Advertising in video games

Advertising using games is a long-standing practice in the video game industry. Various methods have been used to integrate advertising into video games to advertise products, organizations or viewpoints.[1]

The advergames sector reached $207 million in 2007.[2]

Some companies and organizations expressly commission video games to promote a product or service. These games have been referred to as "advergames" (a portmanteau of "advertising" and "gaming") a term that was coined in January 2000 by Anthony Giallourakis, and later mentioned by Wired's "Jargon Watch" column in 2001.[3] With the growth of the internet, advergames have proliferated, often becoming the most visited aspect of brand websites and becoming an integrated part of brand media planning in an increasingly fractured media environment. Advergames theoretically promote repeated traffic to websites and reinforce brands. Users choosing to register to be eligible for prizes can help marketers collect customer data. Gamers may also invite their friends to participate, which could assist promotion by word of mouth, or "viral marketing."

Games for advertising are sometimes classified as a type of serious game, as these games have a strong educational or training purpose other than pure entertainment.[4]

Other methods of advertising in video games include product placement being integrated into in-game environments[5] and companies/organizations sponsoring commercial games or other game-related content.

Categories

While other categories[6] have been proposed, advertising in video games normally falls into one of three categories which are derived from a historical categorization technique normally applied to traditional media. These include both through-the-line (TTL) and below-the-line (BTL) marketing strategies.

In-game advertising

An Adidas billboard is displayed in the foreground of the 1994 video game FIFA International Soccer (also, the electronic board that appears with every goal scored sometimes reads "Panasonic").

Examples of marketing in video games include brand integration, embedded marketing, recruitment tools, edutainment, and traditional in-game advertising.

Another video game advertising technique consists of advertising within a game itself. Since the intent of in-game advertising is typically commercial rather than political, some consider such advertisements to make up a category of their own. In-game advertising is similar to subtle advertising in films, where the advertising content is within the "world" of the movie. Thus billboards, storefronts, posters, apparel, vehicles, weapons, fliers, sponsored product placement, and the interplay between the player and these elements in the game allow for a great degree of virtual advertisement. Examples include billboards advertising for (and product placement of) Bawls energy drink in Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel, and billboards for Adidas sportswear in FIFA International Soccer.

The principal advantage of product placement in in-games advertising is visibility and notoriety. For advertisers an ad may be displayed multiple times and a game may provide an opportunity to ally a product's brand image with the image of the game. Such examples include the use Sobe drink in Tom Clancy’s Splinter Cell: Double Agent.

For some players, digital games are one of their primary forms of media consumption. Game playing is considered active media consumption, providing for unique opportunities for advertisers. While product placement in film and television is fairly common, this type of in-game advertising has only recently become common in games. The effectiveness of such advertising is debated by several scholars. Yang et al. found some types of recognition were low among college students, although players did retain word fragments in sports games. Grace and Coyle found that 35% of players could recall advertised brands in a controlled study of car racing games.

According to Forbes, In-game advertising is expected to reach $7.2 billion in 2016[7] since it is embedded in the entertainment as opposed to interruptive commercials which are skipped by DVRs or digital ads which can encounter ad-blocking software.

Advergames

Examples of advergames include promotional software.

By employing advergaming, a company typically provides interactive games on its website in the hope that potential customers will be drawn to the game and spend more time on the website, or simply become more product aware. The games themselves usually feature the company's products prominently (often as "powerups" or upgrades). These games may consist of reworked arcade classics or original programming, and they are usually designed for Adobe Flash or similar multimedia software.

The earliest custom video games featuring integrated brand messages were developed in the era before substantial penetration of the World Wide Web and were distributed on floppy disk. These games were typically of a higher quality than the modern flash games and were distributed for free, often bundled with other products from the company advertised for. The first floppy disk advergames were developed to serve dual purposes—as promotional incentives that drive response and as media that deliver awareness. American Home Foods Chef Boyardee, Coca-Cola, and Samsung brands issued the first-ever floppy-disk advergames.[8] Other early brands to use the format were Reebok, General Mills, the Gap and Taco Bell which distributed games as "kids' premiums."[8] The first in-box CD-ROM cereal box advergames were General Mills' Chex Quest (promoting the Chex brand) and General Mills' All-Star baseball (starring Trix Rabbit and his friends playing baseball against Major League teams and stars).

The subjects advertised for may be commercial, political, or educational in nature. Commercial examples are numerous and include advergames funded by Pepsi, 7 Up, NFL, Formula One, and most recently Burger King. Political/military examples of BTL advergames include recruitment tools like America's Army, intended to boost recruitment for the United States Army, and Special Force, intended to promote Muslim resistance to the state of Israel. Educational advergaming is closely related to the Serious games initiative and falls under either Edumarket gaming or edutainment. Examples include Food Force (made by the United Nations' World Food Program) and Urban Jungle, an educational traffic simulation.

