Circassian languages

Circassian /sərˈkæsiən/, also known as Cherkess /tʃərˈkɛs/, is a subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language family. There are two Circassian languages, defined by their literary standards, Adyghe (КӀахыбзэ, also known as West Circassian), with half a million speakers, and Kabardian (Къэбэрдейбзэ, also known as East Circassian), with a million. The languages are mutually intelligible with one another. The earliest extant written records of the Circassian languages are in the Arabic script, recorded by the Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century.^[2]

There is a strong consensus among the linguistic community about the fact that Adyghe and Kabardian are typologically distinct languages.^[3][4][5] However, the local terms for these languages refer to them as dialects. The Circassian people call themselves "Адыгэ" Adygè (English: Adyghe) in their native language. In the southwestern part of European Russia, there is also a Federal Subject called Adygea (Russian: Адыгея Adygeja), enclaved within Krasnodar Krai, which is named after the Circassian endonym. In the Russian language, Circassian subdivision is treated as a single language and called Адыгский (Adygskij, meaning the Adyghe language), whereas the Adyghe language is called Адыгейский (Adygejskij, meaning the language of those in [the Republic of] Adygea). The terms "Circassian" and "Cherkess" are sometimes used in several languages as synonyms for the Northwest Caucasian languages in general or the Adyghe language in particular.

Circassian languages

Each Circassian tribes' territories in 1750.

The Circassian dialects family tree.

• Adyghe language
  • The Black Sea coast dialects
    • Zhaney dialect
    • Natukhai dialect (Adyghe: Нэтӏхъуаджэбзэ)
    • Shapsug dialect (Adyghe: Шапсыгъабзэ)
      • North Shapsugs, Great Shapsugs, Kuban Shapsugs dialect (Шапсыгъэ шху).
      • Temirgoy-Shapsugs, Pseuşko accent (Кӏэмгуе-шапсыгъ)
      • South Shapsugs, Small Shapsugs, Coastal Shapsugs Black Sea Shapsugs (Шапсыгъэ-цӏыкӏу) dialect.
      • Kfar Kama dialect (Кфар Камэм ишапсыгъэбзэ): Shapsug dialect spoken by the villagers of Kfar Kama in Israel.
      • Hakuchi dialect (ХьакӀуцубзэ, Къaрaцхaибзэ)
  • The Kuban river dialects
    • Bzhedug dialect (Adyghe: Бжъэдыгъубзэ) : Spoken by the Circassians in Republic of Adygea and Biga.
    • Temirgoy (Adyghe: КӀэмыгуябзэ, КӀэмгуибзэ) : Literary Adyghe. Also spoken by the Circassians in Republic of Adygea.
    • Abzakh dialect (Adyghe: Aбдзэхабзэ) : Spoken by the Circassians in Rehaniya in Israel and the Circassians in Syria from Golan Heights.
    • Mamkhegh dialect
    • Yegeruqay dialect
    • Hatuqwai dialect
    • Mequash dialect
• Kabardian language^[3]
  • Kabardian
    • West Kabardian
      • Kuban
      • Kuban-Zelenchuk (Cherkess)
    • Central Kabardian
      • Baksan (Basis for the literary language)
      • Malka
    • Eastern Kabardian
      • Terek
      • Mozdok
    • North Kabardian
      • Mulka
      • Zabardiqa (1925 until 1991 Soviet Zaparika)
  • Baslaney dialect (Adyghe: Бэслъыныйбзэ)

Alphabet

• Adyghe language (also known as West Circassian, Adyghe: КӀахыбзэ, Russian: Адыгейский язык) — The language of the west Circassian tribes: Shapsug, Abzakh, Natukhai, Bzhedug, Temirgoy. The Alphabet is based on the Temirgoy dialect. The Circassian alphabet was created in 1918 by the Kabardian linguist Naguma Shora.

Adyghe Alphabet

• Kabardian language (also known as East Circassian, Adyghe: Къэбэрдейбзэ, Russian: Кабардино-черкесский) — The language of the east Circassian tribes : Kabarday and Baslaney. The Alphabet is based on the Kabardian dialect.

Kabardian Alphabet

Dialectal letters

Sound changes

The major differences in the Circassian dialects

Sound changes between Adyghe (Temirgoy) and Kabardian:

• Adyghe a ↔ э Kabardian: адыгабзэ ↔ aдыгэбзэ (Adyghe); бае ↔ бей (rich); аслъан ↔ аслъэн (lion); къэплъан ↔ къаплъэн (tiger); дунай ↔ дуней (world); тхьакӀумэ ↔ тхьэкӀумэ (ear); хьарыф ↔ хьэрф (letter); тхьаркъо ↔ тхьэрыкъуэ (pigeon); Ӏае ↔ Ӏей (ugly); хьамлыу ↔ хьэмбылу (worm); хьау ↔ хьэуэ (no)
• Adyghe ы ↔ э Kabardian: ны ↔ анэ (mother)
• Adyghe э ↔ ы Kabardian: хъэдэн ↔ хъыдан (lilac)
• Adyghe а ↔ ы Kabardian: Ӏахьыл ↔ Ӏыхьлы (cloth)
• Adyghe и ↔ ы Kabardian: мэлэӀич ↔ мэлэӀыч (angel)
• Adyghe ы ↔ и Kabardian: сабый ↔ сабий (child)
• Adyghe ы ↔ е Kabardian: жъэжъый ↔ жьэжьей (kidney); дэжъый ↔ дэжьей (hazelnut)
• Adyghe ц ↔ дз Kabardian: цэ ↔ дзэ (tooth); цыгъо ↔ дзыгъуэ (mouse); пцэжъый ↔ бдзэжьей (fish); уцы ↔ удзы (grass)
• Adyghe цу ↔ в Kabardian: цу ↔ вы (ox); цуакъэ ↔ вакъэ (shoe); цунды ↔ вынд (raven); цунды ↔ вынд (raven); цуабзэ ↔ вабдзэ (ploughshare)
• Adyghe ч ↔ ж Kabardian: чэмы ↔ жэм (cow); чъыгы ↔ жыг (tree); чэщы ↔ жэщ (night); чылэ ↔ жылэ (village, settlement); пчъын ↔ бжын (to count); чъэн ↔ жэн (to run)
• Adyghe ч ↔ дж Kabardian: чэтыу ↔ джэду (cat); чэты ↔ джэд (chicken); апч ↔ абдж (glass)
• Adyghe ч ↔ щ Kabardian: пачъыхь ↔ пащтыхь (king); гъучӏы ↔ гъущӏ (iron); упчӏэ ↔ упщӏэ (question); чыӏу ↔ щӏыӏу (button); чъыӏэ ↔ щӏыӏэ (cold); пчэдыжьы ↔ пщэдджыжь (morning)
• Adyghe дз ↔ з Kabardian: хъырбыдз ↔ хъарбыз (watermelon)
• Adyghe дж ↔ ж Kabardian: баджэ ↔ бажэ (fox); лъэмыдж ↔ лъэмыж (arch, bridge); аджал ↔ ажал (death); хьаджыгъэ ↔ хьэжыгъэ (flour); лъэгуанджэ ↔ лъэгуажьэ (knee); къуаджэ ↔ къуажэ (village)
• Adyghe жь ↔ з Kabardian: ежь ↔ езы (him, itself)
• Adyghe жъ ↔ жь Kabardian: жъы ↔ жьы (old); бжъэ ↔ бжьэ (bowl, horn, slander); жъэн ↔ жьэн (to fry, to grill)
• Adyghe ж ↔ жь Kabardian: бжыхьэ ↔ бжьыхьэ (autumn); жакӀэ ↔ жьакӀэ (beard); бжыдзэ ↔ бжьыдзэ (flea); жэ ↔ жьэ (mouth)
• Adyghe жъу ↔ в Kabardian: жъуагъо ↔ вагъо (star); зэжъу ↔ зэвы (narrow); ӏужъу ↔ ӏувы (wide); гъэжъон ↔ гъэвэн (to boil)
• Adyghe ш ↔ щ Kabardian: нашэ ↔ нащэ (melon)
• Adyghe щ ↔ ш Kabardian: щэ ↔ шэ (milk); щай ↔ шай (tea); щыгъу ↔ шыгъу (salt); ахъщэ ↔ ахъшэ (fund, money); щэбзащ ↔ шабзэ (arrow); щыды ↔ шыд (donkey); щынагъо ↔ шынагъуэ (fear); щыбжьый ↔ шыбжий (black pepper); щэджагъо ↔ шэджагъуэ (noon)
• Adyghe шъ ↔ щ Kabardian: шъабэ ↔ щабэ; шъхьэ ↔ щхьэ (head); шъынэ ↔ щынэ (lamp); дышъэ ↔ дыщэ (gold); пшъашъэ ↔ пщащэ (girl); мышъэ ↔ мыщэ (bear); псэушъхь ↔ псэущхьэ (animal); шъэ ↔ ща (100)
• Adyghe шӀ ↔ щӀ Kabardian: шӀын ↔ щӀын (to do); шӀэн ↔ щӀэн (to know); гъашӀэ ↔ гъащӀэ (life); пшӀы ↔ пщӀы (ten)
• Adyghe кӀ ↔ щӀ Kabardian: кӀэ ↔ щӀэ (new); кӀалэ ↔ щӀалэ (young-man); мэгыкӀэ ↔ мэгыщӀэ (to launder, to wash); тӀэкӀын ↔ тӀэщӀын (to go off on); икӀыӀу ↔ ищӀыӀу (above); макӀэ ↔ мащӀэ (few); хьакӀэ ↔ хьэщӀэ (guest); ӀункӀыбзэ ↔ ӀунщӀыбз (key)
• Adyghe шъу ↔ ф Kabardian: шъоу ↔ фо (honey); шъуз ↔ фыз (wife); ешъон ↔ ефэн (to drink); уашъо ↔ уафэ (sky); уцышъо ↔ удзыфэ (green); къашъо ↔ къафэ (dance); шъо ↔ фэ (color, skin, you (plural)); шъо ↔ фэ (color, skin, you (plural)); нэшъу ↔ нэф (blind)
• Adyghe шӀу ↔ фӀ Kabardian: шӀу ↔ фӀы (well, good); машӀо ↔ мафӀэ (fire); шӀуцӀэ ↔ фӀыцӀэ (black); шӀомыкӀы ↔ фӀамыщӀ (coal); ошӀу ↔ уэфӀ (weather); ӏэшӀу ↔ ӏэфӀ (sweet); шӀошӏын ↔ фӀэщын (sweet)
• Adyghe ф ↔ ху Kabardian: фыжьы ↔ хужьы (white); Ӏофы ↔ Ӏуэху (work, job); мафэ ↔ махуэ (day); гъэмафэ ↔ гъэмахуэ (summer); цӀыфы ↔ цӀыху (person); фабэ ↔ хуабэ (hot); фае ↔ хуей (want, need); фэд ↔ хуэд (like); нэфы ↔ нэху (light); нартыф ↔ нартыху (corn); фэгъэгъун ↔ хуэгъэгъун (to forgive); фэгъэгъун ↔ хуэгъэгъун (to forgive); бжьыныф ↔ бжьыныху (garlic); бзылъфыгъэ ↔ бзылъхугъэ (woman)
• Adyghe хь ↔ хъ Kabardian: нахь ↔ нэхъ (more); шынахьыкӏ ↔ шынэхъыщӏ (younger brother); шынахьыжъ ↔ шынэхъыжь (older brother)
• Adyghe къ ↔ кхъ Kabardian: къэ ↔ кхъэ (grave)
• Adyghe къу ↔ кхъу Kabardian: къуае ↔ кхъуей (cheese); къужъы ↔ кхъужь (pear); къухьэ ↔ кхъухь (ship)
• Adyghe т ↔ д' Kabardian: тэ ↔ дэ (we); тамэ ↔ дамэ (shoulder); тамыгь ↔ дамыгъэ (stamp, letter); тыгъужъы ↔ дыгъужь (wolf); тыгъуас ↔ дыгъуасэ (yesterday); ты ↔ адэ (father); тыжьыны ↔ дыжьын (silver); 'такъикъ ↔ дакъикъэ (minute); атакъэ ↔ адакъэ (rooster, cock); хатэ ↔ хадэ (garden); псычэт ↔ псыджэд (duck); тхьаматэ ↔ тхьэмадэ (leader, boss)
• Adyghe п ↔ б Kabardian: панэ ↔ банэ (thorn); пытэ ↔ быдэ (hard); пчэны ↔ бжэн (goat); пыи ↔ бий (enemy); непэ ↔ нобэ (today); пчъын ↔ бжын (to count)
• Adyghe м ↔ н Kabardian: мамун ↔ номин (monkey)
• Adyghe н ↔ Ø Kabardian: гъунджэ ↔ гъуджэ (mirror)
• Adyghe -Ø ↔ -р Kabardian: Ӏехы ↔ Ӏехыр; сӀехы ↔ сӀехыр; тӀехы ↔ тӀехыр
• Adyghe -Ø ↔ -щ Kabardian: тӀыгъ ↔ тӀыгъщ
• Adyghe Ø- ↔ и- Kabardian: джыри ↔ иджыри (yet)

