Reading Abbey

Reading Abbey

The chapter house, from the site of the monks' dormitory
Location within Reading Town Centre
Monastery information
Full name The Abbey of Reading, dedicated to the Virgin and St John the Evangelist
Order Cluniac
Established 18 June 1121
Disestablished 1539
People
Founder(s) Henry I of England
Important associated figures Hugh Cook of Faringdon
Site
Location Reading, Berkshire, England
Coordinates 51°27′22.85″N 0°57′54.31″W / 51.4563472°N 0.9650861°W / 51.4563472; -0.9650861Coordinates: 51°27′22.85″N 0°57′54.31″W / 51.4563472°N 0.9650861°W / 51.4563472; -0.9650861
Visible remains Inner rubble cores of the walls of the major buildings; gateway and hospitium intact
Public access Closed to public during conservation

Reading Abbey is a large, ruined abbey in the centre of the town of Reading, in the English county of Berkshire. It was founded by Henry I in 1121 "for the salvation of my soul, and the souls of King William, my father, and of King William, my brother, and Queen Maud, my wife, and all my ancestors and successors".[1]

Reading Abbey is currently the focus of a major £3 million project called 'Reading Abbey Revealed'. This project is conserving the ruins and Abbey Gateway so that they can be re-opened to the public. Alongside the conservation, new interpretation of the Reading Abbey Quarter will be installed, including a new gallery at Reading Museum, and an extensive activity programme will be organised[2].

Abbey Ward of Reading Borough Council takes its name from Reading Abbey, which lies within its boundaries.

History

The abbey was founded by Henry I in 1121. As part of his endowments, he gave the abbey his lands within Reading, along with land at Cholsey and Leominster. He also arranged for further land in Reading, previously given to Battle Abbey by William the Conqueror, to be transferred to Reading Abbey, in return for some of his land at Appledram in Sussex.[3][4]

Following its royal foundation, the abbey was established by a party of monks from Cluny Abbey in Burgundy, together with monks from the Cluniac priory of St Pancras at Lewes in Sussex. The abbey was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and St John the Evangelist.[5] The first abbot, in 1123, was Hugh of Amiens[6] who became archbishop of Rouen and was buried in Rouen Cathedral.

According to the twelfth century chronicler William of Malmesbury, the abbey was built on a gravel spur "between the rivers Kennet and Thames, on a spot calculated for the reception of almost all who might have occasion to travel to the more populous cities of England". The adjacent rivers provided convenient transport, and the abbey established wharves on the River Kennet. The Kennet also provided power for the abbey water mills, most of which were established on the Holy Brook, a channel of the Kennet of uncertain origin.[1]

Burial of Henry I at Reading Abbey in 1136 painted by Harry Morley (1916)

When Henry I died in Lyons-la-Forêt, Normandy in 1135 his body was returned to Reading, and was buried in the front of the altar of the then incomplete abbey. Other royal persons buried in the abbey include parts of Matilda of Scotland, William of Poitiers, and Constance of York.

Because of its royal patronage, the abbey was one of the pilgrimage centres of medieval England, and one of its richest and most important religious houses, with possessions as far away as Herefordshire and Scotland. The abbey also held over 230 relics including the hand of St James.[7] A shrivelled human hand was found in the ruins during demolition work in 1786 and is now in St Peter's RC Church, Marlow.[8] The song Sumer is icumen in, which was first written down in the abbey about 1240, is the earliest known six part harmony from Britain. The original document is held in the British Library.[9]

Reading Abbey was frequently visited by kings and others, most especially by Henry III who often visited three or four times a year staying several weeks on each visit. It also hosted important state events, including the meeting between Henry II and the Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1185, the weddings of John of Gaunt in 1359 and Edward IV in 1464, and a meeting of Parliament in 1453.[10]

The abbey was largely destroyed in 1538 during Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries. The last abbot, Hugh Cook Faringdon, was subsequently tried and convicted of high treason and hanged, drawn and quartered in front of the Abbey Church. After this, the buildings of the abbey were extensively robbed, with lead, glass and facing stones removed for reuse elsewhere.[1]

Some twenty years after the dissolution, Reading town council created a new town hall by inserting an upper floor into the former refectory of the hospitium of the abbey. The lower floor of this building continued to be used by Reading School, as it had been since 1486. For the next 200 years, the old monastic building continued to serve as Reading's town hall, but by the 18th century it was suffering from structural weakness. Between 1785 and 1786, the old hall was dismantled and replaced on the same site by the first of several phases of building that were to make up today's Reading Town Hall.[11][12]

