IEEE 802.11b-1999
IEEE 802.11b-1999 or 802.11b, is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 wireless networking specification that extends throughput up to 11 Mbit/s using the same 2.4GHz band. A related amendment was incorporated into the IEEE 802.11-2007 standard.
802.11 is a set of IEEE standards that govern wireless networking transmission methods. They are commonly used today in their 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n and 802.11ac versions to provide wireless connectivity in the home, office and some commercial establishments.
Description
802.11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s and uses the same CSMA/CA media access method defined in the original standard. Due to the CSMA/CA protocol overhead, in practice the maximum 802.11b throughput that an application can achieve is about 5.9 Mbit/s using TCP and 7.1 Mbit/s using UDP.
802.11b products appeared on the market in mid-1999, since 802.11b is a direct extension of the DSSS (Direct-sequence spread spectrum) modulation technique defined in the original standard. The Apple iBook was the first mainstream computer sold with optional 802.11b networking. Technically, the 802.11b standard uses Complementary code keying (CCK) as its modulation technique. The dramatic increase in throughput of 802.11b (compared to the original standard) along with simultaneous substantial price reductions led to the rapid acceptance of 802.11b as the definitive wireless LAN technology.
802.11b devices suffer interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band. Devices operating in the 2.4 GHz range include: microwave ovens, Bluetooth devices, baby monitors and cordless telephones. Interference issues and user density problems within the 2.4 GHz band have become a major concern and frustration for users.
Range
802.11b is used in a point-to-multipoint configuration, wherein an access point communicates via an omnidirectional antenna with mobile clients within the range of the access point. Typical range depends on the radio frequency environment, output power and sensitivity of the receiver. Allowable bandwidth is shared across clients in discrete channels. A directional antenna focuses output power into a smaller field which increases point-to-point range. Designers of such installations who wish to remain within the law must however be careful about legal limitations on effective radiated power.[1]
Some 802.11b cards operate at 11 Mbit/s, but scale back to 5.5, then to 2, then to 1 Mbit/s (also known as Adaptive Rate Selection) in order to decrease the rate of re-broadcasts that result from errors.
Channels and Frequencies
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| Channel | Center Frequency | Frequency delta | Channel Width | Overlaps Channels |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.412 GHz | 5 MHz | 2.401–2.423 GHz | 2-5 |
| 2 | 2.417 GHz | 5 MHz | 2.406–2.428 GHz | 1,3-6 |
| 3 | 2.422 GHz | 5 MHz | 2.411–2.433 GHz | 1-2,4-7 |
| 4 | 2.427 GHz | 5 MHz | 2.416–2.438 GHz | 1-3,5-8 |
| 5 | 2.432 GHz | 5 MHz | 2.421–2.443 GHz | 1-4,6-9 |
| 6 | 2.437 GHz | 5 MHz | 2.426–2.448 GHz | 2-5,7-10 |
| 7 | 2.442 GHz | 5 MHz | 2.431–2.453 GHz | 3-6,8-11 |
| 8 | 2.447 GHz | 5 MHz | 2.436–2.458 GHz | 4-7,9-12 |
| 9 | 2.452 GHz | 5 MHz | 2.441–2.463 GHz | 5-8,10-13 |
| 10 | 2.457 GHz | 5 MHz | 2.446–2.468 GHz | 6-9,11-13 |
| 11 | 2.462 GHz | 5 MHz | 2.451–2.473 GHz | 7-10,12-13 |
| 12 | 2.467 GHz | 5 MHz | 2.456–2.478 GHz | 8-11,13-14 |
| 13 | 2.472 GHz | 5 MHz | 2.461–2.483 GHz | 9-12, 14 |
| 14 | 2.484 GHz | 12 MHz | 2.473–2.495 GHz | 12-13 |
- Note: Channel 14 is only allowed in Japan, Channels 12 & 13 are allowed in most parts of the world. More information can be found in the List of WLAN channels.
