Aeroflot

Aeroflot—Russian Airlines
Аэрофлот—Российские авиалинии

IATA ICAO Callsign SU AFL AEROFLOT
Founded	9 February 1923 (9 February 1923)
Commenced operations	15 July 1923
Hubs	Sheremetyevo International Airport
Frequent-flyer program	Aeroflot Bonus
Alliance	SkyTeam
Subsidiaries	Aurora (51%)[1] Pobeda Rossiya Airlines
Fleet size	191
Destinations	129
Company slogan	Sincerely Yours (Russian: Искренне ваш, Iskrenne vash)
Headquarters	Moscow, Russia
Key people	Vitaly Savelyev (CEO)
Revenue	RUB 496 billion (FY 2016)[2]
Net income	RUB 38.8 billion (FY 2016)[2]
Profit	RUB 63.3 billion (FY 2016)[2]
Employees	30,328 (Aeroflot Group)
Website	www.aeroflot.ru

PJSC Aeroflot – Russian Airlines (Russian: ПАО "Аэрофло́т-Росси́йские авиали́нии", ПAO Aeroflot-Rossiyskiye avialinii) (MCX: AFLT), commonly known as Aeroflot (English: /ˈɛəroʊˌflɒt/ or /ˌɛəroʊˈflɒt/) (Russian: Аэрофлот, English translation: "air fleet", pronounced [ɐɛrɐˈflot]), is the flag carrier^[3] and largest airline of the Russian Federation.^[4] The carrier is an open joint stock company that operates domestic and international passenger and services, mainly from its hub at Sheremetyevo International Airport.

Aeroflot is one of the oldest airlines in the world, tracing its history back to 1923. During the Soviet era, Aeroflot was the Soviet national airline and the largest airline in the world.^[5][6] Following the dissolution of the USSR, the carrier has been transformed from a state-run enterprise into a semi-privatised company which ranked 19th most profitable airline in the world in 2007.^[7] Aeroflot is still considered the de facto national airline of Russia.^[8] It is 51%-owned by the Russian Government. As of September 2013, the Aeroflot Group had 30,328 employees.

The company has embarked on a fleet modernisation programme, extensive route restructuring, and an image overhaul. The airline joined SkyTeam in April 2006, becoming the 10th member of the alliance.

History

Early history of Soviet civil aviation

On 17 January 1921, the Sovnarkom of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic published "About Air Transportation". The document signed by Lenin set out the basic regulations on air transport over the territory of the RSFSR. The document was significant as it was the first time that a Russian state had declared sovereignty over its airspace. In addition, the document defined rules for the operation of foreign aircraft over the Soviet Union's airspace and territory. After Lenin issued an order, a State Commission was formed on 31 January 1921 for the purpose of civil aviation planning in the Soviet Union. As a result of the commission's plans, Glavvozdukhflot (Chief Administration of the Civil Air Fleet) (Russian: Главвоздухфлот (Главное управление воздушного флота)) was established, and it began mail and passenger flights on the Moscow-Oryol-Kursk-Kharkov route on 1 May 1921 using Sikorsky Ilya Muromets aircraft.^[9]:1 This was followed by the formation of Deruluft-Deutsch Russische Luftverkehrs A.G. in Berlin on 11 November 1921, as a joint venture between the Soviet Union and Germany. The company, whose aircraft were registered in both Germany and the Soviet Union, began operations on 1 May 1922 with a Fokker F.III flying between Königsberg and Moscow.^[9]:2 The service was initially operated twice a week and restricted to the carriage of mail.^[9]:2–3

On 3 February 1923 Sovnarkom approved plans for the expansion of the Red Air Fleet, and it is this date which was officially recognised as the beginning of civil aviation in the Soviet Union. After a resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Enterprise for Friends of the Air Fleet (ODVF) was founded on 8 March 1923, followed by the formation of Dobrolet (Russian: Добролёт) on 17 March 1923. The artist Alexander Rodchenko became involved in the ODVF at this time. He designed posters encouraging citizens to buy stock in Dobrolet and the famous "Winged Hammer and Sickle" logo still used by Aeroflot.^[10] Regular flights by Dobrolet from Moscow to Nizhniy Novgorod commenced on 15 July 1923. During the same period, an additional two airlines were established; Zakavia being based in Tiflis, and Ukrvozdukhput based in Kharkov.^[9]:2 During 1923 an agreement was signed establishing a subdivision of Dobrolet to be based in Tashkent, which would operate to points in Soviet Central Asia. Services between Tashkent and Alma Ata began on 27 April 1924, and by the end of 1924 the subdivision had carried 480 passengers and 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of mail and freight, on a total of 210 flights.^[9]:6 In March 1924, Dobrolet began operating flights from Sevastopol to Yalta and Yevpatoriya in the Crimea. Dobrolet's route network was extended during the 1925–1927 period to include Kazan and regular flights between Moscow and Kharkov were inaugurated. Plans were made for Dobrolet flights to Kharkov to connect with Ukrvozdukhput services to Kiev, Odessa and Rostov-on-Don. During 1925, Dobrolet operated 2,000 flights over a distance of 1,000,000 kilometres (620,000 mi), carrying 14,000 passengers and 127,500 kilograms (281,100 lb) of freight, on a route network extending to some 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi).^[9]:7 Dobrolet was transformed from a Russian to an all-Union enterprise on 21 September 1926 as a result of Sovnarkom resolutions, and in 1928 Dobrolet was merged with Ukrvozdukhput; the latter having merged with Zakavia in 1925.^[9]:6–7

