Åland Islands

Åland Islands
Coat of arms
Motto: "Islands of Peace"[1]

Location of Åland within Finland
Capital
and largest city		 Mariehamn
60°07′N 019°54′E / 60.117°N 19.900°E / 60.117; 19.900
Official languages Swedish
Demonym
    • Ålandic
    • Ålandish
    • Ålänning
    • Åländare
  • Ahvenanmaalainen
Government Autonomous region of Finland
• Governora
 Peter Lindbäck
• Premier
 Katrin Sjögren
Legislature Lagting
Autonomy
• Act on the Autonomy of Åland
 7 May 1920[2]
• Recognized
 1921b
1 January 1995c
Area
• Total
 1,580[3] km2 (610 sq mi) (unranked)
Population
• 2016 estimate
 29,013
• Density
 18.36/km2 (47.6/sq mi)
GDP (PPP) 2007 estimate
• Total
 $1.563 billion[4]
• Per capita
 $55,829
HDI (2007) 0.967[5]
very high
Currency Euro (€)d (EUR)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
• Summer (DST)
 EEST (UTC+3)
Calling code +358e
ISO 3166 code AX
Internet TLD .axf
  1. The governorship is an administrative post appointed by the Government of Finland and does not have any authority over the autonomous Government of Åland.
  2. Settled by the League of Nations following the Åland crisis.
  3. Åland held a separate referendum and then joined at the same time as the rest of Finland.
  4. Until 1999, the Finnish markka. The Swedish krona (SEK) is also widely used.
  5. Area code 18.
  6. Replacing .aland.fi from August 2006. The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with Finland and the rest of European Union member states.

The Åland Islands or Åland (Swedish: Åland, IPA: [ˈoːland]; Finnish: Ahvenanmaa) is an archipelago at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea belonging to Finland. It is autonomous, demilitarised and is the only monolingually Swedish-speaking region in Finland. It is the smallest region of Finland, constituting 0.49% of its land area and 0.50% of its population.

Åland comprises Fasta Åland on which 90% of the population resides[6] and a further 6,500 skerries and islands to its east.[7] Fasta Åland is separated from the coast of Sweden by 38 kilometres (24 mi) of open water to the west. In the east, the Åland archipelago is contiguous with the Finnish Archipelago Sea. Åland's only land border is located on the uninhabited skerry of Märket, which it shares with Sweden.[8]

Åland's autonomous status means that those provincial powers normally exercised by representatives of the central Finnish government are largely exercised by its own government.

Autonomy

The autonomous status of the islands was affirmed by a decision made by the League of Nations in 1921 following the Åland crisis. It was reaffirmed within the treaty admitting Finland to the European Union. By law, Åland is politically neutral and entirely demilitarised, and residents are exempt from conscription to the Finnish Defence Forces. The islands were granted extensive autonomy by the Parliament of Finland in the Act on the Autonomy of Åland of 1920, which was later replaced by new legislation by the same name in 1951 and 1991. Åland remains exclusively Swedish-speaking by this act.[9]

In connection with Finland's admission to the European Union, a protocol was signed concerning the Åland Islands that stipulates, among other things, that provisions of the European Community Treaty shall not force a change of the existing restrictions for foreigners (i.e., persons who do not enjoy "home region rights" (hembygdsrätt) in Åland) to acquire and hold real property or to provide certain services.[10]

Etymology

Åland's original name was in the Proto-Norse language *Ahvaland which means "Land of Water". In Swedish, this first developed into Áland and eventually into Åland, literally "river land"—even though rivers are not a prominent feature of Åland's geography. The Finnish and Estonian names of the island, Ahvenanmaa and Ahvenamaa ("perch land"), are seen to preserve another form of the old name.[11]

Another theory suggests that the Finnish Ahvenanmaa would be the original name of the archipelago, from which the Swedish Åland derives.[12]

The official name, Landskapet Åland, means "the Region of Åland"; landskap is cognate to English "landscape".

History

Swedish Map of Åland from before 1667 with shipping lanes, harbors, churches and various boundaries marked

Members of the Neolithic Comb Ceramic culture started settling the islands some 7000 years ago, after the islands had begun to re-emerge from the sea after being pushed down by the weight of the continental ice of the latest ice age. Two neolithic cultures met on Åland: Comb Ceramic culture and later Pit-Comb Ware culture which spread from the west.[13]

Stone Age and Bronze Age people found food by hunting seals and birds, fishing, and gathering plants. They also started early agriculture. In the Iron Age contacts to Scandinavia were increasing. From the Viking age there are over 380 documented burial sites and six castle ruins.[13]

In the 1200s, Finland became part of Sweden.[13] The Åland Islands formed part of the territory ceded to Russia by Sweden under the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in September 1809. As a result, they became part of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland.

