Afro-Colombians

Afro-Colombians refers to Colombian citizens of African descent; this article is about the influence they have had on Colombian culture. Notable Afro-Colombians include Colombian scientists like Raul Cuero, writers like Manuel Zapata Olivella and politicians: Piedad Córdoba, Paula Marcela Moreno Zapata, and Luis Gilberto Murillo, Miss Colombia 2001 winner and fashion model Vanessa Alexandra Mendoza Bustos, Miss Colombia 2015 winner and fashion model Jealisse Andrea Tovar Velásquez, first Olympic gold medal winner for the country Maria Isabel Urrutia, Major League Baseball player Édgar Rentería, the wonderkid/football player Eder Alvarez Balanta, musician/composer/producer Elkin Robinson from Providence, and producer/composer/singer Jacob Bush (DJ BUXXI) from San Andres. Colombia is considered to have the fourth largest Black African population in the western hemisphere, following Brazil, the United States, and Haiti.

History

"Fiesta in Palenque" traditional African Colombian dance from San Basilio de Palenque, a former enclave of escaped slaves, now considered by the UNESCO a Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Enslaved Africans first began being imported into Colombia by the Spaniards and the English in the first decade of the 16th century. By the 1520s, Africans were being imported into Colombia steadily, from places such as ^[2] Congo, Angola, Gambia, Nigeria, Cameroon, Liberia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Senegal and Mali,^[3] to replace the rapidly declining Native American population. Africans were forced to work in gold mines, on sugar cane plantations, cattle ranches, and large haciendas. African labor was essential in all the regions of Colombia, even until modern times. African workers pioneered the extracting of alluvial gold deposits and the growing of sugar cane in the areas that correspond to the modern day departments of Chocó, Antioquia, Cauca, Valle del Cauca, and Nariño in western Colombia.

In eastern Colombia, near the cities of Vélez, Cúcuta, Socorro, and Tunja, Africans manufactured textiles in commercial mills. Emerald mines, outside Bogotá, were wholly dependent upon African laborers. Also, other sectors of the Colombian economy like tobacco, cotton, artisanry and domestic work would have been impossible without African labor. In pre-abolition Colombian society, many Afro-Colombian slaves fought for their freedom as soon as they arrived in Colombia. It is clear that there were strong free Black African towns called palenques, where Africans could live as cimarrones, that is, they who escaped from their oppressors. Afro Panamanians are also related to Afro-Colombians, some historians consider that Chocó was a very big palenque, with a large population of cimarrones, especially in the areas of the Baudó River. Very popular cimarrón leaders like Benkos Biojó and Barule fought for freedom. African people played key roles in the independence struggle against Spain. Historians note that three of every five soldiers in Simon Bolívar's army were African. Not only that, Afro-Colombians also participated at all levels of military and political life.

African Colombian fruit seller in Cartagena, Colombia.

Slavery was not abolished until 1851, and even after emancipation, the life of the African Colombians was very difficult. African Colombians were forced to live in jungle areas as a mechanism of self-protection. There, they learned to have a harmonious relationship with the jungle environment and to share the territory with Colombia's indigenous.

From 1851, the Colombian State promoted the ideology of mestizaje, or miscegenation. So in order to maintain their cultural traditions, many Africans and indigenous peoples went deep into the isolated jungles. Afro-Colombians and indigenous people were, and continue to be, the targets of the armed actors who want to displace them in order to take their lands for sugar cane plantations, for coffee and banana plantations, for mining and wood exploitation.