Formative years

Responsibility for all civil aviation activities in the Soviet Union came under the control of the Chief Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet on 25 February 1932, and on 25 March 1932 the name "Aeroflot" was officially adopted for the entire Soviet Civil Air Fleet.^[9]:10 The Communist Party of the Soviet Union Congress in 1933 set out development plans for the civil aviation industry for the following five years, which would see air transportation becoming one of the primary means of transportation in the Soviet Union, linking all major cities. The government also implemented plans to expand the Soviet aircraft industry to make it less dependent on foreign built aircraft;^[9]:10–11 in 1930 some fifty percent of aircraft flying services in the Soviet Union were of foreign manufacture.^[9]:8

Expansion of air routes which had taken shape in the late 1920s,^[9]:8 continued into the 1930s. Local (MVL) services were greatly expanded in Soviet Central Asia and the Soviet Far East,^[9]:11–13 which by the end of the second Five-Year Plan in 1937 was 35,000 kilometres (22,000 mi) in length out of a total network of some 93,300 kilometres (58,000 mi).^[9]:13 The agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany relating to Deruluft expired on 1 January 1937 and wasn't renewed, which saw the joint venture carrier ceasing operations on 1 April 1937. On that date Aeroflot began operations on the Moscow to Stockholm route, and began operating the ex-Deruluft route from Leningrad to Riga utilising Douglas DC-3s and Tupolev ANT-35s (PS-35s). Flights from Moscow to Berlin, via Königsberg, were suspended until 1940, when they were restarted by Aeroflot and Lufthansa as a result of the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and would continue until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in 1941.^[9]:5

Under the third Five-Year Plan, which began in 1938, civil aviation development continued, with improvements to airport installations being made and construction of airports being commenced. In addition to the expansion of services between the Soviet Union's main cities, local routes (MVL) were also expanded, and by 1940, some 337 MVL routes saw operations on a scheduled basis. Serial production of the Lisunov Li-2 (license-built Douglas DC-3) commenced in 1939, and the aircraft became the backbone of Aeroflot's fleet on mainline trunk routes. When the Soviet Union was invaded by Nazi Germany on 22 June 1941, the following day the Sovnarkom placed the Civil Air Fleet under the control of Narkomat, leading to the full-scale mobilisation of Aeroflot crews and technicians for the Soviet war effort. Prior to the invasion, the Aeroflot network extended over some 146,000 kilometres (91,000 mi), and amongst the longest routes being operated from Moscow were those to Tbilisi (via Baku), Tashkent and Vladivostok.^[9]:13 Aeroflot aircraft, including PS-35s and PS-43s, were based at Moscow's Central Airport; and important missions undertaken by Aeroflot aircraft and crews included flying supplies to the besieged cities of Leningrad, Kiev, Odessa and Sevastopol.^[9]:14 During the Battle of Stalingrad, between August 1942 and February 1943, Aeroflot operated 46,000 missions to Stalingrad, ferrying in 2,587 tonnes (5,703,000 lb) of supplies and some 30,000 troops. Following the defeat of the Wehrmacht, some 80 Junkers Ju-52/3ms were captured from the Germans, and were placed into the service of the Civil Air Fleet, and after the war were placed into regular service across the Soviet Union.^[9]:15 Whilst civil operations in European Russia west of the front line, which ran from Leningrad to Moscow to Rostov-on-Don, were prevented from operating because of the war, services from Moscow to the Urals, Siberia, Central Asia, and other regions which were not affected by the war, continued.^[9]:15–16 By the end of the war, Aeroflot had flown 1,595,943 special missions, including 83,782 at night, and carried 1,538,982 men and 122,027 tonnes (269,023,000 lb) of cargo.^[9]:16

Post-World War II operations

At the end of World War II, the Soviet government went about repairing and rebuilding essential airport infrastructure, and it strengthened the Aeroflot units in the European part of the Soviet Union. Aeroflot had by the end of 1945 carried 537,000 passengers, compared with 359,000 in 1940.^[9]:16 The government made it a priority in the immediate postwar years to expand services from Moscow to the capital of the Union republics, in addition to important industrial centres on the country. To enable this, the government transferred to Aeroflot a large number of Lisunov Li-2s, and they would become the backbone of the fleet.^[9]:17

The Ilyushin Il-12 entered service on Aeroflot's all-Union scheduled routes on 22 August 1947, and supplemented already existing Li-2 services. The original Ilyushin Il-18 entered service around the same time as the Il-12, and was operated on routes from Moscow to Yakutsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Alma Ata, Tashkent, Sochi, Mineralnye Vody and Tbilisi. By 1950 the Il-18 was withdrawn from service, being replaced by Il-12s.^[9]:18,20 MVL and general aviation services received a boost in March 1948, when the first Antonov An-2s were delivered and entered service in Central Russia. Development of MVL services over latter years was attributed to the An-2, which was operated by Aeroflot in all areas of the Soviet Union.^[9]:20

