Adelskalender (skating)
The Adelskalender in skating is a ranking for long track speed skating based on skaters' all-time personal records for certain distances. As in samalog competitions, the skater's time (measured in seconds) for each distance is divided in 500 metre averages, truncated (not rounded) to 3 decimal places, and the results are then added up – the lower the sum, the better. The samalog system was introduced in 1928 in Norway, replacing ranking points in the traditional 4 distance championships, but can of course also be used to reconstruct scores based on personal records that were set before the samalog system was invented.
The classical Adelskalender consists of the Allround Championships distances:
- Men: 500 m - 1500 m - 5000 m - 10,000 m
- Women: 500 m - 1500 m - 3000 m - 5000 m
Similar rankings in many other combinations are maintained by enthusiasts and available on the Internet.
Calculation
As an example, the points for the current leader in the Adelskalendern ranking Shani Davis are calculated as follows:
| Distance | Time | Seconds | Divided by | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 500m | 34.78 | 34.78 | 1 | 34.78 |
| 1500m | 1:41.04 | 101.04 | 3 | 33.68 |
| 5000m | 6:10.49 | 370.49 | 10 | 37.049 |
| 10000m | 13:05.94 | 785.94 | 20 | 39.297 |
| Total | 144.806 | |||
Caveats
The Adelskalender score is calculated over a skater's entire career and not for a single tournament. Theoretically, this would make it possible for a skater to lead the Adelskalender without ever having set a 4 distance championships samalog record, or even having won - or participated in - such a tournament.
Speed skating records have improved dramatically over the years due to a combination of larger participation, introduction of professionalism, improvements in training and selection, and, especially, technical developments, distorting the comparative accomplishments of skaters over time.[1] For comparison, the ranking leader on 1 January 1900 (Jaap Eden) had a score of 202.226,[2] "averaging" 35.6 km/h. In 1925 Oscar Mathisen led with 192.860[3] (37.3 km/h), in 1950 Åke Seyffarth led with 188.678[4] (38.2 km/h), in 1975 Ard Schenk led with 166.241[5] (43.3 km/h), and in 2000 Rintje Ritsma led with 150.720[6] (47.8 km/h).
Among major technical developments were the introduction of artificial (refrigerated) 400 m ovals, the first opening in Gothenburg in 1958, aerodynamics suits in 1976 (by Franz Krienbühl), indoor, climate-controlled ovals in 1986, and the clap skate in 1996.[1] Also, over time, more high altitude skating rinks have been built; the lower air pressure at higher altitude greatly benefits the skater's speed -the rule of thumb is 0.1 points at each distance for every 100 m of increased altitude- and world records generally are set at high altitude.[7]
Even the ranking points of concurrent skaters can be strongly affected by the opportunity skaters have to train and compete on fast rinks. For example, before the 1960s, skaters were dependent on long periods of frost, less common at more southerly latitudes. The effect of access to high altitude rinks was especially notable from 1973 to 1986, when most world records were set at Medeo in Kazakhstan, a rink at 1,691 m that also enjoyed an unusual all-around tailwind, but was rarely accessible to non-Soviet skaters.[8] In 1977–78, the Adelskalender top 10[5] consisted almost entirely of times set at Medeo, while several skaters in the top 10 never reached the podium at international meets. Currently, the two fastest speed skating rinks are, by a long way, the high altitude covered ovals at Calgary and Salt Lake City, both in North America. Indeed, after the 2014–15 season, 65 of the last 67 new world distance records and the 264 best times ever on the men's 1000 m were recorded at one of these two venues.[9][10]
Current Adelskalenders
Men
This table is correct as of 30 March 2017.[11] Times in bold are the current world records at that distance. For comparison: the world record big combination (similar to the men's Adelskalender samalog, only for times in one weekend) is 145.742, by Shani Davis.