In 1945 the department of El Chocó was created; it was the first predominantly African political-administrative division. El Chocó gave African people the possibility of building an African territorial identity and some autonomous decision-making power.^[4]

Demographics

African Colombian population in Colombia is mostly concentrated in coastal areas.^[5]

  72.7% - 100%

  45% - 72.6%

  20.4% - 44.9%

  5.8% - 20.3%

  0% - 5.7%

  Without data

Afro-Colombian kids

In the 1970s, there was a major influx of Afro-Colombians into the urban areas in search of greater economic and social opportunities for their children. This led to an increase in the number of urban poor in the marginal areas of big cities like Cali, Medellín and Bogotá. Most Afro-Colombians are currently living in urban areas. Only around 25%, or 1.2 million people, are based in rural areas, compared to 75%, or 3.7 million people in urban zones. The 1991 Colombian Constitution gave them the right to collective ownership of traditional Pacific coastal lands and special cultural development protections. Critics argue that this important legal instrument has not been enough to completely address their social and developmental needs.^[4]

Afro-Colombians make up 10.6% of the population, almost 5 million people, according to a projection of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE),^[1] most of whom are concentrated on the northwest Caribbean coast and the Pacific coast in such departments as Chocó, whose capital, Quibdó, is 95.3% Afro-Colombian as opposed to just 2.3% mestizo or white.^[6] Considerable numbers are also in Cali, Cartagena, and Barranquilla. Colombia is considered to have the fourth largest Black/African-descent population in the western hemisphere, following Haiti, Brazil and the USA.

It has been estimated that only 4.4 million Afro-Colombians actively recognize their own black ancestry, while many other African Colombians do not, as a result of inter-racial relations with white and indigenous Colombians.^[7] Afro-Colombians may often encounter a noticeable degree of racial discrimination and prejudice, possibly as a socio-cultural leftover from colonial times. They have been historically absent from high level government positions. Many of their long-established settlements around the Pacific coast have remained underdeveloped.^[7] In Colombia's ongoing internal conflict, Afro-Colombians are both victims of violence or displacement and members of armed factions, such as the FARC and the AUC. African Colombians have played a role in contributing to the development of certain aspects of Colombian culture. For example, several of Colombia's musical genres, such as Cumbia and Vallenato, have African origins or influences. Some African Colombians have also been successful in sports.

Raizals

The Raizal ethnic group is an Afro-Caribbean group living in Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, speaking the San Andrés-Providencia Creole.

See also

• Race and ethnicity in Colombia
• Afro-Latin Americans
• White Colombians
• Mestizo Colombians
• Afro-American peoples of the Americas

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to African Colombians.

• Afro-Colombian Solidarity Network <http://www.afrocolombian.org>
• AfroColombiany.org AfroColombian News in English.
• CNN video of Afro-Colombian community
• Colombian 2005 Census Television Commercial Orgullosamente Afrocolombiano
• The World Bank's Sector Report "The Gap Matters: poverty and well-being of Afro-Colombians and indigenous peoples" Click here for the report
• African-Diasporic Regions of Colombia plus more COLOMBIAFRICA
• Documentary 150 years after abolition Libertad En Colombia (Liberty In Colombia)
• Colombia contra el racismo
• "Law 70: English Translation of Ley 70"

Ancestry and ethnicity in Colombia
Indigenous peoples	Achagua Andaquí Andoque Arhuaco Awa-Kwaiker Baniwa Barasana Bora Calima Cauca Carabayo Carijona Chimila Chitarero Cocamilla Cofán Cubeo Emberá Embera-Wounaan Guahibo Guambiano Guane Guayupe Kuna Hiwi Hup Inga Kamëntsá Kankuamo Kogi Lache Macuna Mokaná Motilon Muisca Muzo Nukak Nutabes Paez Panche Patángoro Piaroa Pijao Pira-tapuya Quechua Quimbaya Siona Siriano Sutagao Tahamí Tairona Tariana Tegua Ticuna Tinigua Tucano U'wa Wayuu Witoto Yagua Yarigui Yukpa Zenú
Afro- Colombians	Raizal Palenquero Negro Mulato Cimarron Zambo Mandinga
Immigrants	Arab Colombians (Lebanese, Palestinian, Syrian) Japanese Colombians Mestizo Colombians White Colombians Basque Colombians German Colombian Italian Colombian Jewish-Colombian Spanish Colombians Uruguayan Colombians
See Also Lists of Colombians Race and ethnicity in Colombia