List of ethnic groups of Africa

Ethnic groups in Africa
1996 map of the major ethnolinguistic groups of Africa, by the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division (substantially based on G.P. Murdock, Africa, its peoples and their cultural history, 1959). Colour-coded are 15 major ethnolinguistic super-groups, as follows:
Afroasiatic
     Hamitic (Berber, Cushitic) + Semitic (Ethiopian, Arabic)
     Hausa (Chadic)
Niger–Congo
     Bantu
     "Guinean" (Volta-Niger, Kwa, Kru)
     "Western Bantoid" (Atlantic)
     "Central Bantoid" (Gur, Senufo)
     "Eastern Bantoid" (Southern Bantoid)
     Mande
Nilo-Saharan (unity debated)
     Nilotic
     Central Sudanic, Eastern Sudanic (besides Nilotic)
     Kanuri
     Songhai
other
     Khoi-San (unity doubtful; Khoikhoi, San, Sandawe + Hadza)
     Malayo-Polynesian (Malagasy)
     Indo-European (Afrikaaner)

The ethnic groups of Africa number in the thousands, each generally having its own language (or dialect of a language) and culture. The ethnolinguistic groups include various Afro-Asiatic, Khoisan, Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan populations.

Overview

The official population count of the various ethnic groups in Africa has in some instances been controversial because certain groups believe populations are blatantly misreported to give other ethnicities numerical superiority (as in the case of Nigeria's Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba and Igbo people).[1][2][3]

The following ethnic groups number 5 million people or more:

Central Africa

Horn of Africa

North Africa

Southeast Africa

Southern Africa

West Africa

List of African populations

Central Africa

Name Family Language Region Country Population (million) Notes
Aka Nilo-Saharan, Pygmy Aka Central/Northern Western Central African Republic, Northwest Congo The Aka are one of three groups of pygmies, collectively called BaMbuti, of the Ituri Rainforest
Baka Pygmy Baka Central/Northern Western Equatoria in South Sudan 0.25 There is also another ethnic group called Baka living across West Africa.
Banda Niger-Congo, Ubangian Banda language Chad Basin Central African Republic[9] 1.5
Chewa Niger–Congo, BantuChichewa Central/Southern Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe 9
Chokwe Niger–Congo, Bantu Chokwe CentralAngola, Congo (Kinshasa), Zambia1.1
Efé Nilo-Saharan, Pygmy Efe Central/Northern Ituri Rainforest of Congo The Efe are one of three groups of pygmies, collectively called BaMbuti, of the Ituri Rainforest
Gbaya Niger-Congo, Ubangian Gbaya language Chad Basin Central African Republic[9] 1.5
Kongo Niger–Congo, BantuKongo Central Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Republic of the Congo 10
Kanuri Nilo-Saharan, Western Saharan Kanuri Chad Basin Nigeria,[4] Niger,[5] Cameroon,[7] Chad[6] 10
Lingala Niger–Congo, Bantu Lingala Central Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola, Central African Republic
Luba Niger–Congo, Bantu Luba-Kasai, Luba-Katanga Central Democratic Republic of the Congo 13
Kotoko Afro-Asiatic, ChadicLagwan Chad Basin Cameroon, Chad < 1
Mbunda Niger–Congo, Bantu Mbúùnda, Chimbúùnda, Mpuono Central Angola, Zambia 0.5
Mbundu Niger–Congo, Bantu Kimbundu Central Angola 2.4
Moghamo Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid Moghamo Central/West Cameroon 0.018
Mongo Niger–Congo, Bantu Mongo Central Democratic Republic of the Congo 12
Ngamambo Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid Ngamambo Central/West Cameroon 0.011
Ovimbundu Niger–Congo, Bantu Umbundu Central Angola 4.6
Sara Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic Sara Chad Basin Chad,[6] Cameroon,[10] Central African Republic[11] 3.5
Sua Nilo-Saharan, Pygmy Sua Central/Northern Ituri Rainforest of Congo The Sua are one of three groups of pygmies, collectively called BaMbuti, of the Ituri Rainforest
Zande Niger–Congo, Ubangian Zande Chad Basin South Sudan,[12] Central African Republic[9] 1-4
Zaghawa Nilo-Saharan, Eastern SaharanZaghawa Chad Basin Chad, Sudan < 1