| Pos | Name | Country | 500 m | 1500 m | 5000 m | 10000 m | Samalog |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Davis, ShaniShani Davis |  United States | 34.78 | 1:41.04 | 6:10.49 | 13:05.94 | 144.806 |
| 2 | Kramer, SvenSven Kramer |  Netherlands | 36.17 | 1:43.54 | 6:03.32 | 12:38.89 | 144.959 |
| 3 | Hedrick, ChadChad Hedrick | United States | 35.52 | 1:42.14 | 6:09.68 | 12:55.11 | 145.289 |
| 4 | BokkoHåvard Bøkko |  Norway | 35.75 | 1:42.67 | 6:09.94 | 12:53.89 | 145.661 |
| 5 | Skobrev, IvanIvan Skobrev |  Russia | 35.90 | 1:42.94 | 6:08.77 | 12:58.36 | 146.008 |
| 6 | Verweij, KoenKoen Verweij | Netherlands | 35.64 | 1:42.28 | 6:09.51 | 13:08.97 | 146.132 |
| 7 | Yuskov, DenisDenis Yuskov | Russia | 35.42 | 1.41.88 | 6.11.79 | 13.12.49 | 146.183 |
| 8 | Blokhuijsen, JanJan Blokhuijsen | Netherlands | 35.59 | 1:43.78 | 6:11.91 | 12:57.58 | 146.253 |
| 9 | Fabris, EnricoEnrico Fabris |  Italy | 35.99 | 1:43.48 | 6:06.06 | 13:10.60 | 146.619 |
| 10 | Hansen, BrianBrian Hansen | United States | 34.87 | 1:42.16 | 6:17.84 | 13:19.60 | 146.678 |
Women
This table is correct as of 30 March 2017.[12] Times in bold are the current world records at that distance. For comparison: the world record small combination (similar to the women's Adelskalender samalog, only for times in one weekend) is 154.580, by Cindy Klassen.
| Pos | Name | Country | 500 m | 1500 m | 3000 m | 5000 m | Samalog |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Klassen, CindyCindy Klassen |  Canada | 37.51 | 1:51.79 | 3:53.34 | 6:48.97 | 154.560 |
| 2 | Sáblíková, MartinaMartina Sáblíková |  Czech Republic | 39.23 | 1:53.44 | 3:55.10 | 6:42.66 | 156.492 |
| 3 | Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst | Netherlands | 38.44 | 1:52.08 | 3:58.01 | 6:54.28 | 156.896 |
| 4 | Friesinger-Postma, AnniAnni Friesinger-Postma |  Germany | 37.77 | 1:53.09 | 3:58.52 | 6:58.39 | 157.058 |
| 5 | Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein | Germany | 38.99 | 1:54.31 | 3:57.35 | 6:46.91 | 157.342 |
| 6 | Groves, KristinaKristina Groves | Canada | 38.75 | 1:53.18 | 3:58.11 | 6:54.55 | 157.616 |
| 7 | ter Mors, JorienJorien ter Mors | Netherlands | 37.39 | 1:53.51 | 4:02.23 | 7:06.79 | 158.276 |
| 8 | Nesbitt, ChristineChristine Nesbitt | Canada | 37.59 | 1:52.75 | 4:03.44 | 7:07.15 | 158.461 |
| 9 | Anschütz-Thoms, DanielaDaniela Anschütz-Thoms | Germany | 39.38 | 1:53.80 | 3:58.07 | 6:56.15 | 158.606 |
| 10 | Richardson-Bergsma, HeatherHeather Richardson-Bergsma | United States | 36.90 | 1:50.85 | 4:05.00 | 7:20.27 | 158.710 |
References
- 1 2 Gerard H. Kuper & Elmer Sterken, Endurance in speed skating: The development of world records, European Journal of Operational Research 148 (2) 293-301 (published 16 July 2003).
- ↑ Stenlund, Evert. "Evolution of Adelskalendern 1 July 1899 - 1 July 1909".
- ↑ Stenlund, Evert. "Evolution of Adelskalendern 1 July 1919 - 1 July 1929".
- ↑ Stenlund, Evert. "Evolution of Adelskalendern 1 July 1949 - 1 July 1959".
- 1 2 Stenlund, Evert. "Evolution of Adelskalendern 1 July 1969 - 1 July 1979".
- ↑ Stenlund, Evert. "Evolution of Adelskalendern 1 July 1999 - 1 July 2004".
- ↑ Van Ingen Schenau, De Boer & De Groot, Biomechanics of speed skating, in Biomechanics of Sport, Christopher L. Vaughan editor, Informa Health Care, 1989, ISBN 0-8493-6820-0, p. 141.
- ↑ T. B. Hansen, Another Revolution Archived December 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., from a series of articles on the history of speed skating records, in The Racing Blade.
- ↑ "Current world records Men". SpeedSkatingStats.com. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
- ↑ Evert Stenlund, All Time best performances
- ↑ Evert Stenlund, Current rankings in the men's Adelskalender
- ↑ Evert Stenlund, Current rankings in the women's Adelskalender