St James's Church and School was built on a portion of the site of the abbey between 1837 and 1840.[13][14] Its founder was James Wheble, who owned land in the area at that time. Reading Gaol was built in 1844 on the eastern portion of the abbey site, replacing a small county Gaol on the same site. James Wheble sold the rest of his portion of the abbey site to Reading Corporation to create the Forbury Gardens, which were opened in 1861.[15][16][17]

Remains

Ruins

The interior of the ruined chapter house

The inner rubble cores of the walls of many of the major buildings of the abbey still stand. The only parts of the Abbey Church that still exist are fragments of the piers of the central tower, together with parts of transepts, especially the south transept. In a range to the south of this transept are, in order, the remains of the vestry, the chapter house, the infirmary passage and the ground floor of the dorter or monks dormitory and reredorter or toilet block. The best preserved of these ruins are those of the chapter house, which is apsidal and has a triple entrance and three great windows above. To the west of this range, the site of the cloister is laid out as a private garden and to the south is a surviving wall of the refectory. The ruins are Grade I listed.[18][19]

Restoration

Restoration of an arch done in 2004

The ruins have been repaired and maintained in a piecemeal fashion leading to their deterioration.[20] In April 2008, the cloister arch, chapter house and treasury were closed to the public.[21] Repair work began in March 2009 and was expected to take only a few weeks[22] but the entire site was instead closed in May 2009 due to the risk of falling masonry.[23]

In late 2010, Reading Borough Council was reported as estimating that the ruins could cost £3m to repair, but it was also stated that the extent of the damage is yet to be determined. A survey was carried out in October 2010, using three-dimensional scans to build up a detailed view of each elevation, thus helping to identify the extent of the conservation required.[24] In April 2011 plans for an £8m revamp were unveiled, with the aim to create an Abbey Quarter cultural area in Reading.[25] In June 2014 the Council secured initial funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF); more detailed plans for the project, Reading Abbey Revealed, were then developed and submitted to the HLF in September 2015. In October 2014, a temporary scaffold roof, not visible from ground level, was installed on the Gateway to allow the building to dry out until funding for more permanent repairs is secured. The HLF confirmed that the second round application had been successful in December 2015.[26] The HLF is supporting the project with a grant of £1.77 million, with Reading Borough Council match funding of £1.38 million. Work is scheduled to begin in September 2016, and last two years.[27]

Abbey Gateway

The Abbey Gateway from the south. Photographed by Henry Fox Talbot c. 1840–1849.
The Abbey Gateway after the restoration by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1861. Pictured in 2010

The Abbey's Inner Gateway also known as the Abbey Gateway adjoins Reading's crown court and Forbury Gardens. The Inner Gateway is one of only two buildings that survived the dissolution, the other being the Hospitium. The Inner Gateway marked the division between the area open to the public and the section accessible only to monks.[28] The abbot used the gateway as a meeting area.[29] Hugh Cook Faringdon, the last abbot of Reading was hanged, drawn, and quartered outside the Abbey Gateway in 1539.[29]

In the late 18th century, it housed the Abbey School for Girls, which was attended by novelist Jane Austen.[28][30] It was heavily restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott, after a partial collapse during a storm in 1861.[28][30][31] The Abbey Gateway is Grade I listed building.[18][31]

In February 2010 the Gateway was temporarily closed and fencing erected when some of the decorative stonework came loose and fell into the street.[32][33]

Hospitium

The former hospitium

The abbey's hospitium, or dormitory for pilgrims, also survives. Known as the Hospitium of St. John and founded in 1189, the surviving building is the main building of a larger range of buildings that could accommodate 400 people. Much of the remainder of this range of buildings was located where Reading Town Hall now stands.[34]

The abbey school, which was founded in 1125, moved into the hospitium in 1485 as the Royal Grammar School of King Henry VII. The abbey school still survives in the form of Reading School, a state grammar school, albeit in different buildings on a different site.

About 100 years after the abbey school occupied the hospitium, and after the dissolution of the monasteries, Reading town council created a new town hall by inserting an upper floor into the hospitium's refectory, leaving the lower floor to be used by the school. This was the home of the town's administration for about 200 years, but the old refectory building eventually became structurally unsound. Between 1785 and 1786, the refectory building was dismantled and replaced on the same site by the first of several phases of building that were to make up today's Town Hall.[11][12][34]

The main building of the hospitium survived this demolition, and after various other uses, has now been incorporated into an office development, and is occupied by a children's nursery.[34]

Abbey Mill

Abbey Mill across the Holy Brook, beside The Blade

Some remains of the former Abbey Mill still remain alongside the Holy Brook at the south of the abbey site.[35] The mill originally belonged to Reading Abbey, whose monks are believed to have created the Holy Brook as a water supply to this and other mills owned by them. It is situated just to the south of the Abbey.[36]

