Jackson Heights, Queens

Jackson Heights
Neighborhood of Queens

82nd Street in Jackson Heights
Country  United States
State  New York
County Queens
Population (2010)[1]
 • Total 108,152
Ethnicity[2]
 • White 17.2%
 • Asian 22.0%
 • African American 2.0%
 • Native American 0.1%
 • Hispanic 56.5%
ZIP code 11372
Area code(s) 718, 347, 917

Jackson Heights is a neighborhood in the northwestern portion of the borough of Queens in New York City. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 3.[3] Jackson Heights is neighbored by North Corona to the east, Elmhurst to the south, Woodside to the west, northern Astoria (Ditmars-Steinway) to the northwest, and East Elmhurst to the northeast. The main ZIP code of Jackson Heights is 11372. According to the 2010 United States Census, the neighborhood has a population of 108,152.[1]

History

Early history

The Jackson Heights name comes from Jackson Avenue, the former name for Northern Boulevard, a major thoroughfare that bisects the neighborhood. John C. Jackson built the road across what is now Jackson Heights in 1859. The Jackson Avenue name is retained by this major road in a short stretch between Queens Plaza and Queens–Midtown Tunnel in Long Island City.[4] The place was not particularly high, but the name "heights" showed that the place was originally meant to be exclusive.[5] Until 1916, the area was called "Trains Meadow", but contrary to the name, there were very few trains in the area. It is suspected that it was corrupted from "drain".[4]

The first land purchase of 128 acres (52 ha) was completed in 1910, and Edward A. MacDougall's Queensboro Corporation had bought about 325 acres (132 ha) by 1914.[6] At first, the area could most easily be reached via a ferry from Manhattan or the Brooklyn bridges,[5] but the Queensboro Bridge opened in 1909,[7] followed by the elevated IRT Flushing Line—the present-day 7 train, just 20 minutes from Manhattan—came in 1917,[8] and Fifth Avenue Coach Company double-decker coaches came in 1922.[7]

Development

Jackson Heights was a planned development laid out by the Queensboro Corporation beginning in about 1916, and residents came after the arrival of the Flushing Line into Jackson Heights in 1917. The community was initially planned as a place for middle- to upper-middle income workers from Manhattan to raise their families.[9] The Queensboro Corporation coined the name "garden apartment" to convey the concept of apartments surrounded by a green environment. The apartments, built around private parks during this time, contributed to Jackson Heights' being the first garden city community built in the United States, as part of the international garden city movement at the turn of the 20th century.[9] Most of the buildings in Jackson Heights are the Queensboro Corporation apartments, built within a few blocks of the Flushing Line, which are typically five or six stories tall and are located between Northern Boulevard and 37th Avenue as part of that planned community.[10] Targeted toward the middle class,[11] the Queensboro Corporation-based the new apartments off of similar ones in Berlin.[12] These new apartments were to share garden spaces,[13] have ornate exteriors and features such as fireplaces, parquet floors, sun rooms, and built-in bathtubs with showers;[14] and be cooperatively owned.[13] In addition, the corporation divided the land into blocks and building lots, as well as installed streets, sidewalks, and power, water, and sewage lines.[15] Although land for churches was provided, the apartments themselves were limited to white Anglo-Saxon Protestants,[8] while excluding Jews, Blacks, and perhaps Greeks and Italians.[16]

The Laurel apartment building on 82nd Street at Northern Boulevard was the first of the Queensboro Corporation buildings in Jackson Heights, completed in 1914 with a small courtyard. The Greystones on either side of 80th Street between 37th and 35th Avenues were completed in 1918 with a design by architect George H. Wells. There was leftover unused space, which was converted to parks, gardens, and recreational areas, including a golf course; much of this leftover space, including the golf course, no longer exists.[17] This was followed by the 1919 construction of the Andrew J. Thomas-designed Linden Court, a 10-building complex between 84th Street, 85th Streets, 37th Avenue, and Roosevelt Avenue.[18][19] The two sets of 5 buildings each, separated by a gated garden with linden trees and two pathways, included parking spaces with single-story garages accessed via narrow driveways, the first Jackson Heights development to do so; gaps at regular intervals in the perimeter wall; a layout that provided light and ventilation to the apartments, as well as fostered a sense of belonging to a community;[20] the area's first co-op;[21] and now-prevalent private gardens surrounded by the building blocks.[22]

The Hampton Gardens, the Château, and the Towers followed in the 1920s.[23] The Château and the Towers, both co-ops on 34th Avenue, had large, airy apartments and were served by elevators.[18] The elegant Château cooperative apartment complex, with twelve buildings surrounding a shared garden, was built in the French Renaissance style and have slate mansard roofs pierced by dormer windows, and diaperwork brick walls.[24] At first purely decorative, the shared gardens in later developments included paved spaces where people could meet or sit.[25] The Queensboro Corporation started the Ivy Court, Cedar Court, and Spanish Gardens projects, all designed by Thomas, in 1924.[26]