Aeroflot's route network had extended to 295,400 kilometres (183,600 mi) by 1950, and it carried 1,603,700 passengers, 151,070 tonnes (333,050,000 lb) of freight and 30,580 tonnes (67,420,000 lb) of mail during the same year. Night flights began in the same year, and the 5th Five-Year Plan, covering the period 1951–1955, emphasised Aeroflot expanding night-time operations, which vastly improved aircraft utilisation. By 1952, some 700 destinations around the Soviet Union received regular flights from Aeroflot.^[9]:20 On 30 November 1954, the Ilyushin Il-14 entered service, and the aircraft took a leading role in the operation of Aeroflot's all-Union services. The number of passengers carried in 1955 increased to 2,500,000, whilst freight and mail carriage also increased, to 194,960 and 63,760 tons, respectively. By this time, Aeroflot's route network covered a distance of some 321,500 kilometres (199,800 mi).^[9]:21

The 20th Communist Party Congress, held in 1956, saw plans for Aeroflot services to be dramatically increased. The airline would see its overall activities increased from its then current levels by 3.8 times, and it was set the target of the carriage of 16,000,000 passengers by 1960. In order to meet these goals, Aeroflot introduced higher capacity turbojet and turbine-prop aircraft on key domestic routes, and on services to Aeroflot destinations abroad. A major step for Aeroflot occurred on 15 September 1956 when the Tupolev Tu-104 jet airliner entered service on the Moscow-Omsk-Irkutsk route, marking the world's first sustained jet airline service. The airline began international flights with the type on 12 October 1956 under the command of Boris Bugayev with flights from Moscow to Prague. The aircraft placed Aeroflot in an enviable position, as airlines in the West had operated throughout the 1950s with large piston-engined aircraft.^{[9]:21[11]:44[12]} By 1958 the route network covered 349,200 kilometres (217,000 mi), and the airline carried 8,231,500 passengers, and 445,600 tons of mail and freight, with fifteen percent of all-Union services being operated by jet aircraft.^[9]:23

Aeroflot introduced the Antonov An-10 and Ilyushin Il-18 in 1959, and together with its existing jet aircraft, the airline was able to extend services on modern aircraft to twenty one cities during 1960.^[9]:23 The Tupolev Tu-114, then the world's largest airliner, entered service with the Soviet carrier on 24 April 1961 on the Moscow-Khabarovsk route; covering a distance of 6,980 kilometres (4,340 mi) in 8 hours 20 minutes.^[9]:24 The expansion of the Aeroflot fleet saw services with modern aircraft being extended to forty one cities in 1961, with fifty percent of all-Union services being operated by these aircraft. This fleet expansion also saw the number of passengers carried in 1961 skyrocketing to 21,800,000.^[9]:24

Further expansion came in 1962 when both the Tupolev Tu-124 and Antonov An-24 entered regular service with Aeroflot on various medium and short-haul routes. By 1964, Aeroflot operated direct flights from Moscow to 100 cities, from Leningrad to 44 cities, and from Kiev to 38 cities. The airline also operated direct flights from Mineralnyie Vody to 48 cities across the Soviet Union, denoting the importance of the operation of holiday aircraft services to Aeroflot.^[9]:26 Statistics for the same year showed Aerfolot operating an all-Union route network extending over 400,000 kilometres (250,000 mi), and carrying 36,800,000 passengers.^[9]:27

By 1966 Aeroflot carried 47,200,000 passengers over a domestic route network of 474,600 kilometres (294,900 mi). For the period of the 8th Five-Year Plan, which ran from 1966–1970, Aeroflot carried a total of 302,200,000 passengers, 6.47 billion tons of freight and 1.63 billion tons of mail.^[9]:27 During the Five-Year Plan period, all-Union services were extended over an additional 350 routes; an additional 1,000 MVL routes were begun, and 40 new routes were opened up with all-cargo flights.^[9]:27–28 The year 1967 saw the introduction into service of the Ilyushin Il-62 and Tupolev Tu-134, and in September 1968 the Yakovlev Yak-40 regional jet began operations on short-haul services. By 1970, the last year of the Five-Year Plan period, Aeroflot was operating flights to over 3,500 destinations in the Soviet Union, and at the height of the 1970 summer holidays season, the airline was carrying approximately 400,000 passengers per day, and some ninety percent of passengers were being carried on propeller-turbine and jet aircraft.^[9]:28

Expansion of international flights

In January 1971, the Central Administration of International Air Traffic (Russian: Центральное управление международных воздушных сообщений) (TsUMVS) was established within the framework of IATA, and became the sole enterprise authorised to operate international flights. Abroad, the airline was known as Aeroflot Soviet Airlines. In 1976, Aeroflot carried its 100 millionth passenger. Its flights were mainly concentrated around the Soviet Union, but the airline also had an international network covering five continents: North and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia. The network included countries such as the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Spain, Cuba, Mexico and the People's Republic of China.^[13]

