Adelle Davis

Adelle Davis

circa 1925
Born Daisie Adelle Davis
(1904-02-25)February 25, 1904
Lizton, Indiana, United States
Died May 31, 1974(1974-05-31) (aged 70)
Los Angeles, California
Occupation Nutritionist, author
Known for Let's Cook it Right (1947); Let's Have Healthy Children (1951, 1972); Let's Eat Right to Keep Fit (1954, 1970); Let's Get Well (1965)
Website The Adelle Davis Foundation

Adelle Davis (25 February 1904 – 31 May 1974), was an American author and nutritionist, considered "the most famous nutritionist in the early to mid-20th century."[1] She was as an advocate for improved health through better nutrition. She wrote an early textbook on nutrition in 1942, followed by four best-selling books for consumers which praised the value of natural foods and criticized the diet of the average American. Her books sold over 10 million copies and helped shape America's eating habits.

Despite her popularity, she was heavily criticized by her peers for many recommendations she made that were not supported by the scientific literature, some of which were considered dangerous.

Early years and education

Adelle Davis was born on February 25, 1904, on a small-town farm near Lizton, Indiana.[2] She was the youngest of five daughters of Charles Eugene Davis and Harriette (McBroom) Davis.[2]

When she was ten days old, her mother was paralyzed from a stroke and died seventeen months later.[2] Because bottle feeding was then unknown, Davis had to be fed with an eye-dropper, and later felt her interest in nutrition was due to the deprivation of oral feeding she lacked during her infancy.[2] Early in her career she treated every patient as if they were herself. "Every patient was me, and was mother, trying to get him healthy. I spent all my time making up for the mother I didn't have."[3]

She was raised with her sisters on the family's farm by her father and an elderly aunt, where among her duties were pitching hay, plowing corn, and milking cows.[2] She rode seven miles in a horse and buggy to attend school, where she graduated in 1923 with thirteen other students.[2] From age ten to eighteen, she was also an active member of the 4-H Club, an organization which helped youths reach their fullest potential.[2] During her time with the club she won numerous ribbons for her breads, canned fruits and vegetables, which she had entered at state and county fairs.[2]

She enrolled at Purdue University in Lafayette, Indiana where she stayed from 1923 to 1925, majoring in home economics.[4] To help pay for college costs she worked at various jobs, and played tennis in her free time.[2] During the summers she stayed active with the 4-H Club as a club leader.[2] After two years at Purdue she transferred to the University of California at Berkeley, where she graduated in 1927 with a degree in dietetics.[2][5] Berkeley had set up the first department of nutrition in America in 1912.[6]

After receiving further dietetic training at Bellevue and Fordham Hospitals in New York City from 1927 to 1928, she supervised nutrition for Yonkers Public Schools and consulted as a nutritionist for New York obstetricians.[5] In 1928 she also worked as a nutritionist at the Judson Health Center in Manhattan. After working at hospitals where she set up diets for patients, she decided to not take on any more hospital assignments as she wanted to work more closely with each individual patient.[2] In the fall of 1928 she enrolled in postgraduate studies at Teachers College, Columbia University[7] and then took some time off to travel around Europe.[2]

After returning from Europe, Davis moved to Oakland, California in 1931 and worked as a consulting nutritionist for doctors at the Alameda County Health Clinic.[2] Two years later she moved to Los Angeles to do consulting at a medical clinic in Hollywood.[2] She also enrolled at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles where she earned a master of science degree in biochemistry,[5]

To help her spread nutrition information to the public she took a writing course and began writing pamphlets and books.[2] She continued seeing patients referred to her by physicians,[2] and by the end of her career she had helped approximately 20,000 referred patients.[7]

Career as nutritionist and author

After writing a promotional pamphlet for a milk company in 1932, she wrote two non-published treatises: Optimum Health (1935) and You Can Stay Well (1939). In 1942 Davis wrote a 524-page, forty-one chapter nutrition textbook for Macmillan, Vitality Through Planned Nutrition. But she received public acclaim with her subsequent books written for the general public: Let's Cook it Right (1947); Let's Have Healthy Children (1951); Let's Eat Right to Keep Fit (1954); and Let's Get Well (1965).[5][8] By 1974, when she died, her books had sold over 10 million copies.[9]