During this process, Sweden failed to secure a provision that the islands not be fortified. The issue was important not only for Sweden but also for the United Kingdom, which was concerned that a military presence on the islands could threaten Britain's military and commercial interests.

In 1832, Russia started to fortify the islands with the great fortress of Bomarsund. A combined British and French force of warships and marines captured and destroyed the fortress in 1854 as part of the campaign in the Baltic during the Crimean War. The 1856 Treaty of Paris demilitarised the entire Åland archipelago.[14]

During the Finnish Civil War, in 1918, Swedish troops intervened as a peacekeeping force between the Russian troops stationed on the islands and "White" and "Red" Finnish troops who came from Finland over the frozen sea. (Historians point out that Sweden may have in reality planned to occupy the islands.) Within weeks, the Swedish troops gave way to German troops who occupied Åland by request of the "White" (conservative) Senate of Finland.

Åland (blue) with historical and modern provinces of Finland (yellow) juxtaposed.

After 1917 the residents of the islands worked towards having them ceded to Sweden. In 1919 a petition for secession from Finland and integration with Sweden was signed by 96.4% of the voters on the islands, with over 95% in favour.[15] Swedish nationalist sentiments had grown strong particularly as a result of the anti-Swedish tendencies in Finland and Finnish nationalism fueled by Finland's struggle to retain its autonomy and resistance against Russification. The conflict between the Swedish-speaking minority and the Finnish-speaking majority on the mainland, prominent in Finnish politics since the 1840s, contributed to the apprehension of the Åland population about its future in Finland.

Finland, however, declined to cede the islands and instead offered them an autonomous status. Nevertheless, the residents did not approve the offer, and the dispute over the islands was submitted to the League of Nations. The latter decided that Finland should retain sovereignty over the province but that the Åland Islands should be made an autonomous territory. Thus Finland was obliged to ensure the residents of the Åland Islands the right to maintain the Swedish language, as well as their own culture and local traditions. At the same time, an international treaty established the neutral status of Åland, prohibiting the placing of military installations or forces on the islands.[16]

The combination of disappointment about insufficient support from Sweden in the League of Nations, Swedish disrespect for Åland's demilitarised status in the 1930s, and some feelings of a shared destiny with Finland during and after World War II has changed the islanders' perception of Åland's relation to Finland from "a Swedish province in Finnish possession" to "an autonomous part of Finland".[17] The islanders enjoyed safety at sea during World War II, as their merchant fleet sailed for both the Allied countries and Germany. Consequently, Åland shipping was not generally attacked as each side rarely knew which cargo was being carried to whom.

Finland marked the 150th anniversary of demilitarisation of the Åland Islands by issuing a high-value commemorative coin, the €5 150th Anniversary of Demilitarisation of Åland Islands commemorative coin, minted in 2006. The obverse depicts a pine tree, very typical in the Åland Islands. The reverse design features a boat's stern and rudder, with a dove perched on the tiller, a symbol of 150 years of peace.

Politics

The Parliament of Åland.
The Åland Islands during the Crimean War. It was here that the Battle of Bomarsund was fought.

The Åland Islands are governed according to the Act on the Autonomy of Åland and international treaties. These laws guarantee the islands' autonomy from Finland, which has ultimate sovereignty over them, as well as a demilitarised status. The Government of Åland, or Landskapsregering, answers to the Parliament of Åland, or Lagting, in accordance with the principles of parliamentarism.[9]

Åland has its own flag, has issued its own postage stamps since 1984,[18] runs its own police force, and is an associate member of the Nordic Council.[19] Since 2005 the Åland Islands also have had their own airline, Air Åland.[20] The islands are demilitarised, and the population is exempt from conscription. Although Åland's autonomy preceded the creation of the regions of Finland, the autonomous government of Åland also has responsibility for the functions undertaken by Finland's regional councils. Åland is a member of the Small European Postal Administration Cooperation. The islands are considered a separate "nation" for amateur radio purposes and have their own callsign prefix granted by Finland, OH0 OF0 and OG0 (last character is zero).[21]

The Åland Islands are guaranteed representation in the Finnish parliament, to which they elect one representative. Åland also has a different system of political parties from the mainland (see List of political parties in Finland).