The Queensboro Corporation advertised their apartments from 1922 on.[23] On August 28, 1922, the Queensboro Corporation paid $50 to the WEAF radio station to broadcast a ten-minute sales pitch for apartments in Jackson Heights,[27] in what may have been the first "infomercial", opening with a few words about Nathaniel Hawthorne before promoting the corporation's Nathaniel Hawthorne apartments.[28] The ad wanted viewers to:

seek the recreation and the daily comfort of the home removed from the congested part of the city, right at the boundaries of God's great outdoors, and within a few minutes by subway from the business section of Manhattan ... The cry of the heart is for more living room, more chance to unfold, more opportunity to get near Mother Earth, to play, to romp, to plant and to dig ... Let me enjoin upon you as you value your health and your hopes and your home happiness, get away from the solid masses of brick ... where your children grow up starved for a run over a patch of grass and the sight of a tree...[29]

Built in 1928, the English Gables line 82nd Street, the main shopping area of Jackson Heights' Hispanic community. There are two developments, called English Gables I and II; they were meant to provide a gateway to the neighborhood for commercial traffic and for passengers from the 82nd Street – Jackson Heights station.[4] A year later, the Robert Morris Apartments, on 37th Avenue between 79th and 80th Streets, were constructed. Named after Robert Morris, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, the apartments have ample green spaces, original high ceilings, and fireplaces, and are relatively expensive.[4][30]

Decline and ethnic change

Until the Great Depression, these apartments were only half-filled due to the paucity of residents who could pay; after the Depression, the apartments became more affordable. During the Depression, two new buildings were built: Ravenna Court on 37th Avenue between 80th and 81st Streets, built in 1929; and Georgian Court three blocks east, between 83rd and 84th Streets, built in 1930.[4] The Queensboro Corporation began to build on land that until then had been kept open for community use, including the tennis courts, community garden,[31] and the former golf course—located between 76th and 78th Streets and 34th and 37th Avenues—all of which were built upon during the 1940s and 1950s.[23] The corporation also began erecting traditional six-story apartment buildings. Dunolly Gardens, the last garden apartment complex that Thomas built, was an exception, a modernistic building completed in 1939.[32] The corner windows, considered very innovative in the 1930s, gave the apartments a more spacious feeling.[33] After the 1940s, Jackson Heights' real estate was diversified, with more apartment buildings and cooperatives built with elevators; some new transportation infrastructure were also built.[23]

Primarily during the 1930s, Holmes Airport operated on 220 acres (0.89 km2) adjacent to the community, and later, its land became veterans' housing and the Bulova watch factory site.[34]

By 1930, about 44,500 people lived in Jackson heights, an increase from 3,800 residents in 1910. The community was close-knit. Gay people from Broadway theaters started to move into the area. However, Jewish and black people were still excluded until Jews were allowed to move in by the 1940s and blacks by 1968.[6] Beginning in the 1960s, an influx of newly immigrated residents came into Jackson Heights, at the same time that existing residents were leaving for suburbs due to white flight.[10] Hispanic immigrants moved in by the 1970s. By then, white residents who remained in the neighborhood wished to eliminate the stigma of Jackson Heights being an ethnically diverse neighborhood, often defining its border as Roosevelt Avenue, because crime had started to increase in the area.[6] By the mid-1970s, South American organized crime groups in Jackson Heights, often peddling drugs, gained national attention. A 1978 article in New York Magazine stated that 27 people were killed in Jackson Heights in the three years preceding.[35]

Historic designation

Jackson Heights Historic District

Residential street in Jackson Heights
District position on New York City map
Location Bounded by Roosevelt Ave., Broadway, Leverich St., 70 St., Northern Blvd., and Junction Blvd., Queens, NYC
Coordinates 40°45′5″N 73°53′13″W / 40.75139°N 73.88694°W / 40.75139; -73.88694Coordinates: 40°45′5″N 73°53′13″W / 40.75139°N 73.88694°W / 40.75139; -73.88694
Area 300 acres (120 ha)
Architectural style Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals
NRHP Reference # 99000059[36]
Added to NRHP January 27, 1999

Most of the original neighborhood, comprising the garden city apartment buildings, was made a National Register Historic District and a New York State Historic Register District. The Jackson Heights New York State and National Register Districts range from 93rd Street through 69th Street between Northern Boulevard and Roosevelt Avenue. Some property fronting on Northern Boulevard and Roosevelt Avenue, as well as some "cut-outs", are not inside the Register Districts. The national historic district called the Jackson Heights Historic District, includes 2,203 contributing buildings, 19 contributing sites, and three contributing objects. Among the landmarked buildings, over 200 original Queensboro Corporation apartment buildings still exist in Jackson Heights.[37] It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.[36]

About half of the neighborhood—a rectangle stretching roughly from 76th Street to 88th Street and from Roosevelt Avenue almost up to Northern Boulevard—was designated as a New York City Historic District by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on October 19, 1993.[38] It comprises large apartment buildings with private communal gardens, as well as many groupings of private homes and many stores on the streets surrounding Roosevelt Avenue.[39][40] Unlike the State and National Districts, the local designation comes with aesthetic protections.

