A. J. Muste

The Reverend A. J. Muste
A. J. Muste, 1931
Born	Abraham Johannes Muste January 8, 1885 Zierikzee, Netherlands
Died	February 11, 1967 (aged 82) New York City, NY
Spouse(s)	Anna Huizenga
Children	3 children
Theological work
Main interests	Pacifism, labor, social justice organizing

Abraham Johannes "A.J." Muste (/ˈmʌstiː/ MUSS-tee; 1885–1967) was a Dutch-born American clergyman and political activist. Muste is best remembered for his work in the labor movement, pacifist movement, anti-war movement, and the Civil Rights Movement.

Biography

Early years

Abraham Johannes Muste was born January 8, 1885, in the small port city of Zierikzee, located in the Southwestern province of Zeeland in the Netherlands. Muste's father, Martin Muste, was a coachman who drove for a family that was part of Zeeland's hereditary nobility.^[1] With his economic prospects limited in the Netherlands, Martin Muste decided to follow four of his wife Adriana's brothers to emigration in America, making the cross-Atlantic trip as Third Class passengers in January 1891.^[2]

Muste's mother became ill aboard ship and remained hospitalized for a month at Ellis Island following the family's arrival.^[3] Upon her recovery, the family headed west for Grand Rapids, Michigan, where Adriana's four brothers worked at in a variety of small business pursuits.^[2]

The family attended services at the Grand Rapids Dutch Reformed Church, a Calvinist congregation in which religious services were conducted in the Dutch language and its very existence was testimony to the number of Dutch immigrants who made their way to the area.^[4] Dancing was prohibited by the church as a form of sinfulness, as was the singing of secular music and the viewing of performances in the dramatic theatre.^[5]

Members of the denomination tended to be of working class economic origins, as was the case with most Dutch people in the area, who were regarded as a source of cheap labor in the years before World War I by the longer-established English-speaking population.^[6] Muste later recalled of his fellow Reformed Dutch Church members that they were "all Republicans and would no more have voted for a Democrat than turned horse thief."^[7]

Along with the rest of his family, A.J. became a naturalized American citizen in 1896.^[8] He was just 11 years old at the time of his naturalization.

Education and pastoral career

Muste attended Hope College in Holland, Michigan, located just west of Grand Rapids on the coast of Lake Michigan. He graduated in 1905 with a Bachelor's degree at the age of 20.^[9] At Hope College, Muste was class valedictorian, captain of the school's basketball team, and played second base for the baseball squad.^[9]

Following graduation, Muste taught Latin and Greek for the 1905-06 academic year at Northwestern Classical Academy (now Northwestern College) in Orange City, Iowa.^[9]

In the fall of 1906, Muste went East to the Theological Seminary of the Dutch Reformed Church, today known as the New Brunswick Theological Seminary, located in New Brunswick, New Jersey. While in New Brunswick, Muste took courses in philosophy at New York University and Columbia University, attending lectures by William James and meeting John Dewey, who became a personal friend.^[10] While he remained in training to become a minister of the Reformed Church, retrospectively it seems that Muste began to first question the church's fundamental principles at this time.^[10]

He graduated from that institution in June 1909, and was married shortly thereafter to his sweetheart from his Hope College days, Anna Huizenga.^[11] Upon his graduation, Muste was appointed pastor of the Ft. Washington Collegiate Church in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan.^[10] During his spare time, Muste availed himself of his parish's proximity to the theologically liberal Union Theological Seminary, taking additional courses there.^[10] Muste ultimately received a Bachelor of Divinity degree from Union in 1913, graduating from the institution magna cum laude.^[12]

Muste was influenced by the prevalent theology of the social gospel, and began to read the written ideas of various radical thinkers of the day, going so far as to vote for Socialist candidate Eugene V. Debs for President of the United States in 1912.^[13] Muste would later claim that he never again voted for a Republican or Democrat for a major national or state office.^[14]

Muste remained as pastor of the Fort Washington Collegiate Church on Washington Heights until 1914 when he left the Reformed Church because he no longer ascribed to the Westminster Confession of Faithtthe set of fundamental principles of the denomination.