Homeschooling, which was effectively banned in Sweden in 2011, is allowed by the Finnish government. Due to the islands' proximity to Sweden and because the islands are Swedish speaking, a number of Swedish homeschooling families have moved from the Swedish mainland to Åland, including Jonas Himmelstrand, the chairman of the Swedish association for homeschooling.[22]

Administration

An Åland license plate.

The State Department of Åland represents the Finnish central government and performs many administrative duties. It has a somewhat different function from the other Regional Administrative Agencies, owing to its autonomy. Prior to 2010, the state administration was handled by the Åland State Provincial Office.

Åland has its own postal administration but still uses the Finnish five-digit postal code system, using the number range 22000-22999, with the prefix AX. The lowest numbered postal code is for the capital Mariehamn, AX 22100, and the highest AX 22950 for Jurmo.

Municipalities

Geography

Geographical features and municipalities of the Åland Islands.
Sheep grazing on a small island.

The Åland Islands occupy a position of strategic importance, as they command one of the entrances to the port of Stockholm, as well as the approaches to the Gulf of Bothnia, in addition to being situated near the Gulf of Finland.

The Åland archipelago includes nearly three hundred habitable islands, of which about eighty are inhabited; the remainder are merely some 6,200 skerries and desolate rocks.[7] The archipelago is connected to Åboland archipelago in the east (Finnish: Turunmaan saaristo, Swedish: Åbolands skärgård)—the archipelago adjacent to the southwest coast of Finland. Together they form the Archipelago Sea. To West from Åland is Sea of Åland and to North the Bothnian Sea.

The surface of the islands is generally rocky and the soil thin due to glacial stripping at the end of the most recent ice age.[7] There are several harbours.

The islands' landmass occupies a total area of 1,527 square kilometres (590 sq mi).[23] Ninety percent of the population live on Fasta Åland, which is also the site of the capital town of Mariehamn. Fasta Åland is the largest island in the archipelago. Its area is difficult to estimate due to its irregular shape and coastline, but estimates range from 740 square kilometres[7] to 879 square kilometres[24] to over 1,010 square kilometres, depending on what is included or excluded.

During the Åland crisis, the parties sought support from different maps of the islands. On the Swedish map, the most densely populated main island dominated, and many skerries were left out. On the Finnish map, many smaller islands or skerries were, for technical reasons, given a slightly exaggerated size. The Swedish map made the islands appear to be closer to the mainland of Sweden than to Finland; the Finnish map stressed the continuity of the archipelago between the main island and mainland Finland, while a greater gap appeared between the islands and the archipelago on the Swedish side. One consequence is the often repeated number of "over 6,000" skerries that was given authority by the outcome of the arbitration.

Climate

Åland has a humid continental climate that is influenced by its maritime position, especially in summer. While summers are cooler than on both the Swedish and Finnish mainland, winters see little difference to the adjacent parts of Sweden and are only narrowly milder than in mainland Finland.

Climate data for Mariehamn normals 1981–2010
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.9
(51.6)		 10.5
(50.9)		 15.4
(59.7)		 21.1
(70)		 26.7
(80.1)		 29.4
(84.9)		 29.9
(85.8)		 30.7
(87.3)		 24.8
(76.6)		 19.0
(66.2)		 14.1
(57.4)		 10.1
(50.2)		 30.7
(87.3)
Average high °C (°F) 0.3
(32.5)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 2.3
(36.1)		 7.4
(45.3)		 13.3
(55.9)		 17.2
(63)		 20.4
(68.7)		 19.4
(66.9)		 14.7
(58.5)		 9.5
(49.1)		 4.6
(40.3)		 1.7
(35.1)		 9.3
(48.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.5
(27.5)		 −3.5
(25.7)		 −0.9
(30.4)		 3.5
(38.3)		 8.5
(47.3)		 12.8
(55)		 16.2
(61.2)		 15.3
(59.5)		 10.9
(51.6)		 6.5
(43.7)		 2.2
(36)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 5.7
(42.3)
Average low °C (°F) −5.3
(22.5)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 −4.1
(24.6)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 3.7
(38.7)		 8.2
(46.8)		 11.8
(53.2)		 11.1
(52)		 7.1
(44.8)		 3.5
(38.3)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 −3.7
(25.3)		 2.1
(35.8)
Record low °C (°F) −32.3
(−26.1)		 −32.9
(−27.2)		 −25.0
(−13)		 −18.9
(−2)		 −6.5
(20.3)		 −2.2
(28)		 1.2
(34.2)		 0.5
(32.9)		 −6.7
(19.9)		 −11.8
(10.8)		 −20.0
(−4)		 −28.9
(−20)		 −32.9
(−27.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 49.7
(1.957)		 31.4
(1.236)		 33.4
(1.315)		 28.6
(1.126)		 33.4
(1.315)		 52.3
(2.059)		 55.6
(2.189)		 75.1
(2.957)		 60.0
(2.362)		 68.1
(2.681)		 66.5
(2.618)		 56.5
(2.224)		 610.5
(24.035)
Source #1: Météo Climat[25]
Source #2: Météo Climat[26]