Davis wrote her consumer books over a 40-year career, revising some in the 1970s. She saw herself as an "interpreter," not merely a researcher. "I think of myself as a newspaper reporter, who goes out to libraries and gathers information from hundreds of journals, which most people can't understand, and I write it so that people can understand." She reviews scientific literature in the biochemical libraries at U.C.L.A., for instance. Her references for Let's Get Well totaled almost 2,500, many from cases during her nutrition practice, and she was upset when the publisher of Let's Have Healthy Children eliminated the 2,000 references from the 1972 revision, says author Daniel Yergin.[3]

Her first, Let's Cook it Right (1947), was an effort to update and improve on the popular guide, The Joy of Cooking (1931), by including scientific facts about nutrition.[2] Besides giving various new recipes, she instructs the housewife in how to enrich recipes with nutritious ingredients such as powdered milk and wheat germ, and tells how to best preserve flavors and nutrients when cooking.[2]

This book like her later ones were aimed at educating readers. She preached the benefits of whole grains and breads, fresh vegetables, vitamin supplements, limits on sugar, and avoidance of packaged and processed foods.

The book was well received and she went on to publish Let's Have Healthy Children (1951; revised in 1972 and 1981), which drew on her own experiences of working with obstetricians and conducting her own research.[2] The book gives nutrition advice for pregnant women as well as for infants and young children, including her explaining the benefits of breast feeding and when to introduce solid foods.[2]

She denounces prepared baby foods due to their high concentrations of additives and pesticide residue, which made her opinions controversial among doctors.[10] In the book she also criticizes obstetricians and pediatricians for being ignorant about nutrition, which leads them to prescribe harmful diets for the both the mother and her child. She said that "the chapter on canned foods will make your hair stand on end."[10]

She argued that women who did not eat well during pregnancy were more likely to suffer from numerous medical problems and that their infants would carry emotional scars through life, such as hearing defects, eye abnormalities, rickets and anemia, and would do poorly in school. And that such mothers were settling for mediocre children when they could have superior ones.[11]

Her third book was Let's Eat Right to Keep Fit (1954; updated 1970), which was written as a basic primer on nutrition for the layman. In it she includes numerous documented case histories from her practice and from footnoted medical journals.[2] She explains the functions and food sources of over forty nutrients considered essential to human health, including vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, and proteins.[2]

She also used the book to describe in detail her belief that most Americans inflicted harm on themselves with their typical diets, which was excessively high in salt, refined sugars, pesticides, growth hormones, preservatives and other additives, and thereby "devitalized" of its essential nutrients by the excessive processing. As a result, she says countless adults and most children in the U.S. "have never once had a mouthful of genuinely wholesome food."[2] She recognizes that wholesome foods are difficult to obtain in supermarkets, which is one of the reasons she recommends vitamin supplements.[2]

Although she was not a vegetarian, and ate moderate amounts of pork, veal and fish, she did not shy away from stating that "The great American Hamburger has done tremendous harm to health," and added that "for the great American charcoal-broiled steak, I wouldn't go across the street for one." She explained that beef is fattened with synthetic female hormones which "adds water weight, not protein weight." Besides believing it contributed to cancer, she said it also harmed men's virility: "I'm amazed there are any functioning males in this country of steak eaters."[10]

Some reviews of the book were highly critical, one reviewer saying it was "replete with misinformation" and an example of books which promotes "food fads and cults rather than soundly established nutrition information and practice.[12] Another stated that Davis indulges in amateur diagnosis which is both unconvincing and dangerous ... which cannot be recommended because of its inaccuracies and the over-dramatic manner in which the material is presented."[13]

Let's Get Well (1965) was her final book, in which she tries to convince the reader that before most diseases develop there were likely nutritional deficiencies that people were not aware of. In the book she discusses nutritional therapy for hundreds of ailments, including heart disease, high cholesterol, ulcers, diabetes, and arthritis, and often contradicts the dietary advice given by many physicians. The book is documented with over 2,000 footnoted references to studies reported in medical journals and books.[2]

