AN/FLR-9

AN/FLR-9 in Elmendorf, Alaska, date unknown.

The AN/FLR-9 is a type of very large circular "Wullenweber" antenna array, built at eight locations during the cold war for HF/DF direction finding of high priority targets. The worldwide network, known collectively as "Iron Horse", could locate HF communications almost anywhere on the planet. Because of the exceptionally large size of its outer reflecting screen (1056 vertical steel wires supported by 96 120-foot towers), the FLR-9 was commonly referred to by the nickname "Elephant Cage." Constructed in the early to mid 1960s, by the end of 2014 only the FLR-9 at Elmendorf-Richardson in Alaska was still operational.[1] It can be confused with the US Navy's AN/FRD-10, which also used a Wullenweber antenna.

Description

The AN/FLR-9 Operation and Service Manual[2] describes the array as follows: "The antenna array is composed of three concentric rings of antenna elements. Each ring of elements receives RF signals for an assigned portion of the 1.5 to 30-MHz radio spectrum. The outer ring normally covers the 2 to 6-MHz range (band A), but also provides reduced coverage down to 1.5 MHz. The center ring covers the 6 to 18-MHz range (band B) and the inner ring covers the 18 to 30-MHz range (band C). Band A contains 48 sleeve monopole elements spaced 78.4 feet apart (7.5 degrees). Band B contains 96 sleeve monopole elements spaced 37.5 feet (11.43 m) apart (3.75 degrees). Band C contains 48 antenna elements mounted on wooden structures placed in a circle around the central building. Bands A and B elements are vertically polarized. Band C elements consist of two horizontally polarized dipole antenna subelements electrically tied together, and positioned one above the other."

The array is centered on a ground screen 1,443 feet (439.8 m) in diameter. The arrangement permits accurate direction finding of signals from up to 4000 nautical miles (7408 km) away.

AN/FLR-9 antenna array at Misawa Air Base c. 1980

FLR-9s were constructed at the following places:[3]

Advances in technology have made the FLR-9 obsolete. In 1997, the FLR-9 at the former Clark AB in the Philippines was converted into a 35,000-seat fabric-covered amphitheatre. In early May 2002, systematic dismantling of the FLR-9 at San Vito began, and it was totally deconstructed by the end of that month. Although the markings of where the array stood remain in the ground, the structure is completely gone.[4]

Demolition of the FLR-9 at Misawa began in October 2014.[5]

A decommissioning ceremony for the last active FLR-9, at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, was held on May 25, 2016. [6]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Slavin, Erik (15 October 2014). "Misawa begins dismantling its 'Elephant Cage'". Stars and Stripes.
  2. ↑ AN/FLR-9 Operation and Service manual
  3. ↑ Budiansky, Stephen (2016). Code Warriors. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 161. ISBN 9780385352666.
  4. ↑ http://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/former-an-flr-9-site-hfdf-in-italy/view/?service=0
  5. ↑ Kyodo News, "'Elephant Cage' antennas to be axed", Japan Times, 8 October 2012, p. 2
  6. ↑ A look inside a classified Cold War-era antenna site, now shut down", KTVA website, 25 May 2016
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