Economy

Ferry port in Överö, Föglö.

Åland's economy is heavily dominated by shipping, trade and tourism. Shipping represents about 40% of the economy, with several international carriers owned and operated off Åland. Most companies aside from shipping are small, with fewer than ten employees. Farming and fishing are important in combination with the food industry. A few high-profile technology companies contribute to a prosperous economy. Wind power is rapidly developing, aiming at reversing the direction in the cables to the mainland in coming years. In December 2011 wind power accounted for 31.48% of Åland's total electricity usage.

The main ports are Mariehamn (south), Berghamn (west) and Långnäs on the eastern shore of the Main Island.

Mariehamn was the base for the last large oceanic commercial sailing ships in the world. Their final tasks were bringing Australian wheat to Great Britain, on which Åland shipowner Gustaf Erikson kept going until after WW2, 1947 being his last year. The ships latterly made only one round-trip from South Australia to Britain per year, (the grain race), after each marathon voyage going back to Mariehamn to lay up for a few months. The ship Pommern, now a museum in Mariehamn, was one of these last vessels.

The abolition of tax-free sales on ferry boats travelling between destinations within the European Union made Finland demand an exception for the Åland Islands on the European Union value added tax rules. The exception allows for maintained tax-free sales on the ferries between Sweden and Finland (provided they stop at Mariehamn or Långnäs) and at the airport, but has also made Åland a different tax-zone, meaning that tariffs must be levied on goods brought to the islands.

Unemployment was 3.9% in January 2014[27]

The Finnish State collects taxes, duties and fees also in Åland. In return, the Finnish Government places a sum of money at the disposal of the Åland Parliament. The sum is 0.45% of total Government income, excluding Government loans. If the sum paid to the Finnish state exceedes 0.5%, then any amount above that will go back to the Parliament of Åland as "diligence money".[28] In 2010, the amount of taxes paid by Åland Islanders was 0.65% of the total taxes paid in Finland.[29]

According to Eurostat, in 2006 Åland was the 20th wealthiest of the EU's 268 regions, and the wealthiest in Finland, with a GDP per inhabitant 47% above the EU mean.[30][31]

While the official currency is the Euro, the Swedish krona is unofficially accepted by most businesses in Åland.[32]

Demographics

Births and deaths

Births and deaths:[33]

A mock wedding in Jomala. This event, a reenactment of an 1800s farmer's wedding (bondbröllop) is held annually, mostly as a tourist attraction.

Ethnicity and language

Most inhabitants speak Swedish (the sole official language) as their first language: 90.2% in 2009, while 5.0% spoke Finnish. The language of instruction in publicly financed schools is Swedish (In the rest of Finland, bilingual municipalities provide schooling both in Finnish and in Swedish). (See Åland Swedish for information about the dialect.)

The issue of the ethnicity of the Ålanders, and the correct linguistic classification of their language, remains somewhat sensitive and controversial. They may be considered either ethnic Swedes or Swedish-speaking Finns, but their language is closer to the Uppländska dialect of Sweden than to Finland Swedish. See Languages of Sweden.

Regional citizenship or the right of domicile (hembygdsrätt) is a prerequisite for voting, standing as a candidate for the Legislative Assembly, or owning and holding real estate situated in unplanned areas of Åland.[9]

Religion

The St. Olaf's Church, Jomala, is the oldest in Finland.

