Clarias gariepinus
| Clarias gariepinus | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Clariidae |
| Genus: | Clarias |
| Species: | C. gariepinus |
| Binomial name | |
| Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822 | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Clarias gariepinus or African sharptooth catfish is a species of catfish of the family Clariidae, the airbreathing catfishes.
Natural distribution
They are found throughout Africa and the Middle East, and live in freshwater lakes, rivers, and swamps, as well as human-made habitats, such as oxidation ponds or even urban sewage systems.
The African sharptooth catfish was introduced all over the world in the early 1980s for aquaculture purposes, so is found in countries far outside its natural habitat, such as Brazil, Vietnam, Indonesia, and India.
Description
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The African sharptooth catfish is a large, eel-like fish, usually of dark gray or black coloration on the back, fading to a white belly. In Africa, this catfish has been reported as being second in size only to the vundu of the Zambesian waters,[1] although FishBase suggests the African sharptooth catfish surpasses that species in both maximum length and weight.[2][3]
C. gariepinus has an average adult length of 1–1.5 m (3 ft 3 in–4 ft 11 in). It reaches a maximum length of 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) TL and can weigh up to 60 kg (130 lb).[2] These fish have slender bodies, flat bony heads, notably flatter than in the genus Silurus, and broad, terminal mouths with four pairs of barbels. They also have large accessory breathing organs composed of modified gill arches. Also, only the pectoral fins have spines.[1]
Habits
It is a nocturnal fish like many catfish. It feeds on living, as well as dead, animal matter. Because of its wide mouth, it is able to swallow relatively large prey whole. It has been known to take large waterbirds such as the common moorhen.[4] It is also able to crawl on dry ground to escape drying pools. Further, it is able to survive in shallow mud for long periods of time, between rainy seasons.
African catfish sometimes produce loud croaking sounds, not unlike the voice of the crow.
Natural spawning
Spawning mostly takes place at night in the shallow, inundated areas of the rivers lakes and streams. Courtship is preceded by highly aggressive encounters between males. Courtship and mating takes place in shallow waters between isolated pairs of males and females. The male lies in a U-shape curved around the head of the female, held for several seconds. A batch of milt and eggs is released followed by a vigorous swish of the female's tail to distribute the eggs over a wide area. The pair usually rests after mating (from seconds up to several minutes) and then resume mating.
Parental care for ensuring the survival of the catfish offspring is absent except by the careful choice of a suitable site. Development of eggs and larvae is rapid, and the larvae are capable of swimming within 48–72 hours after fertilization.
Rearing
The rearing of the African sharptooth catfish in Africa started in the early 1970s in Central and Western Africa, as it was realized to be a very suitable species for aquaculture, as:
- It grows fast and feeds on a large variety of agriculture byproducts
- It is hardy and tolerates adverse water quality conditions
- It can be raised in high densities, resulting in high net yields (6–16 t/ha/year).
- In most countries, it fetches a higher price than tilapia, as it can be sold live at the market
- It matures and relatively easily reproduces in captivity
- It tolerates difficult conditions in aquaculture
Hybridisation
Clarias gariepinus could be easily crossed with Heterobranchus longifillis to get the so-called hybrid Hetero-clarias.[5] This cross has advantages over the Clarias gariepinus:
- fish cannot reproduce itself (so it won't spend energy on reproduction)
- fish has white meat (could be preferred by customer)
Disadvantage of the Hetero-clarias hybrid:
- susceptible to stress
Parasites and diseases
Clarias gariepinus may host several species of digeneans, in addition to other endo- and ectoparasites.[6]
References
- 1 2 Ecotravel South Africa Archived 2011-01-25 at the Wayback Machine.
- 1 2 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). "Clarias gariepinus" in FishBase. March 2014 version.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). "Heterobranchus longifilis" in FishBase. March 2014 version.
- ↑ Anoop KR, Sundar KSG, Khan BA & Lal S (2009) Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus in the diet of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus in Keoladeo Ghana National Park, India. Indian Birds 5(2):22-23
- ↑ B.J. Roosendaal, Fleuren & Nooijen
- ↑ Jansen van Rensburg, C., van As, J.G. & King, P.H. 2013. New records of digenean parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Pisces: Clariidae) from the Okavango Delta, Botswana, with description of Thaparotrema botswanensis sp. n. (Plathelminthes: Trematoda). African Invertebrates 54 (2): 431–446.
External links
- Reproduction of African catfish
- All Catfish Species Inventory
- Handbook on the rearing and artificial reproduction of the African catfish
- The African catfish
- Chari in the Bari, Homestead rearing of African catfish