See also

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Circassian phrasebook.

• Circassia

Footnotes

Literature

Languages of the Caucasus
Caucasian (areal)	Caspian Avar–Andic Andic Akhvakh Bagvalal–Tindi Botlix–Godoberi Chamalal Karata Literary Andi Avar Dargic Literary Dargwa and dialects Chirag Itsari Kajtak Kubachi Didoic Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi Hinukh–Literary Tsez Lezgic Aghul Archi Budukh Kryts Lezgian Rutul Tabasaran Tsakhur Udi Nakh Bats Chechen–Ingush Other Khinalug Lak Kartvelian Karto-Zan–Svan Georgian Svan Zan Laz Mingrelian Pontic Abazgi–Adyghe Abkhaz–Abaza Circassian
Indo-European	Armenian Armenian Germanic German Hellenic Pontic Greek Iranic Northern Ossetian Western Judæo-Tat Talysh Tat Persian Slavic Russian Ukrainian
Mongolic	Kalmyk
Turkic	Kipchak–Cuman Karachay–Balkar Kumyk Urum Kipchak–Nogai Nogai Oghuz Azerbaijani Turkish Turkmen
Afro-Asiatic	Semitic Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
See also: Languages of Armenia  Languages of Azerbaijan  Languages of Georgia  Languages of Russia