ACCC conductor
Aluminium Conductor Composite Core or ACCC is a type of "high-temperature low-sag" (HTLS) overhead power line conductor manufactured by more than 20 international conductor manufacturers. CTC Global (formerly Composite Technology Corporation) developed the patented technology.[1][2] The ACCC conductor's composite core is manufactured according to ASTM B987 / B987M - 17 “Standard Specification for Carbon Fiber Thermoset Polymer Matrix Composite Core (CFC) for use in Overhead Electrical Conductors.”
It is able to carry approximately twice as much current as a conventional aluminium-conductor steel-reinforced cable (ACSR) cable of the same size and weight,[3][4] making it popular for retrofitting an existing electric power transmission line without needing to change the existing towers and insulators.
In addition to the labor and materials savings, such an upgrade can be performed as a "maintenance and repair" operation, without the lengthy permitting process required for new construction.
It does this by replacing the steel core in ACSR cable with a carbon and glass fiber strength member[4]:2 formed by pulltrusion. This composite strength member provides several advantages:
- It is lighter. The weight saved can be used for more aluminium conductor. ACCC cable uses trapezoidal strands to fit more aluminium into the same cable diameter.
- Softer, fully annealed aluminium can be used for the conductors. ACSR cable uses harder aluminium which contributes to the cable's tensile strength, but has about 3% less electrical conductivity.[4]:12
- It has a much lower coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) (1.6 ppm/°C) than ACSR (11.6 ppm/°C).[5]:23 This lets the cable be operated at a significantly higher temperature without excessive sag between poles.
The first two factors result in roughly 30% greater conductivity than an equivalent ACSR conductor, allowing 14% more current to be carried at equal temperature. For example, 1.107 in (28.1 mm) diameter ACCC "Drake" conductor at 75 °C has an AC resistance of 106 mΩ/mile,[6] while equivalent ACSR conductor has an AC resistance of 139 mΩ/mile,[7] 31% higher.
The remaining capacity increase is provided by an increased operating temperature of 180 °C (356 °F) continuous and 200 °C (392 °F) emergency,[8] compared to 75 °C (167 °F) continuous and 100 °C (212 °F) emergency for ACSR.
(The manufacturers rate the cable for continuous operation at 180 °C surface temperature,[8][9] Operation at these temperatures implies high line losses, which may be uneconomical, but the ability to carry such current contributes to the redundancy of the electric grid (the high overload capacity can stop a potential cascading failure) and thus can be valuable even when rarely used directly. Even at higher operating temperatures, the ACCC conductor's added aluminum content and lower electrical resistance offers reduced line losses compared to other conductors of the same diameter and weight.
In 2016, American Electric Power (AEP) won the Edison Electric Institute (EEI) Edison Award for replacing 240 circuit miles of a double-bundled ACSR 345 kV transmission line with ACCC conductor, while the line remained energized.
Disadvantages
- The primary disadvantage is cost; ACCC costs 2.5–3 time as much as ACSR cable.[2]:17
- Although ACCC has significantly less thermal sag than even other HTLS conductor designs,[5]:20 its core is quite elastic and sags more than other designs under ice load, although a ULS (higher modulus)version is available at a cost premium.[5]:21
- The conductor has a larger minimum bend radius, requiring extra care during installation.
- The conductor requires special fittings, such as splice and dead-end connections.
References
- ↑ J. Chan; B. Clairmont; D. Rueger; D. Childs; S. Karki (July 2008). Demonstration of Advanced Conductors for Overhead Transmission Lines (PDF) (Report). Electric Power Research Institute. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
- 1 2 Clairmont, Bernie (September 11, 2008). High-Temperature Low-Sag Conductors (PDF). Electric Power Research Institute.
- ↑ Wareing, B. (28 February 2011). Types and Uses of High Temperature Conductors (PDF). CIGRÉ (International Council on Large Electric Systems) Seminar. Bangkok: CIGRÉ Study Committee B2 Working group 11. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
- 1 2 3 CTC Global (2011). Engineering Transmission Lines With High-Capacity, Low-Sag ACCC Conductor (PDF). ISBN 978-0-615-57959-7.
- 1 2 3 Slegers, James (2011-10-18). Transmission Line Loading: Sag Calculations and High-Temperature Conductor Technologies (PDF) (Report). Iowa State University.
- ↑ Banerjee, Koustubh (January 2014). Making the Case for High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) Overhead Transmission Line Conductors (PDF) (M.Sc.). Arizona State University. p. 70.
- ↑ "Aluminum Conductor. Steel Reinforced. Bare.". Southwire. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
- 1 2 CTC Global (2012-08-28). "ACCC Specification Sheets" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-01-08.
- ↑ Alawar, Ahmad A.; Bosze, Eric J.; Nut, Steven R. (July 13, 2007). High Temperature Strength and Creep of an Al Conductor with a Hybrid Composite Core (PDF). 16th International Conference on Composite Materials.