In addition to the Jackson Heights Historic District, the Lent Homestead and Cemetery and United States Post Office are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[36]

Demographics

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Jackson Heights was 108,152, a decrease of 5,175 (4.6%) from the 113,327 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 1,101.36 acres (445.70 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 98.2 inhabitants per acre (62,800/sq mi; 24,300/km2).[1]

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 17.2% (18,567) White, 2.0% (2,210) African American, 0.1% (145) Native American, 22.0% (23,781) Asian, 0.0% (9) Pacific Islander, 0.5% (583) from other races, and 1.6% (1,736) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 56.5% (61,121) of the population.[2]

Transportation

The intersection of 75th Street and Roosevelt Avenue, under the elevated IRT Flushing Line (7 train)

The neighborhood is the location of the Roosevelt Avenue / 74th Street transportation hub, where the New York City Subway's IRT Flushing Line (7 train) and IND Queens Boulevard Line (E F M R trains), as well as MTA Regional Bus Operations' Q32, Q33, Q47, Q49, Q53, Q70 SBS, converge. The Q32 goes to Pennsylvania Station in Midtown Manhattan. The Q70 SBS bus goes to LaGuardia Airport's main terminals and operates 24 hours a day, replacing the Q33 bus, which used to go to LaGuardia Airport until September 2014; the Q33 and Q49 go to East Elmhurst, while the Q70 SBS goes nonstop to LaGuardia Airport from the station. The Q47 bus goes to the Marine Air Terminal and The Shops at Atlas Park. The Q53 LTD bus goes to Rockaway Beach, Queens and Woodside LIRR station.[41]

The MTA spent over $100 million on renovations to the facility, which were completed in 2005.[42] It includes one of the first green buildings in the MTA system, the Victor A. Moore Bus Terminal, which is partially powered by solar panels built into the roof. These are located along the length of the sheds above the Flushing Line platforms.[42][43] The former Victor Moore Arcade was demolished and rebuilt from 1998 to 2005 and became the bus terminal. It was named after Jackson Heights resident Victor Moore, a Broadway and film actor from the era of silent film to the 1950s.

Interstate 278 (Brooklyn Queens Expressway), New York State Route 25A (Northern Boulevard), and the Grand Central Parkway are major roads in the area. LaGuardia Airport, in neighboring East Elmhurst, is nearby.

As part of the city's bikeway system, bike lanes exist on 34th Avenue, as well as on 74th and 75th Streets between 34th Avenue and 37th Road. There is also a short one-block bike lane connector on 37th Road between 74th and 75th Streets.[44]

Land use, boundaries, and streets

The Jackson Diner, an Indian restaurant on 74th Street
St. Mark's Church

Jackson Heights, the original portion of which is only about 350 acres (140 ha), is bounded by Astoria Boulevard, Grand Central Parkway, or Northern Boulevard to the north, the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway to the west, Roosevelt Avenue to the south, and Junction Boulevard or 90th Street to the east.[45]

East Elmhurst, the area immediately to the north that extends from Northern Boulevard to the Grand Central Parkway and between 81st and 111th Streets, is sometimes regarded as a northward extension of the neighborhood; however, it was not part of the original planned development, built in 1916. In addition, a section between Hazen and 81st Streets, and between 19th Avenue and Grand Central Parkway, overlaps with Astoria; it is sometimes called Ditmars or Steinway.[4]

The historic section of Jackson Heights is the more affluent part of the neighborhood. Most housing units in Jackson Heights are apartments in multi-unit buildings, many of which are five or six stories. Many of these buildings are co-ops, some are rentals, and a few are condominiums. There are also a number of one- to three-family houses, most of which are attached row houses.[10] The original Queensboro Corporation apartments were designed in the Colonial Revival and neo-Tudor styles. There are many private parks—historically called "gardens" by the residents—within walking distance of each other, tucked into the mid-blocks between the Queensboro Corporation apartments, mostly hidden from view by the buildings surrounding them. Unless given an invitation, entry is restricted to those who own a co-op around its perimeter. The basis for the private ownership of the parks of Jackson Heights is derived from its founding principle as a privately owned neighborhood built largely under the oversight of one person.[23]

A section of 90th Street between 30th Avenue and Northern Boulevard was privately developed, separate from the Queensboro Corporation. The structures on that stretch of 90th Street are mostly Tudor buildings.[4]

The main retail thoroughfare is 37th Avenue from 72nd Street to Junction Boulevard, with more retail on 73rd, 74th, and 82nd Streets between 37th and Roosevelt Avenues.[46] Stores and restaurants on and near 74th Street tend to cater to the large South Asian population in the neighborhood, with sari and jewelry stores, Indian and Bengali music and movie retailers and many restaurants.[47] 37th Avenue contains a wide mix of retailers, including many grocery stores, and 82ndSstreet contains many national chain stores located in Tudor-style buildings in the Jackson Heights Historic District.[4] South American retailers and eateries, predominantly from Colombia and Peru dominate Northern Boulevard from 80th Street east to the border of neighboring Corona at Junction Boulevard. Roosevelt Avenue is also lined with various mainly Hispanic retail stores. The majority of 35th and 34th Avenues and most side streets between 37th Avenue and Northern Boulevard are residential.[4]

Eagle Theater

There were five historic movie theaters in Jackson Heights, which are all currently either repurposed or closed.[4] The Art Deco Earle Theater, opened in 1936 on 37th Road between 73rd and 74th Streets, was a neighborhood movie theater before becoming a porn theater and then, with the name changed to "Eagle," a Bollywood theater, before a strike in the Bollywood industry caused the theater to close permanently in 2009;[4] it is now a food court selling South Asian food.[48] The Fair Theatre, opened in 1939 at Astoria Boulevard and 90th Street, became a porn theater.[4] The Polk Theater, on 37th (formerly Polk) Avenue and 93rd Street, opened in 1938 and closed in 2006, also was a porn theater during its later years, before it was demolished in 2008.[4][49] The Colony Theater, on 82nd Street north of Roosevelt Avenue, opened in 1935 and closed in 1991. The Jackson, afterwards an Indian-owned theater under the name of the Jackson Heights Cinema, on 82nd Street south of Roosevelt Avenue, was demolished in March 2017.[50] Finally, the Boulevard Theater, on Northern Boulevard and 83rd Street, is now a Latin-American restaurant of the same name.