Horn of Africa

Name Family Language Region Country Population (million) Notes
Afar Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic Afar Horn of Africa Ethiopia, Djibouti, Eritrea 2.5
Agaw Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic Agaw Horn of Africa Ethiopia, Eritrea 1
Amhara Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Amharic Horn of Africa Ethiopia 24
Beja Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic Beja Horn of Africa Sudan, Eritrea 2
Bilen Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic Bilen Horn of Africa Eritrea 0.2
Gurage Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Gurage Horn of Africa Ethiopia 1.9
Oromo Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic Oromo Horn of Africa Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya 40
Rashaida Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Arabic Horn of Africa Eritrea, Sudan 0.2
Saho Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic Saho Horn of Africa Eritrea, Ethiopia 0.2
Sidama Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic Sidama Horn of Africa Ethiopia 3
Somali Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic Somali Horn of Africa Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Kenya 16-19
Tigrayan Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Tigrinya Horn of Africa Ethiopia 9
Tigre Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Tigre Horn of Africa Eritrea, Sudan 1.5
Tigrinya Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Tigrinya Horn of Africa Eritrea 3.4
Welayta Afro-Asiatic, Omotic Wolaytta Horn of Africa Ethiopia 2

North Africa

Name Family Language Region Country Population (million) Notes
Baggara Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Sudanese Arabic Chad Basin Sudan, Chad 1
Berbers Afro-Asiatic, Berber Berber Maghreb Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Tunisia, Egypt 30+
Copts Afro-Asiatic, Egyptian Coptic Nile Valley Egypt, Sudan 40
Egyptians Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Egyptian Arabic Nile Valley Egypt 91
Fur[13] Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic Fur Nile Valley Sudan 1.0
Haratin Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Hassaniya Arabic Maghreb Mauritania, Morocco 2
Maghrebis Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Maghrebi Arabic Maghreb Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya 88
Moors Afro-Asiatic, Semitic Hassaniya Arabic Maghreb Mauritania, Morocco 2
Nubians Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic Nobiin Nile Valley Sudan, Egypt 1.0[13]
Tuareg Afro-Asiatic, Berber Tuareg Maghreb/Sahara Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso 1.2
Toubou Nilo-Saharan Tebu Tibesti Libya, Chad, Niger, Sudan 0.35
Zaghawa Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Saharan Zaghawa Chad Basin Chad, Sudan 0.2

Southeast Africa

Name Family Language Region Country Population (million) Notes
Alur Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Luo Alur East/Central Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Anuak Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Luo Anuak Southeast/Horn South Sudan, Ethiopia
Acholi Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Luo Acholi East Uganda, South Sudan
Banyoro Niger–Congo, Bantu Nyoro (Runyakitara) East Uganda 1.4
ChaggaNiger-Congo, BantuBantuKilimanjaroTanzania8
Dinka Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic Dinka Nile Valley South Sudan[12] 5
Ganda Niger–Congo, Bantu Ganda East Uganda 3
Langi Nilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Luo Lango EastUganda2.2
HutuNiger–Congo, Bantu Rwanda-Rundi East, Central Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda 16
KambaNiger–Congo, Bantu Kamba East Kenya
KalenjinNilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Highland Kalenjin East Kenya 3
KikuyuNiger–Congo, Bantu Gikuyu East Kenya 5.3
Kwama Nilo-Saharan Kwama East/Horn South Sudan, Ethiopia
Lugbara peopleNilo-Saharan, Central SudanicLugbara East Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo 11
LuoNilo-Saharan, Luo, River-Lake Luo East Kenya
LuhyaNiger–Congo, Bantu Luhya East Kenya 5.4
MaasaiNilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Plains Maasai East Kenya, Tanzania 0.9
MakondeNiger–Congo, Bantu Makonde Southeast Tanzania, Mozambique 1.3
AmeruNiger–Congo, Bantu Meru East Kenya
Nuer Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic Nuer Nile Valley South Sudan[12] 3
SamburuNilo-Saharan, Nilotic, Plains Samburu East Kenya 0.1
Shilluk Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Luo Shilluk Nile Valley South Sudan[12] 1.5
SwahiliNiger-Congo, BantuSwahili East Tanzania, Kenya, Mozambique 0.1
TutsiNiger–Congo, Bantu Rwanda-Rundi East, Central Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda 3
TwaPygmy Rundi, Kiga East, Central Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.8