Thereafter, Muste became an independent Congregationalist minister, accepting a pastorate at the Central Congregational Church of Newtonville, Massachusetts, in February 1915.

A committed pacifist, Muste joined the Fellowship of Reconciliation shortly after its founding in 1916.^[8] Muste participated in a peace demonstration late in the summer of 1916, with American entry into the European war looming and some parishioners began to withdraw from Muste's congregation.^[15] Pressure began to build further over Muste's pacifist views in April 1917 when the United States formally declared war on the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires. After taking two months of vacation leave during the summer of 1917, Muste decided that the time had come to leave, and in December 1917, he formally resigned his pastorate position.^[16]

Following his resignation, Muste did volunteer work for Boston chapter of the newly established Civil Liberties Bureau, a legal-aid organization which defended both political and pacifist war resisters.^[17]

Later in 1918, Muste moved to Providence, Rhode Island, where he was enrolled as a Quaker minister.^[17] Muste received use of a home and money for expenses in exchange for pastoral services.^[17] An array of political publications were kept in a large room in the basement of the Providence Meeting House and each Saturday, pacifists, radicals, and an eclectic mix of individuals gathered there to discuss issues of concern.^[17]

1919 Lawrence Textile Strike

Muste began to become involved in trade union activity in 1919, when he took an active part as a leader of a 16-week-long textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts.^[18] Workers in the mills worked an average of 54 hours a week at an average rate of just over 20 cents per hour and were threatened with a loss of income through an uncompensated cut of working hours.^[19] A demand grew among the millworkers for full 54 hours pay for the new 48-hour working week.^[19]

The workers, many of whom were new immigrants who spoke English poorly or not at all, were without effective leadership through which to express their demands, however.^[20] When dissident workers walked off the job in February 1919, only to be met by the use of police truncheons against their pickets, Muste and two other radical ministers with whom he had formed a close friendship became involved.^[21] Muste spoke to assembled workers, assured them that he would lend whatever help he could in raising money for the relief of strikers and their families, and was soon invited to become executive secretary of the ad hoc strike committee established by the still unorganized workers.^[21] Muste became the spokesman for some 30,000 striking workers, hailing from more than 20 countries.^[21] Muste was himself pulled from the picket line as a strike leader, isolated, and clubbed by police, who eventually deposited him in a wagon and hauled him to jail when he could no longer stand.^[22] After a week behind bars, the case against Muste for allegedly disturbing the peace was dismissed; the strike continued without interruption, despite the jailing of Muste and more than 100 strikers.^[23]

While police anticipated a further escalation of strike violence, going so far as to place machine guns in critical places along Lawrence's principal streets, Muste and the strike committee elected to make use of nonviolence.^[24] Instead of attempting to fight force with force, Muste instead advised the striking textile workers to "smile as we pass the machine guns and the police."^[25] Despite the efforts of agent provocateurs to inspire violence, Muste and the strike committee were able to avoid the outbreak of violence which would have served to discredit the strikers and their objective and give cause for the physical suppression of the labor action.^[24]

The strike was eventually settled after 16 weeks, with both sides nearing exhaustion and willing to compromise. The ultimate agreement called for a shortened work week, a 12 percent hike in hourly and piece wage rates, and recognition of shop grievance committees in all departments.^[26]

Amalgamated Textile Workers of America

Even while the Lawrence Textile Strike was going on, Muste traveled to New York City to attend a convention of trade union activists in the textile industry.^[26] The gathering resulted in the formation of the Amalgamated Textile Workers of America (ATWU).^[26] Based upon his prominence as the head of the Lawrence Textile Strike and shutdown, Muste was elected Secretary of this new union.^[26]

Muste would serve as head of that fledgling union for two years, finally stepping down from the post in 1921.^[18]