Most of Jackson Heights is on a grid, with the major exceptions of streets surrounding Astoria Boulevard, Junction Boulevard, the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, and Grand Central Parkway. However, there are a few side streets of note in Jackson Heights. Jackson Mill Road, which is actually two roads in Jackson Heights and East Elmhurst, was formerly a streetcar line, and was one of several "Bowery Bay Roads" leading to Bowery Bay. The rest of the original Jackson Mill Road was destroyed by the construction of the LaGuardia Airport, but sections exist between 94th and 95th Streets near 24th Avenue; between 96th and 97th Streets near Astoria Boulevard; and from 93rd to 97th Streets between 32nd and 31st Avenues.[4] In addition, a vestige of "Trains Meadow Road", named when the area was called "Trains Meadow", still exists near 35th Avenue, 69th Street, and Leverich Street; it formerly went all the way to Flushing Bay.[4]

Culture

Chiva Bus during Colombian Independence celebration

Jackson Heights is among the most diverse neighborhoods in New York City and the nation. Half of the population was foreign born by the 2000s.[6] Jackson Heights is home to large numbers of South Americans (particularly Colombian, Ecuadorean and Argentinian), Indians, Pakistanis, Tibetans, Nepalese, and Bangladeshis. Most businesses are Asian- and Latino-owned, and there are restaurants, bakeries, specialty shops, legal offices, bars, and beauty salons. There is a Little India on 74th Street and a Little Pakistan and Little Bangladesh on 73rd Street.[51] There is also a large concentration of South Americans east of 77th Street, especially a Little Colombia along 37th Avenue.[51]

Jackson Heights was heavily Colombian during the 1980s, but other immigrant groups have settled in the area, notably Mexicans. Many of the displaced Colombians have moved to adjacent areas such as Elmhurst, East Elmhurst, Corona, College Point and Flushing. Queens County still has the largest concentration of Colombians in the United States of any county (roughly 75,000).

History

The demographics of Jackson Heights were affected by three events: the 1965 Immigration Reform Act, which allowed working-class immigrants to be with their families in the U.S.;[43] the 1968 Fair Housing Act, which upheld fair housing;[43] and an event in 1990 where Julio Rivera, a gay man, was stabbed to death, which gave way to the Gay and Lesbian Anti-Violence Project.[52] The population is composed of over 60% foreign-born residents as of 2010 United States Census.[10][43]

The Latino demographics caused controversy in the 1970s, when many drug cartels were selling drugs, even though most people were not actually affected by it. While some media sources placed culpability on the wire transfer stores along Roosevelt Avenue as vestiges of the drug-selling, these stores were actually useful to the community.[53] Latino clubs and bars on the avenue were also pointed to as another trace of evidence, even though most were actually just places for typical Latino immigrants to hang out.[53] Little India was also controversial. Although Indians are a minority in Jackson Heights, a vibrant commercial area developed on 74th Street in the 1990s,[53] and by 1993, it was the largest Asian Indian shopping area in the country.[47]

As of a 2010 Furman Center report, 60% of the estimated 170,161 residents were Hispanic, 15% white, 10% black, and 15% Asian.[54] However, 2013 estimates by the website City-Data place the population at 133,464, with mainly white or Hispanic residents, due to a disparity in neighborhood boundaries.[55] Nevertheless, there is significant Latino and South Asian culture in Jackson Heights.[10] As of 2015, one out of two residents identify as Latino, and 20% of the non-Latino residents identify as Asian, within the "traditional" borders of Northern Boulevard, Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, Roosevelt Avenue, and Junction Boulevard.[56]

Community

The community is home to various houses of worship from a wide array of religions The Community United Methodist Church is on 82nd Street.[30] Saint Joan of Arc Catholic Church is located between 82nd and 83rd Street on 35th Avenue. The Jackson Heights Jewish Center is located on the corner of 77th Street and 37th Avenue. St Mark's Episcopal Church is on 34th Avenue between 81st and 82nd Streets.

The Jackson Heights Garden City Society is a historical society, whose founders include local historians, the Queens Borough Historian and local activists. They created and oversee the Jackson Heights Garden City Trail and publish a walking guidebook to Jackson Heights. They also collect artifacts of the community. Periodically, the Society testifies before the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on issues of concern to the community.

In addition, Colombian broadcaster RCN TV has its US-American headquarters in the neighborhood, reflecting the sizable Colombian population in the area.

There is a year-round greenmarket every Sunday morning at Travers Park, as well as various family-oriented spring and summer concerts.

