Samantabhadra (Jain monk)

Acharya Samantabhadra
Religion	Jainism
Sect	Digambara
Personal
Born	2nd century CE
Works	Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra, Āpta-mīmāṁsā, Jinaśatakam

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Samantabhadra was a Digambara acharya (head of the monastic order) who lived about the later part of the second century CE^[1][2] He was a proponent of the Jaina doctrine of Anekantavada. The Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra is the most popular work of Samantabhadra. Samantabhadra lived after Umaswami but before Pujyapada.

Life

Samantabhadra is said to have lived from 150 CE to 250 CE. He was from southern India during the time of Chola dynasty. He was a poet, logician, eulogist and an accomplished linguist.^[3] He is credited with spreading Jainism in southern India.^[4]

Samantabhadra, in his early stage of asceticism, was attacked with a disease known as bhasmaka (the condition of insatiable hunger).^[5] As, digambara monks don't eat more than once in a day, he endured great pain. Ultimately, he sought the permission of his preceptor to undertake the vow of Sallekhana.^[6] The preceptor denied the permission and asked him to leave monasticism and get the disease cured.^[5] After getting cured he again joined the monastic order and became a great Jain Acharya.^[7]

Thought

Samantabhadra affirmed Kundakunda's theory of the two nayas - vyavahāranaya (‘mundane') and niścayanaya (ultimate, omniscient). He argued however that the mundane view is not false, but is only a relative form of knowledge mediated by language and concepts, while the ultimate view is an immediate form of direct knowledge.^[8] Samantabhadra also developed further the Jain theory of syādvāda.

Works

English translation of the Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra (1917) by Champat Rai Jain

Jain texts authored by Acharya Samantabhadra are:^[9]

• Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra^[10] (150 verses)- The Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra discusses the conduct of a Śrāvaka (Jain laity) in detail.^[4]
• Gandhahastimahabhasya, a monumental commentary on the Tattvartha Sutra. The Gandhahaslimahahhasya, with the exception of its Manglacharana (salutation to the deity), is extant now.^[11] The Manglacharana is known as the 'Devagama stotra' or Āpta-mīmāṁsā.^[4][12]
• Āpta-mīmāṁsā- A treatise of 114 verses, it discusses the Jaina concept of omniscience and the attributes of the Omniscient.^[4][13]
• Svayambhustotra- An adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankaras^[14] - 143 verses^[4]
• Yuktyanusasana- Sixty-four verses in praise of Tirthankara Vardhamāna Mahāvīra^[4]
• Jinasatakam (Stutividyā)^[15](116 verses)- Poetical work written in Sanskrit in praise of twenty-four Jinas.^[16]
• Tattvanusasana
• Vijayadhavala tika

Praise

Jinasena, in his celebrated work, Ādi purāṇa praises the Samantabhadra as^[17]

References

Sources

• Ghoshal, Saratchandra (2002), Āpta-mīmāṁsā of Āchārya Samantabhadra, ISBN 9788126307241 
• Jain, Vijay K. (2015), Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-7-6,  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. 
• Jain, Gokulchandra (2015), Samantabhadrabhāratī (1st ed.), Budhānā, Muzaffarnagar (U.P.): Achārya Shāntisāgar Chani Smriti Granthmala, ISBN 978-81-90468879 
• Jain, Champat Rai (1917), The Ratna Karanda Sravakachara, The Central Jaina Publishing House,  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. 
• Long, Jeffery D. (2009), Jainism: An Introduction, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1-84511-625-5 
• Shah, Natubhai (2004) [First published in 1998], Jainism: The World of Conquerors, I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1938-1