Brookwood and the CPLA

Upon leaving the ATWU, Muste became the first chairman of the faculty at Brookwood Labor College in Katonah, New York, where he remained from 1921 to 1933.^[18] During this period Muste cemented his reputation as a recognized leader of the American labor movement.^[18]

In 1929 Muste attempted to organize radical unionists opposed to the passive policies of American Federation of Labor president William Green under the banner of an organization called the Conference for Progressive Labor Action (CPLA).^[18]

Muste also was a member of the League for Independent Political Action (LIPA), a group of liberals and socialists headed by philosopher John Dewey which sought the establishment of a new labor-based third party. Muste resigned his position on the LIPA Executive Committee in December 1930 in protest over Dewey's appeal to U.S. Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska to quit the Republican Party to head the third party movement.^[27] Muste declared that any such movement must start from the bottom up through the action of organized workers if it was to survive and that it was "of the utmost importance to avoid every appearance of seeking messiahs who are to bring down a third party out of the political heavens."^[27]

Party politics

In 1933, Muste's CPLA took the step of establishing itself as the core of a new political organization called the American Workers Party.^[8] This organization was informally referred to as "Musteite" by its contemporaries.^[8]

The AWP then merged with the Trotskyist Communist League of America in 1934 to establish a group called the Workers Party of the United States. Through it all Muste continued to work as a labor activist, leading the victorious Toledo Auto-Lite strike of 1934.^[8]

Return to pacifism

In 1936, Muste resigned from the Workers Party and left socialist politics to return to his roots as a Christian pacifist.^[8] Muste went to work as the director of the Presbyterian Labor Temple in New York City from 1937 to 1940, where he paid special attention to combating Marxism and proclaiming Christianity as revolutionary doctrine.^[28] He also lectured at Union Theological Seminary and Yale Divinity School.^[29]

From 1940 to 1953, he was the executive director of the Fellowship of Reconciliation,^[18] an influential Protestant pacifist organization, where he did antiwar work, advocated nonviolence within the Protestant ecumenical movement, and helped mentor a number of the future leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, including Bayard Rustin. Rustin, a close advisor of Martin Luther King Jr., later claimed that while an advisor to King, he never made a difficult decision without talking about it with Muste first.^[30]

He supported the presidential candidacies of Eugene V. Debs and Robert M. La Follette, Sr., and also had close friendships with John Dewey and Norman Thomas. His support for civil liberties led him to oppose McCarthyism during the Cold War, which led to false accusations that he was a communist. His writings after 1936 are deeply critical of communism.

In 1951, in order to protest the Cold War, he and 48 others filed Thoreau's essay On the Duty of Civil Disobedience instead of their 1040 Forms.^[31]

In 1956, he and David Dellinger founded Liberation, as a forum for the pacifist and anti-war left.^[32]

In 1957, Muste headed a delegation of pacifist and democratic observers to the 16th National Convention of the Communist Party. He was also on the national committee of the War Resisters League (WRL) and received their Peace Award in 1958. Always a creative activist, he led public opposition with Dorothy Day to civil defense activities in New York City during the 1950s and 1960s.

At the end of his life, Muste took a leadership role in the movement against the Vietnam War. According to legend, Muste stood outside the White House every night during the Vietnam War, holding a candle, regardless of whether it was raining or not.^[33] In fact he worked many a day and night during the last two years of his life building a coalition of anti-war groups – including the Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam – that organized massive protests against the war.

In 1966, Muste traveled with members of the Committee for Non-Violent Action to Saigon and Hanoi. He was arrested and deported from South Vietnam, but received a warm welcome in North Vietnam from Ho Chi Minh.

