American Association for the Advancement of Science

American Association for the Advancement of Science

AAAS logo
Founded September 20, 1848 (1848-09-20)
Focus Science education and outreach
Location
Members
more than 120,000
Website http://www.aaas.org
Formerly called
 Association of American Geologists and Naturalists
Washington, D.C. office of the AAAS

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated goals of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity.[1] It is the world's largest general scientific society, with over 120,000 members,[2] and is the publisher of the well-known scientific journal Science, which had a weekly circulation of 138,549 in 2008.[3]

History

Creation

The American Association for the Advancement of Science was created on September 20, 1848 at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was a reformation of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists.[4] The society chose William Charles Redfield as their first president[5] because he had proposed the most comprehensive plans for the organization. According to the first constitution which was agreed to at the September 20 meeting, the goal of the society was to promote scientific dialogue in order to allow for greater scientific collaboration.[6] By doing so the association aimed to use resources to conduct science with increased efficiency and allow for scientific progress at a greater rate.[7] The association also sought to increase the resources available to the scientific community through active advocacy of science. There were only 78 members when the AAAS was formed.[8] As a member of the new scientific body, Matthew Fontaine Maury, USN was one of those who attended the first 1848 meeting.[9]

At a meeting held on Friday afternoon, September 22, 1848, Redfield presided, and Matthew Fontaine Maury gave a full scientific report on his Wind and Current Charts. Maury stated that hundreds of ship navigators were now sending abstract logs of their voyages to the United States Naval Observatory. He added, "Never before was such a corps of observers known."[8] But, he pointed out to his fellow scientists, his critical need was for more "simultaneous observations." "The work," Maury stated, "is not exclusively for the benefit of any nation or age." The minutes of the AAAS meeting reveal that because of the universality of this "view on the subject, it was suggested whether the states of Christendom might not be induced to cooperate with their Navies in the undertaking; at least so far as to cause abstracts of their log-books and sea journals to be furnished to Matthew F. Maury, USN, at the Naval Observatory at Washington."

William Barton Rogers, professor at the University of Virginia and later founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, offered a resolution: "Resolved that a Committee of five be appointed to address a memorial to the Secretary of the Navy, requesting his further aid in procuring for Matthew Maury the use of the observations of European and other foreign navigators, for the extension and perfecting of his charts of winds and currents." The resolution was adopted and, in addition to Rogers, the following members of the association were appointed to the committee: Professor Joseph Henry of Washington; Professor Benjamin Peirce of Cambridge, Massachusetts; Professor James H. Coffin of Easton, Pennsylvania, and Professor Stephen Alexander of Princeton, New Jersey.[10] This was scientific cooperation, and Maury went back to Washington with great hopes for the future.

Growth and Civil War dormancy

By 1860 membership increased to over 2,000. The AAAS became dormant during the American Civil War; their August 1861 meeting in Nashville, Tennessee was postponed indefinitely after the outbreak of the first major engagement of the war at Bull Run. The AAAS did not become a permanent casualty of the war.

In 1866, Frederick Barnard presided over the first meeting of the resurrected AAAS at a meeting in New York City. Following the revival of the AAAS, the group had considerable growth. The AAAS permitted all people, regardless of scientific credentials, to join. The AAAS did, however, institute a policy of granting the title of "Fellow of the AAAS" to well-respected scientists within the organization. The years of peace brought the development and expansion of other scientific-oriented groups. The AAAS's focus on the unification of many fields of science under a single organization was in contrast to the many new science organizations founded to promote a single discipline. For example, the American Chemical Society, founded in 1876, promotes chemistry.

In 1863, the US Congress established the National Academy of Sciences, another multidisciplinary sciences organization. It elects members based on recommendations from colleagues and the value of published works.

Advocacy

Alan I. Leshner, AAAS CEO from 2001 until 2015, published many op-ed articles discussing how many people integrate science and religion in their lives. He has opposed the insertion of non-scientific content, such as creationism or intelligent design, into the scientific curriculum of schools.[11][12][13][14]

In December 2006, the AAAS adopted an official statement on climate change, in which they stated, "The scientific evidence is clear: global climate change caused by human activities is occurring now, and it is a growing threat to society....The pace of change and the evidence of harm have increased markedly over the last five years. The time to control greenhouse gas emissions is now."[15]

In February 2007, the AAAS used satellite images to document human rights abuses in Burma.[16] The next year, AAAS launched the Center for Science Diplomacy to advance both science and the broader relationships among partner countries, by promoting science diplomacy and international scientific cooperation.[17]

In 2012, AAAS published op-eds,[18] held events on Capitol Hill and released analyses of the U.S. federal research-and-development budget, to warn that a budget sequestration would have severe consequences for scientific progress.[19][20]

Governance

AAAS officers and senior officials in 1947. Left to right, standing: Sinnott, Baitsell, Payne, Lark-Horovitz, Miles, Stakman, sitting: Carlson, Mather, Moulton, Shapley.