Through the line (TTL) advertising

I Love Bees makes use of "link-chasing" and is designed to foster viral marketing.

Examples of TTL advertising in games include "link-chases," ARGs, and viral marketing.

A rare form of advertising in video games, TTL marketing in games involve the use of URL hyperlinks within the game designed to induce the player to visit a webpage which then contains BTL advertisements. The technique used to tempt the player into visiting the intended URL varies from game to game. In games like Pikmin 2, the player is given a cryptic message with an accompanying URL designed to pique the curiosity of the player. In games such as Enter the Matrix, Year Zero, I Love Bees, and Lost Experience, URLs make up a part of the background of the game such that certain plot details can only be learned by following the link given in the game. The knowledge of such plot details are typically not required to complete the game, but make for a fuller story for fans. Websites of this nature often lead players on to other links which again lead to further links, thus earning these games the label "link-chases." The tradeoff for TTL advertisers is that though use of the internet to find out extra things about a game might be enjoyable, gamers will not enjoy being given too much of a run-around with too obtrusive advertising to obtain important details about the game. In another form, the URL might be part of a stage where a player can see it but it does not affect the plot. For example, in Super Monkey Ball 2, there is a stage where you can see clearly written on an obstacle a URL and the stage's name is even the word URL.

Industry statistics

Legislative Issues

A recent bill was proposed to the senate about using information that is used through advergaming or other online advertisement to market to children. Some games ask children to fill out a survey of the name, gender and age. This bill would prevent these companies from using this information to change the game to target a certain age bracket. Wall Street Journal states that the Do Not Track Kids Act of 2011 as new legislation, among other things, would prohibit companies from using or providing to third parties personal information of those under 18 for "targeted marketing purposes." Senator Barton says, "We have reached a troubling point in the state of business when companies that conduct business online are so eager to make a buck, they resort to targeting our children," said Senator Barton.[10]

The University of Bath's Institute for Policy Research and School of Management carried out research into 'advergame' use in marketing to children in the United Kingdom and used the findings of its research to call for 'urgent government action to protect children from the subconscious effects of advergames'.[11] The University's research suggested that children as old as 15 did not recognise that advergames were adverts and their food choices were influenced without their conscious awareness.[12]

Notable examples

Atari 2600 games

Other platforms

PC

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Advergaming". Issues in IMC. Archived from the original on 2014-03-22. Retrieved 2014-07-08.
  2. ↑ Melissa Campanelli (March 6, 2008). "eMarketer: In-Game Advertising Spending to Reach $650 million in 2012". Emarketingandcommerce.com. Retrieved 2014-11-27.
  3. ↑ "Jargon Watch". Wired. Retrieved 2014-07-08.
  4. ↑ Ernest Adams (2009-07-09). "Sorting Out the Genre Muddle". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
  5. ↑ "Six of the best product placement video games". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-07-08.
  6. ↑ ""What Kind of Advergame is it?" - Four Categories That Make Actual Sense.". Sneaky Games. April 10, 2009. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  7. ↑ Tassi, Paul. "Analyst Says Video Game Advertising Will Double by 2016". Retrieved 2015-09-30.
  8. 1 2 Justin Davis (2006-01-16). "Dunkin' for Advergames". Gamedaily.com. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  9. ↑ ""Advergames, Viral games, and online flash games design" ''Front Network''". Frontnetwork.net. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  10. ↑ Steve Stecklow, & Julia Angwin. (2011, May 7). Corporate News: House Releases 'Do Not Track' Bill. Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), p. B.3. Retrieved March 8, 2012, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 2339454191).
  11. ↑ "Call for new rules on advergames". The University of Bath. Retrieved 2014-07-08.
  12. ↑ Hang, H. (December 2012). "Advergames: its not child's play" (PDF). Family and Parenting Institute. Retrieved 2014-07-08.
  13. ↑ Bogost, Ian; Montfort, Nick (2009). Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System. MIT Press. p. 124. ISBN 0-262-01257-X.
  14. 1 2 3 Bogost, Ian (August 5, 2011). How to Do Things with Videogames (Electronic Mediations). University of Minnesota Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8166-7647-7.
  15. ↑ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  16. ↑ "de beste bron van informatie over Gtr Gtr2.Deze website is te koop!". 10tacle.com. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
  17. ↑ "Games at Candystand.com | Play Free Online Games". Candystand.com. Archived from the original on 22 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
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