Hidden Abbey Project

In spring 2014, historian-screenwriter Philippa Langley, MBE, best known for her contribution to the exhumation of Richard III in 2012, together with local historians John and Lindsay Mullaney, put together a complementary effort called the Hidden Abbey Project (HAP). The goal of the HAP was to perform a modern comprehensive study, including a non-invasive analysis of the grounds using ground-penetrating radar (GPR).[37] The first phase of the GPR survey, focusing on the Abbey Church, St. James Church, the Forbury Gardens, and the Reading Gaol car park, began in June 2016. Initial results indicate some potential grave sites behind the high altar in an apse at the east end of the Abbey. There are also some findings probably related to the Abbey's construction, as well as some other potential archaeological targets.[38] News reports seized on the fact that the grave sites were found underneath the Ministry of Justice car park at Reading Gaol. Said the Telegraph:

Britain’s kings appear to be making a habit of this. First it was Richard III, whose bones were found under a car park in Leicester. Now it appears that Henry I may have met a similarly undignified fate.[39]

However, the borough council's press release stated, "The graves are located behind the High Altar in an apse at the east end of the Abbey. They are located east of the area where King Henry I's grave is believed to be. No direct connection between these features and King Henry can be made using these results alone."[38]

Open-air theatre and performance

The ruins of Reading Abbey have a history of live performance. From early impromptu artist-led events, the site has established a history of open-air theatre.

In the late 1980s, the food art and performance collective 'La Grande Bouche' organised a cabaret under marquee in the ruins. The evening offered music and performance acts combined with food, much of which cooked by contributing performers.

In 1994, a large scale performance event 'From the Ruins'[40] was held in the abbey ruins, the finale event for the 'Art in Reading' (AIR) festival, funded in part by Reading Borough Council. This was organised by and featured a large number of artists and performers living or working in Reading,[41] and combined specially created music, dance, paintings, poetry and culminated in a spectacular evening performance involving large scale puppetry and pyrotechnics loosely based upon the history of Reading Abbey from the foundation by Henry I through the rise of the merchant classes to the dissolution and eventual sacking of the Abbey under Henry VIII.

In 1995, the ruined South Transept was used as the setting for the first Abbey Ruins Open Air Shakespeare production by MDM Productions and Progress Theatre in partnership with Reading Borough Council. In 1996, the outdoor production moved to the ruined chapter house and since 1999 has been staged by Progress Theatre in partnership with Reading Borough Council. This annual event expanded to the Reading Abbey Ruins Open Air Festival in 2007. Because of the current access limitations, the 2009 and 2010 festivals could not be held, and the event has since relocated to the gardens of Caversham Court.[42][43]

Abbots

Plaque of Hugh III (Cook, alias Faringdon), the last Abbot
Abbey gateway, by Paul Sandby, 1808, 15 x 18 inches, oil on canvas, in Reading Museum.

As an abbey, Reading was ruled by an abbot. The abbey had 27 abbots between 1123 and 1539.[44][45]

Abbot Years
Hugh I (of Amiens) 1123–1130
Anscher 1130–1135
Edward 1136–1154
Reginald 1154–1158
Roger 1158–1165
William I 1165–1173
Joseph 1173–1186
Hugh II 1186–1199
Helias 1199–1213
Simon 1213–1226
Adam (of Lathbury) 1226–1238
Richard I (of Chichester) 1238–1262
Richard II (of Reading, alias Bannister) 1262–1269
Robert (of Burgate) 1269–1290
Abbot Years
William II (of Sutton) 1290–1305
Nicholas (of Whaplode) 1305–1328
John I (of Appleford) 1328–1342
Henry (of Appleford) 1342–1361
William III (of Dombleton) 1361–1369
John II (of Sutton) 1369–1378
Richard III (of Yately) 1378–1409
Thomas I (Earley) 1409–1430
Thomas II (Henley) 1430–1445
John II (Thorne I) 1446–1486
John III (Thorne II) 1486–1519
Thomas III (Worcester) 1519–1520
Hugh III (Cook, alias Faringdon) 1520–1539