Aeroflot service between the Soviet Union and the United States was interrupted from 15 September 1983 until 2 August 1990, following an executive order by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, revoking the Aeroflot's license to operate flights into and out of the United States following the downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 by the Soviet Air Force. At the start of the 1990s Aeroflot reorganised again giving more autonomy to territorial divisions. REG Davies, former curator of the Smithsonian Institution, claims that by 1992 Aeroflot had over 600,000 people operating over 10,000 aircraft.^[11]:92,94 By 1967, Aeroflot amassed a fleet equal to that of the largest American carriers combined.^[6]

Other functions

Aeroflot also performed other functions, including air ambulance; aerial application; heavy lifting for the Soviet Space Agency; offshore oil platform support; exploration and aeromagnetic survey for natural resources; support for construction projects; transport of military troops and supplies (as an adjunct to the Soviet Air Force); atmospheric research; and remote area patrol. It operated hundreds of helicopters and cargo aircraft in addition to civil airliners. It also operated the Soviet equivalent of a presidential aircraft and other VIP transports of government and communist party officials.^[5][11]:94

Aeroflot was also responsible for such services as ice patrol in the Arctic Ocean and escorting of ships through frozen seas; oil exploration; power line surveillance; and transportation and heavy lifting support on construction projects. For the latter tasks, Aeroflot used, in addition to smaller helicopters, the Mil Mi-10 flying crane capable of lifting 11,000 to 14,000 kilograms (24,000 to 31,000 lb). Hauling of heavy cargo, including vehicles, was performed by the world's largest operational helicopter, the Mil Mi-26. Its unusual eight-blade rotor enabled it to lift a maximum payload of some twenty tons.^[5]

The medium- and long-range passenger- and cargo aircraft of Aeroflot were also part of the strategic air transport reserve, ready to provide immediate airlift support to the armed forces. Short-range aircraft and helicopters were available for appropriate military support missions.

Post-Soviet Aeroflot

In the early 1990s, the Soviet Union underwent massive political upheavals, culminating in the dissolution of the State. Former republics of the Soviet Union declared their independence during January 1990 – December 1991, resulting in the establishment of several independent countries, along with fifteen republics and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Up until that time, Aeroflot had been the only establishment providing air services throughout the Soviet Union, but with its breakup Aeroflot branches of these countries began their own services, and the airline itself came under control of Russia, the largest of the CIS republics, and was renamed Aeroflot – Russian International Airlines (ARIA).^[14][15][16] Actually, it was in 1992 that Aeroflot was divided into a number of regional airlines,^[17] whereas international routes were operated by ARIA.^[16] Smaller regional airlines which emerged from the old Aeroflot were sometimes referred to as Babyflots;^[14]:2 Bashkirian Airlines, Krasnoyarsk Airlines, Moscow Airways and Tatarstan Airlines were among the carriers that were formed from former Aeroflot directorates.^[18]

In 1994, Aeroflot was registered as a joint-stock company and the government sold off 49% of its stake to Aeroflot employees. During the 1990s, Aeroflot was primarily focused on international flights from Moscow. However, by the end of the decade Aeroflot started an expansion in the domestic market. In 2000 the company name was changed to Aeroflot – Russian Airlines to reflect the change in the company strategy.^[19]

Since the dissolution, Aeroflot has been actively working towards promoting and redefining itself as a safe and reliable airline.^[20] In the early 2000s (decade), the airline hired British consultants for rebranding.^[21] From the start, plans were afoot to replace the old Soviet-era hammer and sickle logo, which some people in the West viewed as a reminder of the Soviet communist era; despite this the logo was not scrapped, as it was the most recognisable symbol of the company for over 70 years.^[21] A new livery and uniforms for flight attendants were designed and a promotional campaign launched in 2003.^[22]

Its fleet has undergone a major reorganisation during which most of the Soviet aircraft were replaced by Western-built jets; costs over fuel consumption rather than safety concerns were cited for such a movement.^[23] Airbus A319s and A320s for short-haul flights in Europe; and Boeing 767s and Airbus A330s for long-haul routes; were gradually incorporated into the fleet. In the spring of 2004 an expansion on the domestic market was undertaken, aiming to gain 30% share by 2010 (as of 2006 it held approximately 9%). The first task was to outperform S7 Airlines, a major rival and the leader in the domestic market. On 29 July 2004 a new corporate slogan was adopted: "Sincerely Yours. Aeroflot".^[24]

In April 2006 (2006-04),^[25] Aeroflot became the tenth airline to join SkyTeam,^[26] and the first air carrier in the former Soviet Union to do so.^[7] The company announced its plan to increase cargo operations. It registered the Aeroflot-Cargo trademark in 2006.^[27] During that year Aeroflot carried 7,290,000 passengers and 145,300 tons of mail and cargo^[28] to 89 destinations in 47 countries.^[29] It saw improvements in its earnings and number of passengers carried. The net profit reached $309.4 million (RUB 7.98 billion) in 2006, a 32.3% increase from 2005 earnings of only $234 million (RUB6.03 billion). The revenue for the same 2005–2006 period rose by 13.5% to reach $2.77 billion with an 8.7% gain in passenger numbers.^[30]