Social concerns about nutrition

Davis believed many of America's dietary problems were due to most doctors not being well informed about nutrition. She believed few medical schools offered nutrition courses and physicians had little time to read the hundreds of medical journals published to keep up with new findings.[2]

Davis criticized the food industry of helping promote bad eating habits with misleading advertising. "It's just propaganda," she said, "that the American diet is the best in the world. Commercial people have been telling us those lies for years."[10] In a television interview she said that a "great deal of sickness is caused by refined foods." She states that "We are literally at the mercy of the unethical refined food industry, who take all the vitamins and minerals out of food."[4]

She was also worried about the welfare of society in general, warning in 1973 that "nutrition consciousness had better grow or we're going under...We're watching the fall of Rome right now, very definitely, because Americans are getting more than half their calories from food with no nutrients. People are exhausted."[3] In her opinion, says Yergin, "entire civilizations rise and fall on their diets."[3] She feels that one of the reasons Germany easily defeated France in World War II was due to the Germans' healthier diets. "Ominously, she warns that the Russians eat much less of the illness‐breeding refined foods than do Americans."[3]

Public appearances

Davis gained further from speaking on the lecture circuit on college campuses as well as in Latin America and Europe, and eventually became sought after for guest appearances on television talk show programs.

Modern influence and critics

Davis wrote a series of four books, starting with a cookbook in 1947, that ultimately sold over 10 million copies in total. Although her ideas were considered somewhat eccentric in the 1940s and 1950s, the change in culture with the 1960s brought her ideas, especially her anti-food processing and food industry charges, into the mainstream in a time when anti-authority sentiment was growing.[14] One historian describes Davis as the "most widely read nutritionist of the postwar decades ...[and] helped to shape Americans' eating habits, their child-feeding practices, their views about the quality of their food supply, and their beliefs about the impact of nutrition on their emotional and physical health."[15]

Physician Robert C. Atkins, who promoted the Atkins diet, said Davis' books had contributed to his own pursuit of nutrition in medicine.[16]

Davis also contributed to, as well as benefited from, the rise of a nutritional and health food movement that began in the 1950s, which focused on subjects such as pesticide residues and food additives,[5] a movement her critics would come to term food faddism.[17] During the 1960s and 1970s, her popularity continued to grow, as she was featured in multiple media reports, variously described as an "oracle" by The New York Times, "high priestess" by Life and was compared to Ralph Nader, the popular consumer activist, by the Associated Press. Her celebrity was demonstrated by her repeated guest appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, as she became the most popular and influential nutritionist in the country.[14]

A significant part of Davis' appeal came from her credentials, including her university training, and her apparent application of scientific studies and principles to her writing, with one book totaling over 2100 footnotes and citations.[14] Some of her nutritional ideas such as the need for exercise, the dangers of vitamin deficiencies[5] as well as the need to avoid hydrogenated fat, saturated fat and excess sugar consumption remain relevant even to modern nutritionists.[14] U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy commended her views in 1998 as well, in remarks meant to support a law protecting free speech on food safety from the threat of lawsuits.[18]

Although she was very popular with the public in general in the 1970s, none of her books were recommended by any significant nutritional professional society of the time. Independent review of the superficially impressive large number of citations to the scientific literature in her books found that the citations often either misquoted the scientific literature or were contradicted by or unsupported by the proposed citation, and that errors in the book averaged at least one per page.[19] One review noted that only 30 of 170 citations in a sample taken from one chapter accurately supported the assertions in her book.[14] Additionally, the 1969 White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health labelled her probably the single most harmful source of false nutritional information.[5][20]

A nutritionist in a literature review said that her works were "at best a half truth" or led to "ridiculous conclusions."[17] Nutritionists disputed her view that alcoholism, crime, suicide, and divorce were a byproduct of poor diet.[14][10]

Her recommendation for vitamin A supplements in a few instances led to lawsuits claiming they caused some children harm, although the cases were not decided and settled out of court. She was sued another time by claiming she gave incorrect advice, but that case never was went to court and was also settled privately. None of those cases actually proved that her recommendations were wrong or had caused the alleged harm, however.[21][14][22]