Southern Africa

Name Family Language Region Country Population (million) Notes
Afrikaner Indo-European Afrikaans South South Africa, Namibia 3.5
Ambo (Ovambo, Owambo) Niger–Congo, Bantu Ovambo South Namibia 0.9
Bembi Niger–Congo, Bantu Bemba South Zambia 5.0
Cape Coloured Indo-European Afrikaans South South Africa 4.7
Herero Niger–Congo, Bantu Herero South Namibia, Botswana, Angola 0.2
Himba Niger–Congo, Bantu Otjihimbo (Herero dialect) South Namibia 0.05
Goffal Indo-European Zimbabwean English South Zimbabwe 0.03
Kalanga Niger–Congo, Bantu Shona South Zimbabwe 0.1
Khoikhoi Khoisan Khoekhoegowab South -
Lemba Niger-Congo, Bantu Venda South Zimbabwe, South Africa, Malawi, Mozambique 0.05
Makua Niger–Congo, Bantu Makua South/East Mozambique, Tanzania 1.1
Nambya Niger–Congo, Bantu Shona South Zimbabwe 0.1
North Ndebele Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni Sindebele South Zimbabwe 1.5
San Khoisan Khoisan South South Africa, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Botswana, Namibia, Angola 0.09
South Ndebele Niger–Congo, Bantu Southern Ndebele South South Africa 0.7
Shona Niger–Congo, Bantu Shona South Mozambique, Zimbabwe 10.6
Sotho Niger–Congo, Bantu Sotho South Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe (Gwanda District) 5.3
Swazi Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni Swazi South Swaziland, South Africa, Mozambique 3.5
Tonga Niger–Congo, Bantu Shona South Zimbabwe, Zambia 2
Tsonga Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni Swazi South Swaziland, South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (Chiredzi and Mwenezi Districts) 5.5
Tswana Niger–Congo, Bantu Tswana South Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe 4.5
Venda Niger–Congo, Bantu Venda South South Africa, Zimbabwe 1
Xhosa Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni Xhosa South South Africa 7.9
Yeyi Niger–Congo, Bantu Shiyeyi South Namibia, Botswana, Angola 0.3
Zulu Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni Zulu South South Africa 10.6
Kalanga Niger-Congo, Bantu, Nguni kalanga language South Botswana, Zimbabwe, Botswana1