Scrabble street sign

The word game Scrabble was co-invented by former architect Alfred Mosher Butts, who lived in Jackson Heights.[57][58] There is a street sign at 35th Avenue and 81st Street that is stylized using letters, with their values in Scrabble as a subscript; it was originally erected in 1995 but disappeared in 2008,[59] and a new sign was subsequently put up in 2011.[60]

Crime

Jackson Heights has followed the general crime patterns of New York City. After crime spikes in the 1970s into the 1990s, crime has declined significantly. According to New York City Police Department CompStat statistics, measured crime has declined more than 74% in the last 21 years (1993 to 2014). As of December 2014, the murder rate is down over 70% and grand larceny auto is down 93% from 1990. In 2013, there were 3 murders, 34 rapes, 325 felony assaults, 332 robberies, 275 burglaries, 612 grand larcenies, and 141 grand larcenies auto.[61]

Education

New York City Department of Education operates public schools. Schools in Jackson Heights include P.S. 69 Jackson Heights School,[62] P.S. 149 Christa McAuliffe School,[63] P.S. 212,[64] P.S 222 FF Christopher A. Santora School,[65] I.S. 145 Joseph Pulitzer School,[66] P.S. 152, and I.S. 230.

Charter schools include the Pre-K–12 school Renaissance Charter School.[67]

Private schools in the neighborhood include Saint Joan of Arc School (Pre-K3 to 8 grade), Our Lady of Fatima School (Pre-K to 8 grade), Monsignor McClancy Memorial High School, a school which turned co-ed by the end of the 2012 school year, though technically located in East Elmhurst. Garden School, a non-profit 501(c)(3) independent school within Jackson Heights, enrolls 300 students from grades Nursery–Grade 12.

82nd Street Academics, a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational institution, is housed at the Community United Methodist Church of Jackson Heights. Since 2003, it has been a community-based Universal Pre-Kindergarten provider under contract with the New York Department of Education.[68][69]

Queens Library operates the Jackson Heights Library, located on 81st Street and 37th Avenue.[70]

Parks and recreation

Travers Park is the main local playground. It has a variety of sports, including basketball, tennis, baseball, soccer, and handball.[30]

There is also a park named "One Room Schoolhouse Park", named after the last one-room schoolhouse in Queens.[4] The school was at Astoria Boulevard and 90th Street from 1879 to 1934; it became a playground in 1935 and a garden in 1992.[71]

Prior to expansion, the P.S. 69 school yard offered baseball fields, a stickball field, a handball court and three tennis courts. Con Edison sponsored several summer tennis camps at P.S. 69's school yard from 1982-1992. In 1998, P.S. 69 built an annex to compensate for the booming population of children in Jackson Heights and the public access to the school yard was removed. However, on November 30, 2011, then-Mayor Michael Bloomberg and other city officials opened the 200th "Schoolyard to Playground" at P.S. 69 as a part of the PlaNYC initiative to ensure all New Yorkers live within a 10-minute walk of a park or playground; the program is turning schoolyards into playgrounds in neighborhoods across the city.[72]