Death and legacy

A.J. Muste died February 11, 1967, at the age of 82. He was remembered by his contemporary, Norman Thomas, as a man who made "remarkable effort to show that pacifism was by no means passivism and that there could be such a thing as a non-violent social revolution."^[34]

The A.J. Muste Memorial Institute was located at the "Peace Pentagon" in New York City, NY, until it was sold in 2016 because of needed expensive structural repairs.^[35] The Institute provides office space for various activist groups, which will now all reside at the new location at 168 Canal Street in Chinatown.^[35] Tenant organizations include the War Resisters League and Socialist Party USA.^[35]

See also

• List of peace activists
• Personalism

Footnotes

Further reading

• Ira Chernus (2004). American Nonviolence: The History of an Idea. Danvers, Mass.: Orbis Books.
• Noam Chomsky, "On the Backgrounds of the Pacific War," Liberation, September–October 1967. —Reprinted as "The Revolutionary Pacifism of A.J. Muste" in American Power and the New Mandarins.
• Danielson, Leila (2015). American Gandhi: A. J. Muste and the History of Radicalism in the Twentieth Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 
• Howlett, Charles F. "A.J. Muste: The 20th Century's Most Famous US Pacifist," Friends Journal, April 2006.
• Kosek, Joseph Kip (2009). Acts of Conscience: Christian Nonviolence and Modern American Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press. 
• Meyers, Jeffrey D., ed. (2016). The Way of Peace: A. J. Muste’s Writings for the Church. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books. 
• Robinson, Jo Ann O. (1981). Abraham Went Out: A Biography of A.J. Muste. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 

Anthology

The following selection of Muste's writings may be found in The Essays of A. J. Muste, edited by Nat Hentoff, The Bobbs-Merrill Company (1967).

• "The Problem of Discontent" (first published in Hope College Anchor, 1903)
• "Pacifism and Class War" (The World Tomorrow, September 1928)
• "Trade Unions and the Revolution" (The New International, August 1935)
• "Return to Pacifism" (The Christian Century, December 2, 1936)
• "Sit-Downs and Lie-Downs" (Fellowship, March 1937)
• "The True International" (The Christian Century, May 24, 1939)
• "The World Task of Pacifism" (published as a Pendle Hill pamphlet, 1941)
• "Where Are We Going?" (published as a Fellowship of Reconciliation pamphlet, 1941)
• "War Is the Enemy" (published as a Pendle Hill pamphlet, 1942)
• "What the Bible Teaches About Freedom" (published as a Fellowship of Reconciliation pamphlet, 1943)
• "Germany—Summer 1947" (Fellowship, October 1947)
• "Theology of Despair" (Fellowship, September 1948)
• "Pacifism and Perfectionism" (Fellowship, March and April 1948)
• "Communism and Civil Liberties" (Fellowship, October 1948)
• "Korea: Spark to Set a World Afire?" (published as a Fellowship of Reconciliation pamphlet, 1950)
• "Of Holy Disobedience" (published as a Pendle Hill pamphlet 1950)
• "Mephistopheles and the Scientists" (Fellowship, July 1954)
• "Getting Rid of War" (Liberation, March 1959)
• "Sketches for an Autobiography: Historical Essays, 1891–1960" (serialized in Liberation, 1957–1960)
• "Africa Against the Bomb" (Liberation, January 1960)
• "Saints for This Age" (published as a Pendle Hill pamphlet, 1962)
• "Rifle Squads or the Beloved Community" (Liberation, May 1964)
• "The Fall of Man" (Liberation, June–July 1964)
• "The Civil Rights Movement and the American Establishment" (Liberation, February 1965)
• "Statement Made on 12/21/65 to the Federal Grand Jury"
• "Crisis in the World and the Peace Movement" (Liberation, June–July 1965)
• "Who Has the Spiritual Atom Bomb?" (Liberation, November 1965)
• "The Movement to Stop the Vietnam War" (Liberation, January 1966)

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to: A. J. Muste

• A.J. Muste Biography at A.J. Muste Memorial Institute, www.ajmuste.org/
• A.J. Muste Internet Archive, Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/
• A.J. Muste, "My Experience in the Labor and Radical Struggles of the Thirties." (mp3 audio) American Archive Pilot Project, Illinois Public Media, WILL. Speech of February 9, 1966. —Original resides in the archives of the University of Illinois.