Aeroflot became the sole shareholder of Donavia—a domestic airline then-named Aeroflot-Don^[31]—in December 2006 (2006-12), when it boosted its stake in the company from 51% to 100%;^[32] soon afterwards, Aeroflot-Nord was created following the buyout of Arkhangelsk Airlines.^[33] As of March 2007, Aeroflot was owned by the Russian Government via Rosimushchestvo (51.17%), National Reserve Corporation (27%) and employees and others (19%), and has 14,900 employees.^[34]

In February 2010 (2010-02), the Russian government announced that all regional airlines owned by the state through the holding company Rostechnologii would be consolidated with the national carrier Aeroflot in order to increase the airlines' financial viability.^[36] The merger was completed in late November 2011 (2011-11) in a deal worth US$81 million, Aeroflot's sister company Aeroflot-Finance became the major shareholder of Vladivostok Avia, Saravia and Rossiya Airlines, and the sole shareholder of both SAT Airlines and Orenair.^[37] It was reported in January 2012 (2012-01) that Saravia was sold to private investors, as the recent-acquired regional airline was not in line with Aeroflot's business strategy.^[38] It was reported in June 2013 (2013-06) that in the third quarter of the same year Aeroflot would combine its subsidiaries Vladivostok Air and SAT Airlines into a new subsidiary regional carrier based in the Russian Far East.^[39] The subsidiary was effectively created in September 2013 (2013-09) and was originally named Taiga Airline before later being renamed Aurora Airline.^[40][41] The new company, 51%-owned by Aeroflot, was expected to link Moscow with the Russian Far East, whereas SAT Airlines and Vladivostok Avia were expected to cease operations in early 2014.^[42]

In June 2013, during the World Airline Awards which took place at the 50th Le Bourget air show, Aeroflot was awarded the international prize as the best air carrier in Eastern Europe.^[43] In October, the company introduced an affiliated low-cost carrier (LCC), Dobrolet.^[44][45] The LCC started operations in June 2014 (2014-06);^[46] they ceased on 4 August 2014 (2014-08-04) owing to EU sanctions over the airline launching flights to Crimea.^[47][48] In late August 2014 (2014-08), Aeroflot announced the launch of a new LCC in October 2014 (2014-10) to replace Dobrolet; it would use aircraft transferred from Orenair.^[49] The new LCC, named Pobeda, started operations from Vnukovo Airport in December 2014 (2014-12);^[50][51] it had plans to fly to Belgorod, Kazan, Perm, Samara, Surgut, Tyumen, Ufa, Volgograd and Yekaterinburg.^[52]

In March 2014 as a response to 2014 Ukrainian revolution the company announced rerouting their flights to avoid flying over the territory of Ukraine. The announcement (together with worse than expected financial results) caused an almost 10% drop in the share price of the company.^[53][54] Also in March 2014 (2014-03), Aeroflot's flight designator ″SU″ was adopted by its subsidiary Rossiya.^[35]

In September 2015, Aeroflot agreed to acquire 75% of Transaero Airlines for the symbolic price of one ruble,^[55] but abandoned the plan later after failing to come to terms on a takeover.^[56] The carrier did take over a number of Transaero's aircraft by assuming its leases after the defunct airline's collapse. This introduced the Boeing 747 and Boeing 777 to Aeroflot's fleet. In addition, the company suggested that it would cancel some of its jet orders as a result of the newly assumed aircraft.^[57]

Following a prior announcement, Aeroflot's subsidiaries Rossiya Airlines, Donavia and Orenair combined their operations in late March 2016 (2016-03). Orenair's AOC was cancelled by Russian authorities in late May 2016 (2016-05).^[58][59] Aeroflot filed both Donavia and Orenair for bankruptcy in January 2017.^[58]

Corporate affairs

Headquarters

The headquarters of Aeroflot are located in Arbat District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow.^[60] By 2009 Aeroflot began leasing 7,000 square metres (75,000 sq ft) of space from a class A office building on Arbat Street owned by Midland Development. As of that year Aeroflot had plans to build a dedicated 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft) headquarters in proximity to Sheremetyevo Airport.^[61]

Key people

As of December 2014, Aeroflot's CEO position is held by Vitaly Savelyev.^[50] Savelyev was appointed on 10 April 2009 (2009-04-10) and succeeded Valery Okulov. Expiring in April 2014 (2014-04), The Russian government extended Savelyev's appointment for another five years.^[62]

Ownership and subsidiaries

As of December 2013, Aeroflot was 51% state-owned.^[63] The Aeroflot Group, Russia’s largest airline holding company, includes several subsidiaries: Pobeda, Rossiya, Donavia, Orenair, and Aurora.^[64] At that time, the Aeroflot Group employed 30,328; 17,678 of these people worked for Aeroflot JSC.^[65]

