Eastern spinebill

Eastern spinebill
male
female
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Meliphagidae
Genus: Acanthorhynchus
Species: A. tenuirostris
Binomial name
Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris
(Latham, 1801)
Subspecies

Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris cairnsensis
Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris dubius
Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris halmaturinus
Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris tenuirostris

The eastern spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris) is a species of honeyeater found in south-eastern Australia in forest and woodland areas, as well as gardens in urban areas of Canberra, Sydney and Melbourne. It is around 15 cm long, and has a distinctive black, white and chestnut plumage, a red eye, and a long downcurved bill.

Taxonomy

Originally described as Certhia tenuirostris by the English ornithologist John Latham in 1801,[2] it is a member of the small genus Acanthorhynchus with one other, the western spinebill of Western Australia. The generic name is derived from the Greek translation of its common name, namely acantho-/ακανθο- "spine" and rhynchos/ρυνχος "bill".[3] Its specific name is from Latin tenuis "narrow" and rostrum "billed". Other English names include spine-billed honeyeater and awl-bird or cobbler’s awl bird. [4] The eastern spinebill is polytypic consisting of the subspecies A. t. cairnsensis, A. t. dubius, A. t. halmaturinus, and the nominate subspecies A. t. tenuirostris.[4]

The eastern spinebill forms a superspecies with the closely related western spinebill.[5] Scientists believe the two sister species are descended from a shared ancestor whose once widespread populations were separated by climate change. During a past period of desertification, that ancestor species retreated to refuges in the south western and south eastern corners of the continent, and evolved into the two present-day spinebill species.[6] Recent DNA studies have shown that the two spinebills belong to a clade which is a sister taxon to all other honeyeaters.[7]

Description

The male eastern spinebill is 13–16 cm (5–6.5 in) long, and has a long thin downcurved black bill with a black head, white throat with a reddish patch and red iris. It has a brownish-red nape, a grey brown back and pale cinnamon underparts. The dark tail is tipped with white laterally. Females and juveniles are smaller and duller. The call is a rapid piping.[8]

Distribution and habitat

Eastern spinebills are found in dry sclerophyll forest, scrub and heathland from the Cooktown area in North Queensland south through New South Wales east of the Great Dividing Range, through Victoria and into the Flinders Ranges in eastern South Australia as well as throughout Tasmania. Adaptable, they can be found in urban gardens with sufficient vegetation to act as cover and a food source.

Reproduction

Breeding season is from August to December, with one or two broods raised. The nest is a deep cup-shaped structure of grass and bark lined with feathers, generally in the fork of a small bushy tree or shrub. The clutch is one to four, with two being the average, pinkish eggs with dark reddish brown blotches and spots 17 x 13 mm in size.[9] The female incubates the eggs for 13 to 16 days before hatching. Both parents feed the chicks and remove the faecal sacs from the nest.

Diet

The eastern spinebill feeds on nectar from many plants, including the blooms of gum trees, mistletoes Amyema spp., Epacris longiflora,[10] Epacris impressa (common heath), Correa reflexa, and various members of the Proteaceae such as Banksia ericifolia,[11] Banksia integrifolia, Lambertia formosa and Grevillea speciosa, as well as small insects and other invertebrates. A 1982 study in the New England National Park in north-eastern New South Wales found that there was a large influx of birds coinciding with the start of flowering of Banksia spinulosa there.[10] They have been known to feed from exotic plants such as fuchsias.[12]

During periods of abundant flowering there may be periods of low nectar production, and it appears that the eastern spinebill responds to these periodic shortages by storing fat during periods of high nectar production, increasing the amount of time spent feeding, or dropping its day-time metabolic rate to night-time levels.[13]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Latham, John (1801). Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae (in Latin). London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. xxxvi.
  3. ↑ Liddell, Henry George & Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
  4. 1 2 Higgins, Peter & Steele 2001, p. 1104.
  5. ↑ Schodde, Richard; Mason, I. J. (1999). Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO. ISBN 978-0-643-10293-4.
  6. ↑ Newton, Ian (2003). Speciation and Biogeography of Birds. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 341–342. ISBN 978-0-08-092499-1.
  7. ↑ Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
  8. ↑ Simpson K, Day N, Trusler P (1993). Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Ringwood, Victoria: Viking O'Neil. p. 392. ISBN 0-670-90478-3.
  9. ↑ Beruldsen, Gordon (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Queensland: self. p. 327. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.
  10. 1 2 Ford, Hugh A.; Pursey, J.F. (1991). "Status and feeding of the Eastern Spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris at the New England National Park, North-eastern NSW". Emu. CSIRO. 82 (4): 203–211. ISSN 0158-4197. doi:10.1071/MU9820203.
  11. ↑ Paton, D.C.; V. Turner (1985). "Pollination of Banksia ericifolia Smith: Birds, mammals and insects as pollen vectors". Australian Journal of Botany. 33 (3): 271–286. doi:10.1071/BT9850271.
  12. ↑ Australian Museum (2006). "Bird Finder – Eastern Spinebill". Birds in Backyards. Australian Museum. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
  13. ↑ Ford, Hugh A. (1991). "Coping With an Erratic Nectar Source: Eastern Spinebills Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris at New England National Park". Emu. CSIRO. 91 (1): 53–56. ISSN 0158-4197. doi:10.1071/MU9910053.

Bibliography

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