Notable residents

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.
  2. 1 2 Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.
  3. ↑ "Queens Community District 3". New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Walsh, Kevin (April 2006). "JACKSON HEIGHTS and EAST ELMHURST, Queens". Forgotten NY. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  5. 1 2 Hood 2004, p. 173
  6. 1 2 3 4 Kasinitz, Bazzi & Doane 1998, pp. 161–177
  7. 1 2 Jackson, Keller & Flood 2010, p. 3100.
  8. 1 2 Maly 2005, p. 105.
  9. 1 2 Karatzas, Daniel (1990). Jackson Heights: A Garden in the City. Privately printed
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Samways, Maggie. "New York's Most Diverse Neighborhood". Time Out New York.
  11. ↑ Plunz 1990, p. 131.
  12. ↑ Plunz 1990, p. 138.
  13. 1 2 Shukla 2003, p. 88.
  14. ↑ Hood 2004, p. 176.
  15. ↑ Hood 2004, p. 175.
  16. ↑ Shukla 2003, p. 89.
  17. ↑ Plunz 1990, p. 139.
  18. 1 2 Plunz 1990, p. 141.
  19. ↑ "Linden Court coop buildings one of the earliest cooperatives built in 1919 in the Historic District of Jackson Heights, NY". JACKSON HEIGHTS GARDENS • Real Estate Resource.
  20. ↑ Urbanelli & Robins 1993, p. 3.
  21. ↑ Urbanelli & Robins 1993, p. 4.
  22. ↑ New York Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 300.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 "History of Jackson Heights - A Garden City"; originally from Jeffrey A. Saunders's The Jackson Heights Garden City Trail, published by The Jackson Heights Garden City Society, Inc.
  24. ↑ New York Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 299.
  25. ↑ Plunz 1990, p. 146.
  26. ↑ Urbanelli & Robins 1993, p. 16.
  27. ↑ Barnouw 1966, p. 110.
  28. ↑ Lindsay 2005, p. 339.
  29. ↑ Barnouw 1966, p. 111.
  30. 1 2 3 "Jackson Heights". macaulay.cuny.edu. 2014-03-13. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  31. ↑ Hood 2004, p. 178.
  32. ↑ New York Landmarks Preservation Commission 2008, p. 298.
  33. ↑ White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 768.
  34. ↑ "Untapped Mailbag: What Were the Boundaries of Holmes Airport (now Bulova Building) in Queens?". Untapped Cities.
  35. ↑ Schorr 1978, pp. 48–54.
  36. 1 2 3 National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  37. ↑
  38. ↑ Braine 2009, p. 2.
  39. ↑ Myers, Steven Lee. "Council Votes Historic District In 38-Block Section of Queens", The New York Times, January 27, 1994. Accessed August 20, 2009.
  40. ↑ PDF map of the District.
  41. ↑ "Queens Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
  42. 1 2 "Officials Applaud Opening Of Renovated Bus Terminal | www.qgazette.com | Queens Gazette". www.qgazette.com. 2005-07-20. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Cerquera, Yolian (2 November 2012). "Is Jackson Heights New York's Most Eclectic Neighborhood?". Highbrow Magazine. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  44. ↑ http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bicyclists/bikemaps.shtml
  45. ↑ "New York City Neighborhoods: Jackson Heights — Boundaries". New York City Department of Housing Preservation & Development. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  46. ↑ Daniel Maurer "Stretching $50 in Jackson Heights." New York Magazine
  47. 1 2 Myers, Steven Lee (1993-01-04). "Bazaar With the Feel of Bombay, Right in Queens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
  48. ↑ "Former Eagle Theater in Jackson Heights Reopens As Food Court". DNAinfo New York.
  49. ↑ http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/polk-theatre-part-film-history-deco-delight-article-1.280961
  50. ↑ "Credits Roll for Jackson Heights Cinema After Rent Dispute". DNAinfo New York.
  51. 1 2 Braine 2009, p. 1.
  52. ↑ Stanley, Alessandra (18 November 1991). "The Symbols Spawned by a Killing". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  53. 1 2 3 Dao 1992
  54. ↑ http://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/QN_03_11.pdf
  55. ↑ "11372 Zip Code (New York, New York) Profile — homes, apartments, schools, population, income, averages, housing, demographics, location, statistics, sex offenders, residents and real estate info". city-data.com.
  56. ↑ "Jackson Heights, Queens: Diverse and Evolving". New York Times. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  57. ↑ Roleke, John. "Scrabble Avenue: Scrabble Invented in Jackson Heights". About.com.
  58. ↑ Kershaw, Sarah. "NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: JACKSON HEIGHTS;Rewriting The Story Of Scrabble", The New York Times, October 1, 1995. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  59. ↑ Ember, Sydney (15 July 2011). "For a Bereft Street Corner in Queens, a Red-Letter Day". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  60. ↑ "Historic Scrabble Sign Makes Triumphant Return To Jackson Heights". Queens Gazette. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  61. ↑ 115th Pct NYPD CompStat statistics. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
  62. ↑ "P.S. 69 Jackson Heights School School Review." Inside Schools. Retrieved on December 17, 2009.
  63. ↑ "P.S. 148, Christa McAuliffe School School Review." Inside Schools. Retrieved on December 17, 2009.
  64. ↑ "P.S. 212 School Review." Inside Schools. Retrieved on December 17, 2009.
  65. ↑ "P.S 222 FF Christopher A. Santora School School Review." Inside Schools. Retrieved on December 17, 2009.
  66. ↑ "I.S. 145 Joseph Pulitzer School School Review." Inside Schools. Retrieved on December 17, 2009.
  67. ↑ "Renaissance Charter School School Review." Inside Schools. Retrieved on December 17, 2009.
  68. ↑ "82nd Street Academics". privateschoolreview.com.
  69. ↑ 82nd Street Academics
  70. ↑ "Jackson Heights". Queens Library. Retrieved on December 17, 2009.
  71. ↑ "One Room Schoolhouse Park". nycgovparks.org.
  72. ↑ "NYC.gov". NYC.gov. 2011-11-30. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
  73. ↑ Kershaw, Sarah. "INSIDE QUEENS;A Criss-Crossed Quest", The New York Times, October 1, 1995. Accessed October 19, 2007. "JEFFREY A. SAUNDERS knew that Scrabble was born on 79th Street in Jackson Heights. He knew that Alfred Mosher Butts lived there when he invented the game."
  74. ↑ Abadjian, Nick. "Inventors of Queens", Queens Tribune, May 22, 2003. Accessed December 17, 2007. "Carlson, a Jackson Heights resident, worked as a lab researcher for a year and got laid off."
  75. ↑ Molotsky, Irvin. "Former Gov. Robert P. Casey Dies at 68; Pennsylvania Democrat Opposed Abortion", The New York Times, May 31, 2000. Accessed May 28, 2009.
  76. ↑ Suggs, Donald (June 1, 1999). "Queen of Hearts". POZ. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  77. ↑ Staff. "Thom Christopher", Soap Opera Digest. Accessed May 28, 2009. "Native New Yorker Thom Christopher hails from the Queens neighborhood of Jackson Heights."
  78. ↑ Solomon, Deborah. "Questions for Eleanor Clift: Grande Dame", The New York Times, March 2, 2008. Accessed May 28, 2009. "Where are you from? I grew up in Jackson Heights, Queens, and my father had a deli, Roeloffs Deli, in Sunnyside."
  79. ↑ Bosworth, Patricia. "Montgomery Clift: A Biography", p. 47. Hal Leonard Corporation, 2007. ISBN 0-87910-135-0.