Destinations

As of December 2013, Aeroflot operates scheduled passenger and cargo flights from its hub at Sheremetyevo International Airport to 129 airports.^[66]

Codeshare agreements

Aeroflot has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:^[67]

Fleet

History and recent developments

During the Soviet era, almost all Aeroflot's airliners were built by Soviet manufacturers. During the 1940s and the early 1950s, the main aircraft was the Lisunov Li-2 a license-built version of the Douglas DC-3. The first to be produced in the Soviet Union was completed in 1939. DC-3s modified by fitting Soviet-made engines, named the PS-84, were also used later. The Li-2 would be replaced by the Ilyushin Il-12, which entered service in 1947, and the Ilyushin Il-14, which entered service in 1954. Aeroflot also operated thousands of the Antonov An-2 STOL biplane (first flying in 1947), in passenger and cargo roles. The An-2 remained in service until the 1980s.

Aeroflot began operating the Tupolev Tu-104, reportedly named Silver Arrow,^[68] with at least three of these machines in service between Moscow and the Russian Far East by June 1956 (1956-06).^[69] The Tu-104 was the USSR's first jet airliner.^[70]:615 The first two routes on which it was deployed were the Moscow–Irkutsk and the Moscow–Yakutsk runs;^[68][71] in September 1956 (1956-09), the Moscow–Tiflis route became the third scheduled service flown with the aircraft.^[72] Likewise, Moscow–Prague was the first international route served with the Silver Arrow.^[68]

In 1962, Aeroflot began operating the Tupolev Tu-124, the smaller version of the Tu-104, on regional routes. These were later replaced by the Tupolev Tu-134, which entered service in 1967. The Tupolev Tu-114, originally used to transport Soviet leaders and once the world's largest commercial aircraft, came into service on 24 April 1961 (1961-04-24) on the Moscow–Khabarovsk route.^[73][74] It also served international routes, such as Moscow–Tokyo in conjunction with Japan Airlines,^[75] as well as the Moscow–Havana route, which started on 7 January 1963 (1963-01-07)—the airline's longest non-stop service at that time.^[74][76] The first Ilyushin Il-62 long-range four-engined airliner entered service with Aeroflot in 1967, with an inaugural flight from Moscow to Montreal on 15 September.^[77] It was complemented, in 1972, by medium-range Tupolev Tu-154. This jet is the most popular Russian airliner, with more than 1,000 made. The Tu-154M variant was delivered to Aeroflot in 1984.^[78]

The carrier started flying the supersonic Tupolev Tu-144 on freighter services in 1975.^[79] On 1 November 1977 (1977-11-01), the aircraft was deployed on the 1,750-nautical-mile (3,240 km; 2,010 mi) long Moscow-Domodedovo–Alma-Ata route on a regular basis,^[80] yet these services were discontinued in May 1978 (1978-05).^[81] That month, an aircraft of the type resulted written off on an emergency landing following an electrical failure, withdrawing political support to the project and putting an end to the production.^[82] Despite official versions indicating the indefinite suspension of supersonic flights within the Soviet Union, a re-engined version of the aircraft was put on a test flight between Moscow and Khabarovsk in June 1979 (1979-06),^[83] and the 3,750-mile (6,040 km) long route was later covered with scheduled services;^[84] it was not a nonstop flight, however, since the aircraft had to make a refuelling stop, as the engines consumed more fuel than expected.^[82] First flown in March 1975 (1975-03), the 120-seater Yakovlev Yak-42 entered service with Aeroflot in 1980.^[78] The 350-seater Ilyushin Il-86, the first Russian-made wide-body aircraft,^[85] had its maiden flight in December 1976 (1976-12),^[78][86] and entered scheduled services with the carrier on the Moscow-Vnukovo–Tashkent run in 1981.^{[87][nb 1]} The aircraft was phased out by the end of 2006.^[89]

The first Western-made aircraft, the Airbus A310, was incorporated into the fleet in 1992. This milestone also made Aeroflot the first Russian customer for Airbus.^[90][91] The first example of the Ilyushin Il-96, which was also the first Soviet fly-by-wire aircraft, had its maiden flight in 1988, and was certificated in December 1992 (1992-12);^[88] the first Aeroflot Il-96-300 entered the fleet in 1993,^[92] and was initially deployed on the Moscow–New York City route in July that year.^[93]:50 Pending approval for an Ex-Im Bank financing package, a contract worth US$1.5 billion for the acquisition of twenty Il-96s, including ten Il-96T cargo aircraft and ten Il-96Ms that were initially slated for delivery between 1996 and 1999, was signed in June 1995 (1995-06).^[94] The Ex-Im Bank approved the loan in early 1996.^[95] Boeing objected to the deal, but the dispute was later settled following an Aeroflot order for ten Boeing 737-400s —placed in April 1997 (1997-04) in a deal worth US$440 million^[96]— that were granted a tax exemption by the Russian government; nevertheless, the financing was blocked again when four Boeing 767-300ERs also ordered by Aeroflot were not included in the accorded exemption.^[97] Later on these four aircraft were also exempted from paying customs taxes.^[98] The first of these Boeing 767-300ERs commenced operating in August 1999 (1999-08);^[99] the airline had taken delivery of the first Boeing 737–400 in May the same year.^[100]