The most recent Constitution of the AAAS, enacted on January 1, 1973, establishes that the governance of the AAAS is accomplished through four entities: a President, a group of administrative officers, a Council, and a Board of Directors.

Presidents

Individuals elected to the presidency of the AAAS hold a three-year term in a unique way. The first year is spent as President-elect, the second as President and the third as Chairperson of the Board of Directors. In accordance with the convention followed by the AAAS, presidents are referenced by the year in which they left office.

Geraldine Richmond is the President of AAAS for 2015-16; Phillip Sharp is the Board Chair; and Barbara A. Schaal is the President-Elect.[21] Each took office on the last day of the 2015 AAAS Annual Meeting in February 2015.[22][23] On the last day of the 2016 AAAS Annual Meeting, February 15, 2016,[24] Richmond will become the Chair, Schaal will become the President, and a new President-Elect will take office.

Past presidents of AAAS have included some of the most important scientific figures of their time. Among them: explorer and geologist John Wesley Powell (1888); astronomer and physicist Edward Charles Pickering (1912); anthropologist Margaret Mead (1975); and biologist Stephen Jay Gould (2000).

Notable Presidents of the AAAS, 1848-2005

Administrative officers

There are three classifications of high-level administrative officials that execute the basic, daily functions of the AAAS. These are the Executive Officer, the Treasurer and then each of the AAAS's section secretaries. The current CEO of AAAS and executive publisher of Science magazine is Rush D. Holt.[25]

Sections of the AAAS

The AAAS has 24 "sections" with each section being responsible for a particular concern of the AAAS. There are sections for agriculture, anthropology, astronomy, atmospheric science, biological science, chemistry, dentistry, education, engineering, general interest in science and engineering, geology and geography, the history and philosophy of science, technology, computer science, linguistics, mathematics, medical science, neuroscience, pharmaceutical science, physics, psychology, science and human rights, social and political science, the social impact of science and engineering, and statistics.[26]

Affiliates

AAAS affiliates include 262 societies and academies of science, serving more than 10 million members, from the Acoustical Society of America to the Wildlife Society, as well as non-mainstream groups like the Parapsychological Association.[27]

The Council

The Council is composed of the members of the Board of Directors, the retiring section chairmen, elected delegates and affiliated foreign council members. Among the elected delegates there are always at least two members from the National Academy of Sciences and one from each region of the country. The President of the AAAS serves as the Chairperson of the Council. Members serve the Council for a term of three years.

The council meets annually to discuss matters of importance to the AAAS. They have the power to review all activities of the Association, elect new fellows, adopt resolutions, propose amendments to the Association's constitution and bylaws, create new scientific sections, and organize and aid local chapters of the AAAS. The Council recently has new additions to it from different sections which include many youngsters as well. John Kerry of Chicago is the youngest American in the council and Akhil Ennamsetty of India is the youngest foreign council member.

Board of directors

The board of directors is composed of a chairperson, the president, and the president-elect along with eight elected directors, the executive officer of the association and up to two additional directors appointed by elected officers. Members serve a four-year term except for directors appointed by elected officers, who serve three-year terms.

The current chairman is Gerald Fink, Margaret and Herman Sokol Professor at Whitehead Institute, MIT. Fink will serve in the post until the end of the 2016 AAAS Annual Meeting,[28] 15 February 2016.[29] (The chairperson is always the immediate past-president of AAAS.)

The board of directors has a variety of powers and responsibilities. It is charged with the administration of all association funds, publication of a budget, appointment of administrators, proposition of amendments, and determining the time and place of meetings of the national association. The board may also speak publicly on behalf of the association. The board must also regularly correspond with the council to discuss their actions.

Meetings

Formal meetings of the AAAS are numbered consecutively, starting with the first meeting in 1848. Meetings were not held 1861–1865 during the American Civil War, and also 1942–1943 during World War II. Since 1946, one meeting has occurred annually, now customarily in February.

Awards

Each year, the AAAS gives out a number of honorary awards, most of which focus on science communication, journalism, and outreach — sometimes in partnership with other organizations. The awards recognize "scientists, journalists, and public servants for significant contributions to science and to the public’s understanding of science.”[30] The awards are presented each year at the association’s annual meeting.