  80. ↑ Cassidy, John. "Mastering the MachineHow Ray Dalio built the world's richest and strangest hedge fund.", The New Yorker, July 25, 2011. Accessed June 16, 2016. "The only child of Italian-American parents, Ray Dalio was born in Jackson Heights, Queens, in 1949."
  81. ↑ Staff. "Hollywood Freeway", Los Angeles Daily News, July 17, 1990. Accessed May 28, 2009. "When you grow up in the projects in Jackson Heights, in the New York borough of Queens, you don't think about having a golf and tennis tournament named after you. You only think about getting out and surviving. Kevin Dobson got out."
  82. ↑ Grundberg, Andy. "Alfred Eisenstaedt, 90: The Image of Activity", The New York Times, November 12, 1998. Accessed September 25, 2007. "Until a year ago, he would walk daily from his home in Jackson Heights, Queens, to his office on the Avenue of the Americas and 51st Street, he said."
  83. ↑ Staff. "Calvin Fixx", The New York Times, March 4, 1950. Accessed December 20, 2016. ""Calvin Fixx of 33-28 Eighty-first Street, Jackson Heights, Queens, a member of the special projects department of Time, Inc., and a former editor of Time, died yesterday of a heart ailment in the Atlantic City Hospital, according to word received here."
  84. ↑ Street, Jim. "Where've you gone, Dave Fleming?" Archived 2009-03-07 at the Wayback Machine., Seattle Mariners, June 10, 2003. Accessed May 28, 2009. "The ace of the '92 staff was Dave Fleming, a quiet southpaw born in the Jackson Heights section of Queens, N.Y., who went from College World Series star at the University of Georgia to the Major Leagues in a blink of an eye."
  85. ↑ McGrath, Charles. "The Fixer", The New York Times, February 19, 2006. Accessed October 22, 2009.
  86. ↑ via Associated Press. "Obituary: Helen Kane", Toledo Blade, September 27, 1966. Accessed May 28, 2009.
  87. ↑ Staff. "A Californian Teaches NY Something About Jewishness", Playbill (magazine), February 26, 1997. Accessed June 16, 2016. "Once upon a time in Jackson Heights, N.Y., there lived an 11-year-old Little League baseball player named Richard Klein. This baseball player, when he grew up and became an actor, had to change his name to Richard Kline because there already was another actor named Richard Klein."
  88. ↑ Zook, Kristal Brent. "Comedy That Hits Close to Home; Now a Father, John Leguizamo Looks Back Without Anger", The Washington Post, July 19, 2001. Accessed June 11, 2009. "Born in Bogota, Colombia, to a Puerto Rican father and a Colombian mother of Indian ancestry, [John Leguizamo] was raised in the multiethnic Jackson Heights neighborhood of Queens."
  89. ↑ via United Press International. "Space Scientist Willy Ley Dies", Milwaukee Sentinel, June 25, 1969. Accessed May 28, 2009.
  90. ↑ Ogunnaike, Lola. "The Perks and Pitfalls Of a Ruthless-Killer Role; Lucy Liu Boosts the Body Count in New Film", The New York Times, October 13, 2003. Accessed October 25, 2007. "Born in Jackson Heights, Queens, Ms. Liu, the daughter of working-class Chinese immigrants, recalled many an afternoon spent parked in front of a television set."
  91. ↑ Blumenthal, Ralph. "Most of His Audience Is Homeless; Clive Lythgoe, a Piano Virtuoso, Now Likes Life at a Different Tempo", The New York Times, October 9, 2000. Accessed May 28, 2009. "Mr. Lythgoe's life these days is a far cry from his glamorous existence as a fast-rising star. Instead of a six-bedroom manor in Sussex, he lives alone in a simple one-bedroom co-op apartment in Jackson Heights, Queens."
  92. ↑ Jacobson, Mark. "The Icon: Doll Face", New York (magazine), September 23, 2002. Accessed May 28, 2009. "Then came the sad pictures: Johnny and Jerry, RIP, and Billy Murcia too, their first drummer, a Colombian from Jackson Heights, dead in a London bathtub."
  93. ↑ Buskin, Richard. "CLASSIC TRACKS: Les Paul & Mary Ford 'How High The Moon'", Sound On Sound, January, 2007. "'How High the Moon' was recorded in Les Paul's home studio in Jackson Heights, using just the Ampex 300, a power supply unit, a small home-made mixer, a Bell & Howe amplifier, a Lansing Manufacturing Iconic speaker, and a single RCA 44BX ribbon mic."
  94. ↑ Staff. "DUNCAN PENWARDEN, BROADWAY ACTOR, DIES; Succumbs to Pneumonia Attack Following an Operation in Denver Two Weeks Ago.", The New York Times, September 14, 1930. Accessed May 28, 2009.
  95. ↑ Jennings, Dana. "New York Action Hero", The New York Times, November 23, 2003. Accessed may 28, 2009. "Mr. Quesada also falls squarely in comics' up-by-your-bootstraps, Ellis Island lineage. He grew up in Jackson Heights, Queens (Spider-Man's home borough), the comics-seduced child of Cuban immigrants."
  96. ↑ "TOMMY RETTIG, PLAYED JEFF IN ORIGINAL CAST OF TELEVISION'S 'LASSIE'", Rocky Mountain News, February 18, 1996. Accessed December 10, 2007.
  97. ↑ Witchel, Alex. "I'm No Howard Stern, You Dummy", The New York Times, August 25, 1996. Accessed October 8, 2007. "DONALD JAY RICKLES, WHO WAS BORN in New York City on May 8, 1926, grew up in Jackson Heights, Queens."
  98. ↑ Staff. "QUEENS MAN GETS TOP DEFENSE POST; Robert T. Ross, Once G.O.P. Representative in Capital, Would Succeed Seaton", The New York Times, February 26, 1955. Accessed May 28, 2009.
  99. ↑ Trescott, Jacqueline. "Mercedes Ruehl, Driven; The Manic Actress On the Road to Oscar", The Washington Post, March 26, 1992. Accessed May 28, 2009.
  100. ↑ Esther Zuckerman. " Susan Sarandon Shares Her New York Favorites", The Village Voice, August 30, 2011. Accessed Sept 23 2011.
  101. ↑ Staff. "2 DIE AS PLANES CRASH AT FIELD; Eddie Schneider, Who Flew at 15, Is Killed When His Craft and Navy Trainer Collide PASSENGER ALSO VICTIM U.S. Ship Is Landed Safely at Floyd Bennett Airport Despite Damaged Wings", The New York Times, December 24, 2940. Accessed May 28, 2009. "Schneider lived at 32-50 Seventythird Street, Jackson Heights, Queens".
  102. ↑ Sisario, Ben. "Walter Sear, an Audio Engineer With a Passion for Analog, Dies at 80", The New York Times May 6, 2010, Accessed May 7, 2010
  103. ↑ Van Riper, Tom (May 23, 2006). "First Job: Gene Simmons". forbes.com. Forbes. Archived from the original on 2007-11-11. I delivered the Long Island Star Journal in Jackson Heights, Queens, known as the Long Island Press on Sundays.
  104. ↑ Staff. "HOWARD STERN'S Private Jewish Parts", The Jewish Week, March 7, 1997. Accessed May 28, 2009.
  105. ↑ Maria Terrone, Poet Turns to Queens For Inspiration.
  106. ↑ Jennifer Manley, Prepared For The Muse In Jackson Heights.
  107. ↑ Staff. "Parting Shots: Sada times four, Broadway's new one-woman triumph", Life (magazine), January 28, 1972. Accessed June 18, 2016. "They have a daughter, 20, and live in an unfashionable suburb, Jackson Heights."
  108. ↑ Whiteside, Jonny. "Music Review: Rock 'n' roll stalwart Waddy Wachtel takes center stage", Glendale News-Press, February 26, 2016. "'I grew up in Jackson Heights, New York, started playing guitar when I was about nine, moved to L.A. at 20 in '68,' Wachtel said."
  109. ↑ White, Helene N., Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Accessed June 18, 2016. "Born 1954 in Jackson Heights, NY"
  110. ↑ Lumenick, Lou. "A case of mistaken identity ruined this man's life — and inspired Hitchcock", New York Post, February 7, 2016. Accessed December 20, 2016. "
  111. ↑ "Mehreen Jabbar returns with new drama Jackson Heights". Dawn.com.
  112. ↑ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4936064/