From 1998 to 2005, Aeroflot leased two Boeing 777s, using the type on routes to the USA.^[101]

Matters came to a head in September 2006 as Aeroflot's board of directors convened to vote on the Boeing contract. This coincided with the USA imposing sanctions on various Russian companies (including a major aircraft maker, Sukhoi) for allegedly supplying Iran in violation of the US's Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000 and with the Russian state-owned Vneshtorgbank buying 5% of the stock in EADS, the corporation behind Airbus. The State's representatives on the board abstained from the vote and another round of lobbying ensued, with Russian news sources reporting Aeroflot's efforts to placate the State by offering to order both 22 Boeing 787s and 22 Airbus 350s, effectively doubling its long-range fleet.^[102] Banker Alexander Lebedev, the man behind National Reserve Corporation, reached a deal with Boeing to prolong the deadline, using his corporation's money.^[103]

In March 2007 (2007-03), Aeroflot signed a memorandum of understanding with Airbus for the acquisition of 22 Airbus A350 XWBs,^[104] and 10 Airbus A330-200s.^[91][105] The transaction for the A350 XWBs was formalised late that year in a deal worth US$3.1 billion.^[106] The handover of the first A350 XWB was due to take place in 2015. Delivery has been delayed by three years, with the first aircraft to enter the fleet in 2018.^[107] A contract for the acquisition of 22 Boeing 787 Dreamliners was signed in June 2007 (2007-06),^[108] reportedly consisting of Boeing 787-8s with deliveries starting in 2014;^[109] in September the same year, Boeing officially announced that Aeroflot placed an order for these aircraft in a deal worth US$3.6 billion.^[110] The Airbus A330 order was split into five A330-200s and five A330-300s, scheduled to arrive on an operating lease starting in late 2008. The first Airbus A330 entered the fleet in late 2008; it was an A330-200 and was initially put into service on the Moscow–St. Petersburg route for testing purposes.^[111] Despite the A330s having been initially aimed at providing interim capacity ahead of the arrival of both the Airbus A350s and the Boeing 787s the company had previously ordered, the type has been gradually incorporated into the fleet on a long-term basis. During the 2015 Paris Air Show, Aeroflot cancelled the Dreamliner order.^[112]

In May 2007 (2007-05), Finnair announced the sale of its last two self-owned McDonnell Douglas MD-11s to Aeroflot which became part of the Russian airline's cargo fleet in 2008 and 2009.^[113] On 31 December 2007, Aeroflot retired the last Tupolev Tu-134 after 40 years in service;^[114] the last flight flew the Kaliningrad–Moscow route.^[115] Aeroflot was forced to withdraw these aircraft from service due to noise restrictions. Fourteen Tu-134s comprised the type's fleet by that time; they were offered for sale to the sister companies.^[116] The retirement of the last Tupolev Tu-154 occurred on 14 January 2010, after 40 years of service; the last flight the type operated was Yekaterinburg–Moscow, taking place on 31 December 2009.^[117]

In July 2010 (2010-07), Aeroflot announced a new A330 order during the Farnborough Airshow, this time for 11 A330-300s.^[119] Also in July 2010 (2010-07), Russian prime minister Vladimir Putin pressured Aeroflot to buy Russian-made aircraft for future expansion and fleet renewal.^[120][121] On 1 September 2010, Aeroflot announced that it had plans to order a total of 126 Russian-built aircraft by 2020. The aircraft to be purchased are Irkut MS-21s, Sukhoi Superjet 100s, Antonov An-140s, and Antonov An-148s. The aircraft are to be used for fleet replacement in Aeroflot, as well as six other airlines of which Aeroflot is taking control.^[120] In February 2011 (2011-02), the carrier ordered eight Boeing 777-300ERs;^[118] later that year the order was boosted to sixteen aircraft.^[122] Aeroflot became the second worldwide operator of the Sukhoi Superjet 100 when Sukhoi delivered the first aircraft of the type to the company in June 2011 (2011-06).^[123] The first Boeing 777-300ER was handed over to the airline on 30 January 2013. Following delivery, it was planned to deploy the aircraft on the Moscow–Bangkok route, yet certification issues postponed these plans for days,^[124][125] as permission to operate the aircraft was granted a few days later.^[126] In addition to the current firm contract for 30 Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft, Aeroflot signed a letter of intent for a further 20 of the aircraft, announced in 2015.^[127]

Aeroflot retired its three McDonnell Douglas MD-11 freighters from active service in July 2013 (2013-07) citing their operation as no longer profitable.^[128]

In 2015 the company expanded its fleet with three Boeing 777-300ERs, six 737-800s and four Sukhoi Superjets; and retired five Ilyushin Il-96s.^[129] During the 2015 Paris Air Show, Aeroflot cancelled an order for 22 Boeing 787 Dreamliners.^[112] In mid-2016 a deal for a further 10 leased Sukhoi Superjets was announced.^[130] In November 2016, Aeroflot cancelled eight Airbus A350-800s from an order including these aircraft and 14 A350-900s and also announced that its cancelled Boeing 787 order would be transferred to Rostec subsidiary Avia Capital Services.^{[3][131][132]}

Aeroflot firmed up an order for 20 Sukhoi Superjet 100s in July 2017 during the MAKS Air Show.^[133]

Current

For most of its history, Aeroflot's fleet consisted entirely of aircraft built by Soviet manufacturers Antonov, Ilyushin, and Tupolev. Following the Soviet Union's dissolution and subsequent partition of the airline, Aeroflot began replacing its old Soviet aircraft with Western and modern Russian models.