Currently active awards include

Publications

Besides its flagship publication, the Science journal, AAAS also publishes the journals Science Signaling, Science Translational Medicine, Science & Diplomacy, and more recently Science Advances.[31]

It also publishes the website, EurekAlert!, which provides a paid distribution service for press releases about science and has also been described as generating churnalism, similar to Phys.org and ScienceDaily.[32][33][34][35][36] In order to comply with Regulation Fair Disclosure, EurekaAlert limits access to embargoed press releases to full-time reporters for major publications who are on a deadline [37]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "About AAAS". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  2. ↑ "About - AAAS MemberCentral". membercentral.aaas.org. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  3. ↑ BPA Worldwide, June 2008 Archived July 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ↑ "150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS Origins: 1848-1899". AAAS. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  5. ↑ Reingold, Nathan (1964). Science in Nineteenth-Century America: A Documentary History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 154. ISBN 0-226-70947-7.
  6. ↑ "1856 AAAS Constitution". AAAS Archives & Records Center. AAAS. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  7. ↑ "The How and Why of Scientific Meetings". Visionlearning. 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  8. 1 2 "Sep. 20, 2013". The Writer's Almanac. 20 September 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  9. ↑ "Lt. Matthew Fontaine Maury". Naval Oceanographic Portal. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  10. ↑ "Articles of Incorporation of the American Association for the Advancement of Science". AAAS. 1993. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  11. ↑ "'Academic Freedom' Bill Dangerous Distraction," Alan I. Leshner, The Shreveport Times 28 May 2008
  12. ↑ "Anti-science law threatens tech jobs of future," Archived 2009-04-29 at the Wayback Machine. Alan I. Leshner, The Times-Picayune 6 May 2008
  13. ↑ "Design: Critical Deception?," Alan I. Leshner, Akron Beacon-Journal 11 September 2006
  14. ↑ "Science and Public Engagement," Alan I. Leshner, The Chronicle of Higher Education, The Chronicle Review 13 October 2006
  15. ↑ AAAS Board Statement on Climate Change www.aaas.org December 2006
  16. ↑ "Satellite Images Verify Myanmar Forced Relocations, Mounting Military Presence". ScienceMode. Archived from the original on 2008-02-26. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
  17. ↑ "AAAS – AAAS News Release – "AAAS Opens New Center for Science Diplomacy to "Promote International Understanding and Prosperity""". www.aaas.org. Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
  18. ↑ "Stalling science threatens every domain of modern life" Archived 2013-04-30 at the Wayback Machine. Alan I. Leshner, Bradenton Herald 27 September 2012
  19. ↑ Edward W. Lempinen (21 November 2012). "Sequestration Budget Cuts Would Cripple U.S. Scientific Progress, Experts Warn". AAAS.org.
  20. ↑ "Federal and State Research Could Be Crippled by Looming Cuts, Says New AAAS Report" Earl Lane, AAAS 28 September 2012
  21. ↑ About AAAS, AAAS.org
  22. ↑ AAAS Annual Meeting Archives (dates) Archived 2010-05-06 at the Wayback Machine., AAAS.org
  23. ↑ "Gerald R. Fink Chosen To Serve As AAAS President-Elect", AAAS.org
  24. ↑ Future AAAS Annual Meetings (dates) Archived 2011-04-18 at the Wayback Machine., AAAS.org
  25. ↑ Rush D. Holt, AAAS.org
  26. ↑ AAAS Sections, AAAS.org
  27. ↑ list of affiliates starting with the letter P.
  28. ↑ Board of Directors, AAAS.org
  29. ↑ 2016 AAAS Annual Meeting, AAAS.org
  30. ↑ "AAAS Awards". AAAS.org. 2013-06-19. Retrieved 2016-06-12.
  31. ↑ McNutt, Marcia; Leshner, Alan I. (14 February 2014). "Science Advances" (PDF). Science. 343 (6172): 709. doi:10.1126/science.1251654.
  32. ↑ Shipman, W. Matthew (2015). Handbook for Science Public Information Officers. University of Chicago Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780226179469.
  33. ↑ Timmer, John (23 September 2009). "PR or science journalism? It's getting harder to tell". Ars Technica.
  34. ↑ Yong, Ed (11 January 2010). "Adapting to the new ecosystem of science journalism". National Geographic Phenomena. Meanwhile, sites like ScienceDaily, Eurekalert and Physorg provide the pretence of journalism while actually acting as staging grounds for PR.
  35. ↑ Choi, Charles Q. (January 24, 2012). "From the Writer s Desk: The Dangers of Press Releases". Scientific American Blog Network. In cases where the scientists are not contacted about their research, we have "churnalism" — news released based largely if not totally on press release alone. We also have pres-release farms such as PhysOrg and ScienceDaily that seem to me to do little else but repackage press releases one can find on science press releases sites such as EurekAlert.
  36. ↑ Shipman, Matt (16 April 2014). "The News Release Is Dead, Long Live the News Release". Science Communication Breakdown.
  37. ↑ Shipman, Matt (4 September 2013). "Defining a Reporter: EurekAlert! and the Question of Access". Science Communication Breakdown.
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