Sources

Further reading

  • Bazzi, Mohamad. "Overlooked Treasures: Landmark Designations Are on the Rise in the 'Forgotten' Borough". Newsday, March 26, 1995.
  • Bazzi, Mohamad. "Civics Battle Local Legislator Over District Lines". Queens Tribune, March 20, 1992.
  • Cohen, Mark Francis. "Conformity and Commerce Collide". The New York Times, September 3, 1995.
  • Gans, Herbert. 1995 (1963). "Urbanism and Suburbanism as Ways of Life". In Metropolis. Philip Kasinitz (ed.). New York: New York University Press.
  • Goldberger, Paul. 1983. "Utopia by Bus and Subway". In On the Rise. Paul Goldberger (ed.). New York: Times Books.
  • Grecco, Rudolph, Jr. 1996. Jackson Heights: From Ice Age to Space Age: A Story for Children. New York: The Jackson Heights Beautification Group.
  • Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995), The Encyclopedia of New York City, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 0300055366 
  • Jones-Correa, Michael. 1998. Between Two Worlds: The Political Predicament of Latinos in New York City. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Karatzas, Daniel (1998). "History of Jackson Heights". Retrieved August 13, 2012. 
  • Kasinitz, Philip. 1988. "Neighborhood Change and Conflicts Over Definitions: The 'Gentrification' of 'Boerum Hill"", Qualitative Sociology 11 (3): 163–182.
  • Khandewal, Madhulika S. 1994. "Spatial Dimensions of Indian Immigrants in New York City, 1965–1990", in Nation and Migration: The Politics of Space in the South Asian Diaspora. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Lowenhaupt, Tom. "Busing Can Sour Students on the Old Neighborhood". letter to the editor, The New York Times, January 14, 1996.
  • Massey, Douglas, and Nancy Denton. 1993. American Apartheid. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • McKnight, Tom. "Mystery Group Calls for Jackson Hts. Biz Boycott". Queens Chronicle, August 31, 1995.
  • "Protests After Death in Queens". The New York Times. December 4, 1995, City Section, p. 9.
  • Saunders, Jeffrey. 1995. "Why Landmarking Is Good for You". The Telegraph: The Newsletter of the Queensboro Preservation League 1 (2).
  • Zukin, Sharon. 1995. The Cultures of Cities. Cambridge, England: Basil Blackwell, Ltd.
  • Zukin, Sharon. 1991. Landscapes of Power. Berkeley: University of California Press.

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