
(69.59)
Average low °C (°F) 4.3
(39.7)		 5.5
(41.9)		 8.2
(46.8)		 11.8
(53.2)		 16.3
(61.3)		 18.8
(65.8)		 20.3
(68.5)		 20.4
(68.7)		 18.2
(64.8)		 15.6
(60.1)		 11.6
(52.9)		 6.6
(43.9)		 13.13
(55.63)
Record low °C (°F) 2
(36)		 4
(39)		 5
(41)		 8
(46)		 11
(52)		 16
(61)		 13
(55)		 13
(55)		 10
(50)		 11
(52)		 4
(39)		 4
(39)		 2
(36)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1
(0.04)		 1
(0.04)		 1
(0.04)		 1
(0.04)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 1
(0.04)		 2
(0.08)		 7
(0.28)
Source #1: Climate-Data.org[23]
Source #2: Voodoo Skies[22] for record temperatures

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://www.lonelyplanet.com/egypt/medinat-al-fayoum
  2. 1 2 3 Paola Davoli (2012). "The Archaeology of the Fayum". In Riggs, Christina. The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN 9780199571451.
  3. ↑ "The name of the Fayum province. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven". Trismegistos.org. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  4. ↑ "Faiyum. Eternal Egypt". Eternalegypt.org. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  5. ↑ Caton-Thompson, G.; Gardner, E. (1934). The Desert Fayum. London: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
  6. ↑ Holdaway, Simon; Phillipps, Rebecca; Emmitt, Joshua; Wendrich, Willeke (2016-07-29). "The Fayum revisited: Reconsidering the role of the Neolithic package, Fayum north shore, Egypt". Quaternary International. The Neolithic from the Sahara to the Southern Mediterranean Coast: A review of the most Recent Research. 410, Part A: 173–180. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.072.
  7. ↑ Phillipps, Rebecca; Holdaway, Simon; Ramsay, Rebecca; Emmitt, Joshua; Wendrich, Willeke; Linseele, Veerle (2016-05-18). "Lake Level Changes, Lake Edge Basins and the Paleoenvironment of the Fayum North Shore, Egypt, during the Early to Mid-Holocene". Open Quaternary. 2 (0). ISSN 2055-298X. doi:10.5334/oq.19.
  8. ↑ Saadia Gaon, Tafsir (Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch), Exodus 1:11; Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Commentaries on the Torah (ed. Yosef Qafih), Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1984, p. 63 (Exodus 1:11) (Hebrew)
  9. ↑ Thomas Joseph Pettigrew, A History of Egyptian Mummies (Longman 1834), pp. 211–213
  10. ↑ Bunson, Margaret (2009). Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Infobase Publishing. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-43810997-8.
  11. ↑ Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidenow, Esther, eds. (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-19954556-8.
  12. ↑ Guillaume, Philippe (2008). Ptolemy the second Philadelphus and his world. Brill. p. 299. ISBN 978-90-0417089-6.
  13. ↑ Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 581-584
  14. ↑ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 840
  15. ↑ The Mosque of Qaitbey in the Fayoum of Egypt by Seif Kamel
  16. ↑ Public Domain One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fayum". Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 219.
  17. ↑ "The Temple and the Gods, The Cult of the Crocodile". Umich.edu. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  18. ↑ "History of Encaustic Art". Encaustic.ca. 2012-06-10. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  19. ↑ Egyptology Online: Fayoum mummy portraits Archived August 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. accessed on January 16, 2007
  20. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Egyptian art and architecture - Greco-Roman Egypt accessed on January 16, 2007
  21. ↑ Victor J. Katz (1998). A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, p. 184. Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-321-01618-1: "But what we really want to know is to what extent the Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek community coexisted [...] So should we assume that Ptolemy and Diophantus, Pappus and Hypatia were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities [...] And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfill numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized," to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist."
  22. 1 2 "El Fayoum, Egypt". Voodoo Skies. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  23. ↑ "Climate: Faiyum - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
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