See also
| 802.11 network PHY standards | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 802.11 protocol |
Release date[3] |
Fre- quency |
Band- width |
Stream data rate[4] | Allowable MIMO streams |
Modulation | Approximate range | |||
| Indoor | Outdoor | |||||||||
| (GHz) | (MHz) | (Mbit/s) | ||||||||
| 802.11-1997 | Jun 1997 | 2.4 | 22 | 1, 2 | N/A | DSSS, FHSS | 20 m (66 ft) | 100 m (330 ft) | ||
| a | Sep 1999 | 5 | 20 | 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 | N/A | OFDM | 35 m (115 ft) | 120 m (390 ft) | ||
| 3.7[A] | 5,000 m (16,000 ft)[A] | |||||||||
| b | Sep 1999 | 2.4 | 22 | 1, 2, 5.5, 11 | N/A | DSSS | 35 m (115 ft) | 140 m (460 ft) | ||
| g | Jun 2003 | 2.4 | 20 | 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 | N/A | OFDM | 38 m (125 ft) | 140 m (460 ft) | ||
| n | Oct 2009 | 2.4/5 | 20 | Up to 72.2[B] | 4 | MIMO-OFDM | 70 m (230 ft) | 250 m (820 ft)[5] | ||
| 40 | Up to 150[B] | |||||||||
| ac | Dec 2013 | 5 | 20 | Up to 96.3[B] | 8 | 35 m (115 ft)[6] | ||||
| 40 | Up to 200[B] | |||||||||
| 80 | Up to 433.3[B] | |||||||||
| 160 | Up to 866.7[B] | |||||||||
| ad | Dec 2012 | 60 | 2,160 | Up to 6,757[7] (6.7 Gbit/s) |
N/A | OFDM, single carrier, low-power single carrier |
3.3 m (11 ft)[8] | |||
| ah | Dec 2016 | 0.9 | Up to 347 [9] | |||||||
| aj | Est. Jul 2017 | 45/60 | ||||||||
| ax | Est. Dec 2018 | 2.4/5 | Up to 10.53 Gbit/s | MIMO-OFDM | ||||||
| ay | Est. Nov 2019 | 60 | 8000 | Up to 100,000 (100 Gbit/s) | 4 | OFDM, single carrier, |
60 | |||
| az | Est. Mar 2021 | 60 | ||||||||
| 802.11 Standard rollups | ||||||||||
| 802.11-2007 | Mar 2007 | 2.4, 5 | Up to 54 | DSSS, OFDM | ||||||
| 802.11-2012 | Mar 2012 | 2.4, 5 | Up to 150[B] | DSSS, OFDM | ||||||
| 802.11-2016 | Dec 2016 | 2.4, 5, 60 | Up to 866.7 or 6,757[B] | DSSS, OFDM | ||||||
| ||||||||||
References
- ↑ "Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47-Telecommunications, Chapter I-Federal Communications Commission, Part 15-Radio Frequency Devices, Section 15.247" (PDF). 2006-10-01. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
- ↑ http://download.wcvirtual.com/reference/802%20Channel%20Freq%20Mappings.pdf
- ↑ "Official IEEE 802.11 working group project timelines". Jan 26, 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
- ↑ "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED n: Longer-Range, Faster-Throughput, Multimedia-Grade Wi-Fi® Networks" (registration required). Wi-Fi Alliance. September 2009.
- ↑ "802.11n Delivers Better Range". Wi-Fi Planet. 2007-05-31.
- ↑ "IEEE 802.11ac: What Does it Mean for Test?" (PDF). LitePoint. October 2013.
- ↑ "802.11ad - WLAN at 60 GHz: A Technology Introduction" (PDF). Rohde & Schwarz GmbH. November 21, 2013. p. 14.
- ↑ 802.11ad Antenna Differences: Beamsteering, Gain and Range
- ↑ Sun, Weiping; Choi, Munhwan; Choi, Sunghyun (July 2013). "IEEE 802.11ah: A Long Range 802.11 WLAN at Sub 1 GHz" (PDF). Journal of ICT Standardization. 1 (1): 83–108. doi:10.13052/jicts2245-800X.125.
- "802.11b-1999 Higher Speed Physical Layer Extension in the 2.4 GHz band" (pdf). 1999-02-11. Retrieved 2007-09-24.
- "Corrigenda to 802.11b-1999 Higher Speed Physical Layer Extension in the 2.4 GHz band" (pdf). 2002-01-30. Retrieved 2007-09-24.