West Africa

Name Family Language Region Country Population (million) Notes
Akan Niger–Congo, Kwa Akan West South Ghana, Ivory Coast 20 An ethnic group of related sub-groups. The largest subgroups are the Ashanti and the Fante
Aku (Creole) Aku West Gambia 0.01
Baka Niger Congo, UbangianBaka West/Central Southeastern Cameroon, Northern Congo, Northern Gabon 0.3-0.4 The Baka are also known as Bebayaka, Bebayaga, or Bibaya, or (along with the other Mbenga peoples) the derogatory Babinga.
Bambara Niger–Congo, Mande Bambara West Mali 3
Basaa Niger–Congo, Bantu Basaa West Cameroon 0.2
Bassa Niger–Congo, Kru Bassa West Liberia 0.3
Beti-Pahuin Niger–Congo, Bantu Ewondo, Fang, Bulu West Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, São Tomé and Príncipe 3.3 group of 20 sub-ethnicities
Biafada Niger–Congo Biafada West Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau 0.04
Mole-Dagbani Niger–Congo, Gur Dagbani West Ghana, Burkina Faso 8.6 Dagomba, Mamprusi, Nanumba, Mossi, Gurma
Dendi Niger–Congo Dendi West Benin 0.1
Edo (also called Bini, or Benin) Niger–Congo, Edo Edo West Nigeria 1.6
Efik Niger–Congo, Cross River Ibibio-Efik West Nigeria, Cameroon 0.9
Eket Niger–Congo, Cross River Eket (Ibibio dialect) West Nigeria, Cameroon 0.3
Esan Niger–Congo, Kwa Esan West Nigeria 0.5
Ewe Niger–Congo, Gbe Ewe West Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Volta Region (British Togoland), Togoland4.8
Fon Niger–Congo Fon West Benin, Nigeria 3.5
Fulɓe Niger–Congo, Senegambian Pular/Fulfulde West Guinea, Nigeria, Cameroon, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Niger, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Chad, Togo, Ivory Coast 20
Ga Niger–Congo, Kwa Ga, Ga-Adangme West Togo, Greater Accra 2
Gwari West Nigeria 1
Hausa Afro-Asiatic, Chadic Hausa West/Northern Nigeria, Niger, Ghana, Benin, Chad, Cameroon, Sudan 37
Igbo (Ibo) Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger Igbo West Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea 43[14] Includes various subgroups.
Ijaw Niger–Congo, IjoidIjaw West Nigeria 14[4] Sub-groups include Andoni, Ibani, Kalabari, Nembe, Ogbia and Okrika.
Jola Niger–Congo, Senegambian Jola, Kriol West Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau 0.5
Kanuri Nilo-Saharan, Western Saharan Kanuri Chad Basin Nigeria,[4] Niger,[5] Cameroon,[7] Chad[6] 10
Mandinka Niger–Congo, Mande Mandingo West/Central The Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Guinea Bissau, Ghana, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Mauritania, Chad 13
Mande South Niger–Congo, Mande Dan, Mano and Kpelle West Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, 3.5
Marka Niger–Congo, Mande Marka West/Northern Mali 0.4
Mende Niger–Congo, Mande Mende West Sierra Leone 2
Papel Niger–Congo Papel West Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau 0.1
Serer Niger–Congo, Senegambian Serer, Cangin West Found mostly in Senegal and The Gambia. Small number in Mauritania. Also found in the West. 1.9[15][16]The Serer people include: Serer-Sine, Serer-Safene, Serer-Ndut, Serer-Palor, Serer-Niominka, Serer-Laalaa, Serer-Noon. Apart from the Serer-Sine, they speak Cangin languages rather than Serer.
Songhai[5] Nilo-Saharan Songhai West Mali 5
Tiv Niger–Congo, Bantu Tiv West Nigeria, Cameroon 2
Urhobo Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger Urhobo, Isoko, Uvwie, Erhowa, Okpe West Nigeria 3-4 The Isoko People claim to be a distinct ethnic group.
Wolof Niger–Congo, Senegambian Wolof West Senegal, The Gambia, Mauritania 4
Yoruba Niger–Congo, Volta–Niger Yoruba West Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast[17] Sierra Leone[18] 45
Zarma[5][19] Nilo-Saharan Zarma West Niger 5

See also

References

  1. ↑ Onuah, Felix (29 December 2006). "Nigeria gives census result, avoids risky details". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
  2. ↑ Lewis, Peter (2007). Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria. University of Michigan Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-472-06980-2. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
  3. ↑ Suberu, Rotimi T. (2001). Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 154. ISBN 1-929223-28-5. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "The World Factbook: Nigeria". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "The World Factbook: Niger". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "The World Factbook: Chad". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  7. 1 2 3 Peter Austin, One Thousand Languages (2008), p. 75, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0520255607:"Kanuri is a major Saharan language spoken in the Lake Chad Basin in the Borno area of northeastern Nigeria, as well as in Niger, Cameroon, and Chad (where the variety is known as Kanembul[)]."
  8. ↑ Sakr, Taha (16 May 2017). "North Sinai’s second largest tribe al-Sawarka declares war against Sinai Province". Egypt Independent.
  9. 1 2 3 "The World Factbook: Central African Republic". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  10. ↑ Stefan Goodwin, Africas Legacies Of Urbanization (2006),p. 191, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0739133489:"...and further west the even more numerous Sara [western Central African Republic, southern Chad, and northern Cameroon."
  11. ↑ Peoples of Africa: Burkina Faso-Comoros - Volume 2 (2001), p. 86, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=076147160X:"The Central African Republic is a land of many different peoples... The Sara (SAHR) live in the grain-growing lands of the north as well as across the border in Chad."
  12. 1 2 3 4 "The World Factbook: South Sudan". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  13. 1 2 "The World Factbook: Sudan". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  14. ↑ Nigeria at CIA World Factbook: "Igbo 18%" out of a population of 177 million (2014 estimate)
  15. ↑ Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie. In Senegal alone, estimated figure for 2007 is 1,840,712.1
  16. ↑ Gambia keep poor records of its ethnic minorities. Estimated Gambian figure is 31,900 (2006) Ethnologue.com
  17. ↑ Joshua Project. "Yoruba". United States Center for World Mission. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  18. ↑ National African Language Resource Center. "Yoruba" (pdf). Indiana University. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  19. ↑ "The World Factbook: Sudan". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
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