The majority of the population, 75.9%, belongs to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland.[34] The Åland islands contain Finland's oldest Christian churches, including St. Olaf's Church, Jomala, which dating from the late 13th century is likely to be the oldest in Finland. The Åland Islands' largest church is the Church of St. George in Sund, dating from shortly after.[35]

Sport

The sailing ship Linden (center) in Östra Hamnen, Mariehamn's eastern port.

Åland Stags are the islands' only Rugby Union club.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tim Vickery, Associated Press (18 July 2004) Deseret News.
  2. ↑ Hurst Hannum (1993). "Agreement between Sweden and Finland Relating to Guarantees in the Law of 7 May 1920 on the Autonomy of the Aaland Islands". Basic Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 141. ISBN 0-7923-1977-X.
  3. ↑ "Ennakkoväkiluku sukupuolen mukaan alueittain, helmikuu.2016". Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  4. ↑ "ÅSUB – Ålands statistik och utredningsbyrå". asub.ax.
  5. ↑ "Human Development Report 2007". 2007.
  6. ↑ "The Aland Islands". osterholm.info.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 3. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
  8. ↑ An account of the border on Märket and how it was redrawn in 1985 appears in Hidden Europe Magazine, 11 (November 2006) pp. 26–29, ISSN 1860-6318.
  9. 1 2 3 "Act on the Autonomy of Åland" (PDF). Finlex. 1991. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  10. ↑ "Åland in the European Union p.7". Europe Information. Ministry for Foreign A airs of Finland. 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  11. ↑ Virrankoski, Pentti (2001). Suomen historia. Ensimmäinen osa. SKS. ISBN 951-746-321-9. p. 59.
  12. ↑ Lars Hulden (2001) Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn; Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. ISBN 951-583-071-0.
  13. 1 2 3 "åland, the history". Aland Museum. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
  14. ↑ "Uneasy Sweden and the Menace of Prussianism; An Analysis of the Scandinavian Situation in View of Kaiser's Reported Ambition to Make the Baltic a German Lake NY Times
  15. ↑ Åland-Inseln (Finnland), ??. Juni 1919 : Anschluss an Schweden Direct Democracy
  16. ↑ Elgán, Elisabeth (2015). Historical Dictionary of Sweden. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 26. ISBN 9781442250710.
  17. ↑ The recognition of states: law and practice in debate and evolution, Thomas D. Grant, illustrated, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, ISBN 0-275-96350-0, ISBN 978-0-275-96350-7, pg. 129–130
  18. ↑ "Product catalogue". Aland Stamps. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  19. ↑ "The 2007 Session of the Nordic Council". European Tribune. 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  20. ↑ http://www.airaland.com/text2frame.con?iPage=55&iLan=3
  21. ↑ "International Prefixes". Radio Society of Great Britain. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  22. ↑ "Allt fler hemundervisare flyttar till Åland". Ålandstidningen. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  23. ↑ Statistical Yearbook of Finland 2016, p.505. Accessed 2017-02-07. http://www.stat.fi/tup/julkaisut/tiedostot/julkaisuluettelo/yyti_stv_201600_2016_16179_net.pdf
  24. ↑ Europe, Council of (2012-01-01). Biodiversity and Climate Change: Reports and Guidance Developed Under the Bern Convention. Council of Europe. p. 251. ISBN 9789287170590.
  25. ↑ "Finland climate averages 1981–2010". Météo Climat.
  26. ↑ "Extreme values for Jomala Maarianahaminan Lentoansema". Météo Climat. March 19, 2017.
  27. ↑ Ålands statistik och utredningsbyrå, rapport om arbetlöshetssituationen Januari 2014. asub.ax
  28. ↑ "Ålands lagting". lagtinget.ax.
  29. ↑ Ålandsdelegationens beslut 20.12.2011. ambetsverket.ax. p. 3
  30. ↑ Europe's Regions. Eurostat yearbook 2008
  31. ↑ "Ahvenanmaa on EU:n 20. vaurain alue". Helsingin Sanomat. 19 February 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  32. ↑ Symington, Andy; Bain, Carolyn; Bonetto, Cristian; Ham, Anthony & Kaminski, Anna (2013), Scandinavia, Lonely Planet
  33. ↑ "ÅSUB – Ålands statistik och utredningsbyrå" (asub.ax).
  34. ↑ Key figures on population by region in 1990 to 2016 Statistics Finland
  35. ↑ "Churches in Åland". muuka.com.
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