Agnes Waterhouse
Agnes Waterhouse (c. 1503 - 29 July 1566), also known as Mother Waterhouse, was the first woman executed for witchcraft in England.[1]
In 1566, she was accused of witchcraft along with two other women: Elizabeth Francis and Joan Waterhouse.[2] All three women were from the same village, Hatfield Peverel.[2] She confessed to having been a witch and that her familiar was a cat (later turned into a toad) by the name of Satan, sometimes spelled Sathan, which originally belonged to Elizabeth Francis.[2][3] Agnes was put on trial in Chelmsford, Essex, England, in 1566 for using witchcraft to cause illness to William Fynne, who died on 1 November 1565. She was also charged with using sorcery to kill livestock, cause illness, as well as bring about the death of her husband. Her eighteen-year-old daughter Joan Waterhouse was also accused (but found not guilty) of the same crime. Joan Waterhouse's testimony ultimately helped to convict the two other women.[2] Agnes was hanged, and was the first woman executed for witchcraft in England.
Trial
Information from the trial of Agnes Waterhouse is recorded in a pamphlet from 1566 titled, "The examination and confession of certaine Wytches at Chensforde in the Countie of Essex before the Quenes Maiesties Judges the XXVI daye of July anno 1566."[4] The pamphlet was written by John Phillips, and though incomplete,[5] outlines the testimonies of the three women accused of being witches.[1] During the first examination Reverend Thomas Cole and Sir John Fortescue were present. Sir Gilbert Gerard, the queen's attorney, and John Southcote, justice of the queen's bench, were present for the second examination.[5] The presence of all these men suggests that the case was considered to be of unusual significance.[5]
During the trial, Elizabeth Francis was examined first. She confessed to possessing the familiar, a white spotted cat named Satan (or Sathan). Elizabeth Francis received the cat from her grandmother, Mother Eve of Hatfield Peverell, who taught her witchcraft when she was twelve years old. Elizabeth Francis kept the cat for fifteen or sixteen years, before eventually giving it to Agnes Waterhouse. According to Elizabeth Francis, the cat spoke to her in a strange hollow voice and would do anything for her in exchange for a drop of blood. She confessed to stealing sheep, and killing several people including a wealthy man, Andrew Byles, who would not marry her after she became pregnant with his child. Francis also said the cat instructed her on what herbs to drink to terminate the pregnancy. Later, after Francis married, she was unhappy and willed the cat to kill her six-month-old daughter and make her husband lame.[1] The confessions that Elizabeth Francis made expanded the scope of her crimes considerably.[6] Elizabeth Francis was the first to be accused, and is the one who accused Agnes Waterhouse. She was given a lighter sentence, but was hanged after a second conviction thirteen years later.[6] A later pamphlet from a 1579 trial shows that Elizabeth Francis and Agnes Waterhouse were sisters.[2]
Elizabeth Francis gave the cat, Satan, to Agnes Waterhouse in exchange for a cake. She reportedly taught her how to perform witchcraft as she was instructed before by her grandmother, Mother Eve, telling her that "she must call him Satan and give him of her blood and milk as before."[1] Agnes Waterhouse confessed to first having the cat kill one of her own pigs in order to "see what he could do."[2] Then, after arguments with her neighbours, she had their cows and geese killed.[2] She kept the cat in a pot lined with wool, but wanted to repurpose the wool, so she turned the familiar into a toad.[2] However, other sources suggest that he had turned himself into a toad.[7] She denied that she had ever succeeded in killing anyone by witchcraft, but was found guilty.[7]
Next, Joan Waterhouse testified that she once tried to "exercise" Satan (Sathan) while her mother was away. Joan Waterhouse had been refused a piece of bread and cheese by a neighbour's child, Agnes Brown, and had invoked the toad's help. The toad promised to assist her if she would surrender her soul, which she did, and then the toad haunted Agnes Brown in the form of a dog with horns.[1] Joan Waterhouse apparently did not use the cat, Satan, to any large degree, but by testifying to its existence, helped convict the other two women.[2]
The chief evidence against Agnes Waterhouse came from twelve-year-old neighbour, Agnes Brown.[1] In her testimony, Agnes Brown described the demon as a black dog with a face like an ape, a short tail, a chain and a silver whistle around his neck, and a pair of horns on his head. In their first encounter he asked her for some butter, which she refused him, so the black dog with horns - who had a key to the milkhouse door - opened the door and got some butter.[1] Later, he returned for the last time with a knife and threatened to kill her; Agnes described his threat: "[the black dog said] If I would not die that he would thrust his knife to my heart but he would make me to die."[1] The most incriminating piece of evidence was Agnes Brown's account of asking the dog who his "dame" was, to which he wagged his head towards Agnes Waterhouse's home.[2]
Final confessions and execution
On 29 July 1566 - two days after the trial finished - Agnes Waterhouse was executed. At this time she repented and asked for forgiveness from God. She also confessed to her attempt to send the cat, Satan, to hurt and damage the goods of her neighbour, the tailor named Wardol. However, this was unsuccessful because he was so strong in faith.[1] She was also questioned about her church habits. Agnes Waterhouse said that she prayed often, but always in Latin because the cat, Satan, forbid her from praying in English.[1]
Legacy
The Chelmsford trial was typical of English witchcraft in the absurdity of the charges and the emphasis upon the familiar.[6] This trial resulted in the first punishments and executions for witchcraft in England, and also inspired the first of many pamphlets on both the subject of witchcraft and particular trials that constitute an important source for witchcraft beliefs.[1]
A sketch of "Mother Waterhouse" is in a chapbook describing the trial in the Lambeth Palace Library.[7]
Agnes Waterhouse is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented as one of the 999 names on the Heritage Floor.[8] In the British television show, Midsomer Murders, the nurse of character Alan Clifford is named after Waterhouse, in "The Straw Woman," episode.[9]
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Kors, edited by Alan Charles; Peters, Edward Peters; revised by Edward (2001). Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: a documentary history (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. Chapter 46. ISBN 0812217519.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hester, Marianne (1992). Lewd women and wicked witches : a study of the dynamics of male domination (1. publ. ed.). London u.a.: Routledge. pp. 166–171. ISBN 0415070716.
- ↑ Kathy Lynn Emerson, A Who's Who of Tudor Women, retrieved on 2-2-2010
- ↑ Notestein, Wallace. A History of Witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718, (New York: Russell & Russell, 1965), page 34.
- 1 2 3 Notestein, Wallace (1965). A history of witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718. New York: Russell & Russell. pp. 34–28.
- 1 2 3 Russell, Jeffrey B. (1982). A history of witchcraft : sorcerers, heretics, and pagans (1st pbk. ed.). New York: Thames and Hudson. pp. 92–94. ISBN 0500012253.
- 1 2 3 Emerson, Kathy Lynn (1984). Wives and daughters : the women of sixteenth century England. Troy, N.Y.: Whitston Pub. Co. p. 239. ISBN 0878752463.
- ↑ "Agnes Waterhouse". Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor: Agnes Waterhouse. Brooklyn Museum. 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
- ↑ "The Straw Woman". Midsomer Murders. Retrieved 2013-07-21.