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 The staff of the Trust for Wessex Archeology and Reading Museum and Art Gallery (1983). Reading Abbey Rediscovered: a summary of the Abbey's history and recent archaeological excavations. Trust for Wessex Archeology.
  2. ↑ "About Reading Abbey Quarter". Reading Abbey Quarter. Reading Borough Council. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  3. ↑ Ditchfield, P.H.; Page, William, eds. (1923). "The borough of Reading: The borough". A History of the County of Berkshire. 3. pp. 342–364. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  4. ↑ Kemp, Brian R. (1968). Reading Abbey an introduction to the history of the abbey. Reading: Reading Museum and Art Gallery. p. 13.
  5. ↑ Charles Tomkins, Views of Reading abbey, with those of the churches originally connected with it, 1805
  6. ↑ C. Warren Hollister, Henry I (2001), p. 282-3.
  7. ↑ Ford, David Nash (2001). "Relics from Reading Abbey". Royal Berkshire History. Nash Ford Publishing. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  8. ↑ Ford, David Nash (2001). "History of Reading, Berkshire". Royal Berkshire History. Nash Ford Publishing. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  9. ↑ Ford, David Nash (2001). "Sumer is icumen in memorial, Reading Abbey". Royal Berkshire History. Nash Ford Publishing. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  10. ↑ Slade, Cecil (2001). The Town of Reading and its Abbey. MRM Associates Ltd. pp. 6–7. ISBN 0-9517719-4-9.
  11. 1 2 Phillips, Daphne (1980). The Story of Reading. Countryside Books. p. 42. ISBN 0-905392-07-8.
  12. 1 2 Phillips, Daphne (1980). The Story of Reading. Countryside Books. p. 88. ISBN 0-905392-07-8.
  13. ↑ "Church of St James', Reading". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  14. ↑ "About the Nursery". Forbury Gardens Day Nursery. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  15. ↑ "St James Church – A guide for Visitors" (PDF). St James Church. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
  16. ↑ "HM Prison Service – Reading". United Kingdom Ministry of Justice. 2004. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
  17. ↑ "Forbury Gardens". Reading Borough Council. 2000–2007. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
  18. 1 2 "State of the Environment Report – Chapter 2 – The built environment and landscape" (PDF). Reading Borough Council. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  19. ↑ Ford, David Nash. "Ruins of Reading Abbey". Royal Berkshire History. Nash Ford Publishing. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  20. ↑ Fort, Linda (26 March 2010). "Reading Abbey repair costs 'truly frightening'". getreading.co.uk. Reading Post – S&B media.
  21. ↑ "Paths closed at ruins for repairs". getreading.co.uk. Reading Post – S&B media. 23 April 2008.
  22. ↑ "Repair work starts on ancient ruins". getreading.co.uk. Reading Post – S&B media. 24 March 2009.
  23. ↑ Hewitt, Adam (25 March 2010). "High cost of Abbey Ruins heritage". readingchronicle.co.uk. Berkshire Media Group.
  24. ↑ Midgley, Emma (21 October 2010). "Reading Abbey Ruins to be photographed by surveyors". BBC News. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  25. ↑ "Reading Abbey ruins £8m revamp plans unveiled". BBC News. 4 April 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  26. ↑ "Reading Abbey Quarter - The Vision". Reading Museum. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  27. ↑ "The HLF Project". Reading Museum. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  28. 1 2 3 "The Inner Gateway". The Friends of Reading Abbey. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  29. 1 2 Ford, David Nash. "The Abbey Gateway". Royal Berkshire History. Nash Ford Publishing. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
  30. 1 2 Reading, past and present Stuart Hylton, p.23
  31. 1 2 "Abbey Gate, Reading". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  32. ↑ "Reading's Abbey Gateway shut over safety fears". BBC News. 15 February 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  33. ↑ "Falling stone closes Abbey Gateway". Reading Post. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  34. 1 2 3 Ford, David Nash. "The Hospitium". Royal Berkshire History. Nash Ford Publishing. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
  35. ↑ Ford, David Nash. "The Abbey Mill Arch". Royal Berkshire History. Nash Ford Publishing. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
  36. ↑ Sowen, Adam; Castle, Sally; Hay, Peter (2003). The Holy Brook or The Granators Tale. Two Rivers Press. ISBN 1-901677-34-6.
  37. ↑ Langley, Philippa. "The Hidden Abbey Project". Reading's Hidden Abbey. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  38. 1 2 "A Significant Next Step Towards Revealing King Henry I's Hidden Abbey". Reading Borough Council. 12 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  39. ↑ Sawyer, Patrick (13 September 2016). "Another car park, another King: 'Henry I's remains' found beneath tarmac at Reading Gaol". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  40. ↑ Andrew Lewis. Video of 1994 performance 'From the Ruins', shot on Hi-8, later digitised
  41. ↑ Contributing organisations to From the Ruins as listed in contemporary project documentation in 1994
  42. ↑ "Reading Abbey Ruins Open Air Festival: History". Progress Theatre. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  43. ↑ "About Progress Theatre". Progress Theatre. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  44. ↑ Kemp, Brian R. (1968). Reading Abbey – An Introduction to the History of the Abbey. Reading, Berkshire: Reading Museum and Art Gallery.
  45. ↑ Ford, David Nash (2001). "Abbots of Reading, Berkshire". Royal Berkshire History. Nash Ford Publishing. Retrieved 28 December 2010.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.