Atlas bear

Atlas bear
Probable Atlas bear in Roman mosaic

Extinct  (1870s)  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species: U. arctos
Subspecies: †U. a. crowtheri
Trinomial name
Ursus arctos crowtheri
Schinz, 1844

The names Atlas bear and African bear[1][2] (Ursus arctos crowtheri) have been applied to an extinct population or populations of the brown bear in Africa. The Cantabrian brown bear likely was introduced to Africa from Spain by the Romans who imported Iberian bears for spectacles.[3][4]

Range and description

The Atlas bear was Africa's only native bear that survived into modern times. Once inhabiting the Atlas Mountains and neighbouring areas, from Morocco to Libya, the animal is now thought to be extinct.[4] The Atlas bear was brownish black in colour, and lacked a white mark on the muzzle. The fur on the underparts was reddish orange. The fur was 4–5 inches (100–130 mm) long. The muzzle and claws were shorter than those of the American black bear, though it was stouter and thicker in body. The Atlas bear was said to have been 9 feet long and weighed up to 1,000 pounds (450 kg).[5] It apparently fed on roots, acorns and nuts.[6] The Atlas bear was said to have been mostly herbivorous, but since most bears today are omnivores, the Atlas bear is believed to have been able to eat meat as well.[5]

Origin

Where the Atlas bear actually originated from is unknown; one genetic study was unable to link it to any brown bear, but it had weak but significant mtDNA links to the polar bear.[3] Polar bears appear in Paleolithic cave paintings in Andalucia Spain, which is a very short swim to the Atlas Mountains for a polar bear.[7]

Ecology

The Atlas bear's ecology is presumed to be similar to that of the other brown bears. Sympatric predators included the Barbary leopard and lion.[1][8]

Extinction

The decline of the Atlas bear can be partly attributed to the Roman Empire; as the empire expanded into Northern Africa, the Romans intensely hunted and captured the Atlas bear and many other animals and used them as sport for many of their games. This went on for centuries, during which time thousands of bears were used in the arenas to fight against gladiators, lions, tigers and other animals. They were cruelly treated, often starved and malnourished to increase their desperation and hence their aggression within the arena.[9] Thousands of these bears were also hunted for sport, venatio games, or execution of criminals ad bestias.[10] The Atlas bear became extinct shortly after modern firearms were developed. Over-hunting may have contributed to their decline. Pressure from zoo collectors sealed their fate, with the animals being taken away from one another and unable to reproduce and flourish. The Atlas bear finally became extinct in the late 19th century; the last one recorded to be killed by hunters was in 1870 in the Tetouan Mountains in northern Morocco.[11] Human activity can definitely be said to have played a large role in pushing the extinction of the Atlas bear.[12]

References

  1. 1 2 Bryden, H. A. (ed.) (1899). Great and small game of Africa Rowland Ward Ltd., London. Pp. 544–608.
  2. ↑ Schaller, p. 220–21.
  3. 1 2 Calvignac, S.; Hughes, S.; Tougard, C.; Michaux, J.; Thevenot, M.; Philippe, M.; Hamdine, W.; Hanni, C. (2008). "Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times.". Mol. Ecol. 17: 1962–1970. PMID 18363668. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03631.x.
  4. 1 2 Calvignac, Sebastien; Hughes, Sandrine; Hanni, Catherine (2009). "Genetic diversity of endangered brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa". Diversity and Distributions. 15: 742–750. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00586.x. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  5. 1 2 "Atlas bear facts", Bob Strauss, 2014
  6. ↑ Bruin: The Grand Bear Hunt, Mayne Reid, Ticknor and Fields, 1865
  7. ↑ Pagano, A.M.; Durner, G.M.; Amstrup, S.C.; Simac, K.S.; York, G.S. (2012). "Long-distance swimming by polar bears (Ursus maritimus) of the southern Beaufort Sea during years of extensive open water.". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 90: 663–676. doi:10.1139/z2012-033.
  8. ↑ Nowell, Kristin; Jackson, Peter (1996). Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 1–334. ISBN 2-8317-0045-0.
  9. ↑ Ortega, Joseph J. "The Atlas Bear." PlanetEarthScience. Web. 24 October 2014. <http://planetearthscienceart.blogspot.com/2010/07/africas-only-bear-brief-natural-history.html>.
  10. ↑ Strauss, Bob. "Atlas Bear." About Education. 1 January 2014. Web. 22 Oct. 2014
  11. ↑ "Ursus arctos crowtheri". Prehistoric Wildlife. Retrieved 1-4-16. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  12. ↑ The Great Bear Almanac. Guilford, CT, 1993, pg. 281.
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