Personal life

In October 1943, Davis married George Edward Leisey, and adopted his two children, George and Barbara, though she never had children of her own.[14] She divorced George Leisey in 1953 and married a retired accountant and lawyer named Frank Sieglinger in 1960.[5]

In 1973 she was diagnosed with multiple myeloma and later died of the same disease in 1974 in her home at the age of seventy.[5] She attributed her getting cancer to her early years in college where she ate junk food before learning about its negative effects on health and a number of x-rays she underwent. Before her death she stated, "In my opinion there is no question whatsoever that the terrific amount of cancer we have now is related to the inadequacies of our American diet."[23]

Honors and awards

Publications

Books on nutrition:

Other publications:

References

  1. ↑ Bissonnette, David. It’s All about Nutrition: Saving the Health of Americans, Univ. Press of America (2013) p. 150
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Moritz, Charles, ed. Current Biography Yearbook: 1973, The H. W. Wilson Co. N.Y. (1974) pp. 93-95
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Yergin, Daniel. "Let's Get Adelle Davis Right", New York Times, May 20, 1973
  4. 1 2 TV interview with Adelle Davis, Associated Press
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sicherman, Barbara, ed. Notable American Women: The Modern Period : a Biographical Dictionary, Harvard Univ. Press (1980) pp. 179-180
  6. ↑ Shurtleff, William. Origin and Early History of Peanut Butter (1884-2015), Soyinfo Center (2015) p. 91
  7. 1 2 "Two Readers Credit Adelle Davis for Their Good Health", The Cincinnati Enquirer, April 5, 1972
  8. ↑ Smith, Andrew. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Volume 2, Oxford Univ. Press (2012) pp. 607-608
  9. ↑ Zoumbaris, Sharon. Nutrition, ABC-CLIO textbook (2009) p. 9
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Howard, Jane. "Earth Mother to the Foodists", Life magazine, Oct. 22, 1971 pp. 67-70
  11. ↑ Iacovetta, Franca. Edible Histories, Cultural Politics: Towards a Canadian Food History, Univ. of Toronto Press (2012) ebook
  12. ↑ Shank RE. Let’s "Eat Right to Keep Fit" American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health 1955;45(9):1176.
  13. ↑ "Let’s Eat Right to Keep Fit" California Medicine 1955;82(3):207-208.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hurley, Dan (2006). Natural causes: death, lies, and politics in America's vitamin and herbal supplement industry. Random House. ISBN 978-0-7679-2636-2.
  15. ↑ Carstairs, Catherine. "'Our Sickness Record Is a National Disgrace': Adelle Davis, Nutritional Determinism, and the Anxious 1970s", J Hist Med Allied Sci (2014) 69 (3): 461-491
  16. ↑ Atkins, Robert C. Dr. Atkins' Vita-nutrient Solution: Nature's Answers to Drugs, Simon & Schuster (1998) p. 26
  17. 1 2 McBean LD, Speckmann EW (October 1974). "Food faddism: a challenge to nutritionists and dietitians". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 27 (10): 1071–8. PMID 4417113.
  18. ↑ Leahy, Patrick (April 29, 1998). "Statement of Senator Patrick Leahy on The First Amendment and Food Safety". Center for Science in the Public Interest. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  19. ↑ Rynearson EH (July 1974). "Americans love hogwash". Nutr. Rev. 32: suppl 1:1–14. PMID 4367657.
  20. ↑ Stephen Barrett, M.D. (October 13, 2006). "The Legacy of Adelle Davis". Quackwatch. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  21. ↑ Herbert V (April 1982). "Legal aspects of specious dietary claims". Bull N Y Acad Med. 58 (3): 242–53. PMC 1805329 Freely accessible. PMID 6956409.
  22. ↑ Shils, Maurice (1999). Modern nutrition in health and disease. Williams & Wilkins. p. 1797. ISBN 0-7817-4133-5.
  23. ↑ "Nutrition Advocate Dies at 70", Lebanon Daily News (Pennsylvania), June 1, 1974
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