Admiral (Royal Navy)

Admiral is a senior rank of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom, which equates to the NATO rank code OF-9, outranked only by the rank admiral of the fleet. Royal Navy officers holding the ranks of rear admiral, vice admiral and admiral of the fleet are sometimes considered generically to be admirals. The rank of admiral is currently the highest rank to which an officer in the Royal Navy can be promoted (Admiral of the Fleet being in abeyance).

History

Promotion path of British flag officers to 1864

King Henry III of England appointed the first known Admiral of England naming Richard de Lucy on 29 August 1224 ^[1], he was followed by a Sir Thomas Moulton in 1264 ^[1], he also held the title of Keeper of the Sea and Sea Ports he was succeeded by Sir William de Laybourne, (the son of Sir Roger de Leybourne) as Admiral of the sea of the King of England being appointed in 1286 he held the rank of Admiral until 1294 ^[1] serving under King Edward I of England. As the English Navy was expanding towards the end of the thirteenth century, new appointments of Admirals with specific geographic responsibilities were being created, Sir John de Botetourt was appointed Admiral of the North also known as Admiral of the Yarmouth Station in 1294 ^[1]. Also in the same year the King appointed Sir William de Laybourne the dual commands of Admiral of the South or Admiral of the Portsmouth Station and also Admiral of West and Irish Sea' or Admiral of the Western Station. ^[1].

On the 18 July 1360 King Edward III of England appointed Sir John de Beauchamp Admiral of the King's Southern, Northern and Western Fleets the appointment gave the command of the English navy to one person for the first time, the post would evolve into the post of Admiral of the Fleet ^[2].

The rank of admiral should not be confused with the office of Admiral of England or Lord High Admiral, which was an office held by the person with overall responsibility for the Navy (though usually only in title; the Lord High Admiral is typically an honorary appointment for members of the royal family).

The Royal Navy has had vice and rear admirals since at least the 16th century. When in command of the fleet, the admiral would be in either the lead or the middle portion of the fleet. When the admiral commanded from the middle portion of the fleet his deputy, the vice admiral, would be in the leading portion or van. Below him was another admiral at the rear of the fleet, called rear admiral.

In Elizabethan times the fleet grew large enough to be organised into squadrons. The squadron’s admiral wore a red ensign, the vice admirals white, and the rear admirals blue. As the squadrons grew, each was eventually commanded by an admiral (with vice admirals and rear admirals commanding sections) and the official ranks became admiral of the white, etc.

The squadrons ranked in order red, white, and blue, with admirals ranked according to their squadron:

1. Admiral of the Fleet (red)
2. Admiral of the white
3. Admiral of the blue
4. Vice admiral of the red
5. Vice admiral of the white
6. Vice admiral of the blue
7. Rear admiral of the red
8. Rear admiral of the white
9. Rear admiral of the blue

Promotion up the ladder was in accordance with seniority in the rank of post-captain, and rank was held for life, so the only way to be promoted was for the person above on the list to die or resign. In 1747 the Admiralty restored an element of merit selection to this process by introducing the concept of yellow admirals (formally known as granting an officer the position of 'Rear-Admiral without distinction of squadron'), being captains promoted to flag rank on the understanding that they would immediately retire on half-pay.^[3][4] This was the Navy's first attempt at superannuating older officers.^[5] They were often assigned to shore-based administrative roles, such as commander of a port or Commissioner of one of the Royal Dockyards.

During the Interregnum, the rank of admiral was replaced by that of general at sea.

In the 18th century, the original nine ranks began to be filled by more than one man per rank, although the rank of admiral of the red was always filled by only one man and was known as Admiral of the Fleet. After the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 the rank of admiral of the red was introduced.^[6] The number of officers holding each rank steadily increased throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries; in 1769 there were 29 admirals of various grades, by the close of the Napoleonic Wars in 1816 there were 190 admirals in service. Thereafter the number of admirals was reduced and in 1853 there were 79 admirals.

Although the admirals were promoted according to strict seniority, appointments to command were made at the discretion of the Board of Admiralty. As there were invariably more admirals in service than there were postings, many admirals remained unemployed, especially in peacetime.

The organisation of the fleet into coloured squadrons was finally abandoned in 1864. The Red Ensign was allocated to the Merchant Navy, the White Ensign became the flag of the Royal Navy, and the Blue Ensign was allocated to the naval reserve and naval auxiliary vessels.

The 18th- and 19th-century British Navy also maintained a positional rank known as port admiral. A port admiral was typically a veteran captain who served as the shore commander of a British naval port and was in charge of supplying, refitting, and maintaining the ships docked at harbour.

The problem of promoting strictly by seniority was well illustrated by the case of Provo Wallis who served (including time being carried on the books while still a child) for 96 years. When he died in 1892 four admirals under him could immediately be promoted.^[7]

In 1996, the rank of admiral of the fleet was put in abeyance in peacetime, except for members of the Royal family but was resurrected in 2014 for the appointment of Lord Boyce. Admirals of the fleet continue to hold their rank on the active list for life.

Rank insignia and personal flag

The current ranks are rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral and admiral of the fleet, also known as flag ranks because admirals, known as flag officers, are entitled to fly a personal flag. An admiral of the fleet flies a Union Flag at the masthead, while an admiral flies a St George's cross (red cross on white). Vice admirals and rear admirals fly a St George’s cross with one or two red discs in the hoist, respectively.

The rank of admiral itself is shown in its sleeve lace by a broad band with three narrower bands. Since 2001 it has been designated a four-star rank when the number of stars on the shoulder board was increased to four.^[8][9]

• 
  Sleeve lace
• 
  Shoulder board
• 
  Shoulder board prior to 2001
• 
  World War II admiral's shoulder board
• 
  Command flag for admiral of the fleet
• 
  Command flag for an admiral
• 
  Command flag for a vice admiral
• 
  Command flag for a rear admiral

See also

• British ensigns
• Royal Navy officer rank insignia

References

Sources

• Archives, National The. (2017). "Trafalgar Ancestors, Glossary". nationalarchives.gov.uk. National Archives. London. England
• Bothwell, James (2004). Edward III and the English Peerage: Royal Patronage, Social Mobility, and Political Control in Fourteenth-century England. Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843830474.
• Houbraken, ‎Jacobus. Thoyras, Paul de Rapin. Vertue, George. (1747). The History of England, A List of Admirals of England (1224-1745). England. Kanpton. P and J.

External links

• Squadronal colours factsheet from the Royal Naval museum.