The Aeroflot fleet comprises the following aircraft (as of June 2017):^[134]

Aircraft	In Service	Orders	Passengers				Notes
			B	W	E	Total
Airbus A320-200	69	8	20	—	120	140	One in retro livery[135]
			8	—	150	158
Airbus A321-200	36	8	28	—	142	170
			16	—	167	183
Airbus A330-200	5	—	34	—	207	241
Airbus A330-300	17	—	34	—	268	302	One in Skyteam livery[136]
Airbus A350-900	—	14[3]	TBA
Boeing 737–800	26[137]	21	20	—	138	158[138]	One in Skyteam livery[139]
Boeing 777-300ER	16	0[140]	30	48	324	402	One in SkyTeam livery[141]
Irkut MC-21-300	—	50[142]	16	—	159	175[143]
Sukhoi Superjet 100-95	30	20[133]	12	—	75	87	Two in Skyteam livery[136]
Total	199	102

Retired

Aeroflot former mainline aircraft since 1954

Aircraft	Introduced	Retired	Notes
Airbus A310	1992[91]	2005
Airbus A319[144]	?	?
Antonov An-2	1948	?
Antonov An-10	1959	1973
Antonov An-24	1962	?
Antonov An-124	1980	2000	Cargo aircraft
Boeing 737–300	2008	2009	Cargo aircraft
Boeing 737–400	1998[100]	2004
Boeing 767-300ER[145]	1994[146]	2014[147]
Boeing 777-200ER	1998	2005
Ilyushin Il-12	1947	1970
Ilyushin Il-14	1954	?
Ilyushin Il-18	1958	?
Ilyushin Il-62	1967	2002
Ilyushin Il-76	1979	2004	Cargo aircraft
Ilyushin Il-86	1980[86]:67	2006[89]
Ilyushin Il-96-300	1993[92]	2014[148]
McDonnell Douglas DC-10	1995	2009	Cargo aircraft
McDonnell Douglas MD-11F	2008[149]	2013[128]	Cargo aircraft
Tupolev Tu-104	1956	1979
Tupolev Tu-114	1961	1976
Tupolev Tu-124	1962	1980[150]
Tupolev Tu-134	1967	2007[114]
Tupolev Tu-144	1977	1978
Tupolev Tu-154	1968	2009
Tupolev Tu-204	1990	2005
Yakovlev Yak-40	1966	1995
Yakovlev Yak-42	1980[78]	2000

Frequent flyer programme

Aeroflot uses Aeroflot Bonus as their frequent-flyer programme. It has three levels:^[151]

Aeroflot Bonus Levels

Level	Benefits	Requirements	SkyTeam Status
Regular	No benefits on Regular Level	Travelers can start their participation in Aeroflot Bonus Programme from the age of 2 (Aeroflot Junior)	–
Silver	Tier Bonus Miles – 25% of the flown distance Preferred Seating Priority Check-In Extra 10 kg baggage allowance or 1 piece on routes where piece concept systems is applicable (Only on Aeroflot regular flights) Boarding with first and business class passengers Priority reservation waitlisting	25,000 miles (40,000 km) or 25 flight segments during calendar year	Elite
Gold	Tier Bonus Miles – 50% of the flown distance Priority Check-In The opportunity "Comfort +" is given free of charge[152] Extra 20 kg baggage allowance or 2 piece on routes where piece concept systems is applicable (Only on Aeroflot regular flights) Preferred Seating Lounge Access Invite a traveling companion to Business Class lounges Priority Airport Standby High priority waitlisting (above Silver) Boarding with first and business class passengers Priority Baggage Handling	50,000 miles (80,000 km) or 50 flight segments during calendar year	Elite Plus

Sponsorship and promotion agreements

As of July 2013, Aeroflot is the official carrier of Manchester United.^[153] The agreement is the first ever sponsorship Manchester United has signed with a Russian company.^[154]

Accidents and incidents

See also

• List of airports in Russia
• Transport in Russia
• Transport in the Soviet Union

Notes

Citations

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.

Bibliography

• Davies, R.E.G. (1992). Aeroflot: An Airline and Its Aircraft (First ed.). Rockville, Maryland: Paladwr Press. ISBN 0-9626483-1-0. 
• MacDonald, Hugh (1975). Aeroflot: Soviet air transport since 1923. Putnam. ISBN 0-370-00117-6. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aeroflot.

• (in English) (in Russian) Official website