37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)

37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)

61-K in Saint Petersburg Artillery Museum.
Type Air defense gun
Place of origin Soviet Union
Service history
Used by Users
Wars Second World War, Korean War, Vietnam War, Cambodian Civil War, Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Somali Civil War
Syrian Civil War[1]
Production history
Produced 1939–1945 (USSR)
No. built 20,000 (USSR)
Specifications
Weight 2,100 kg (4,600 lb)
Shell 37×250 mm. R
Caliber 37 mm (1.5 in)
Elevation -5° to 85°
Traverse 360°
Rate of fire 60 rpm
Muzzle velocity 880 m/s
Maximum firing range 8.5 km (5.3 mi)
61-K at IDF/AF Museum, Chatzerim airbase, Israel.

The 37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K) (Russian: 37-мм автоматическая зенитная пушка образца 1939 года (61-К)) was a Soviet 37 mm calibre anti-aircraft gun developed during the late 1930s and used during World War II. The land-based version was replaced in Soviet service by the ZSU-57-2 during the 1950s. Guns of this type were successfully used throughout the Eastern Front against dive bombers and other low- and medium-altitude targets. It also had some usefulness against lightly armoured ground targets. Crews of the 37 mm AD guns shot down 14,657 Axis planes.[2] The mean quantity of 37 mm ammunition to shoot down one enemy plane was 905 rounds.[2]

Development

The Soviet Navy purchased a number of Bofors 25 mm Model 1933 guns in nineteen thirty-five, trials of the weapon were successful and it was decided to develop a 45 mm version of the weapon designated the 49-K. The development under the guidance of leading Soviet designers M. N. Loginov, I. A. Lyamin and L. V. Lyuliev was successful, but the army thought that the 45 mm calibre was a little too large for an automatic field weapon. In January 1938 the Artillery Factory Number 8 in Sverdlovsk was ordered to develop a 37 mm weapon based on the same design. The task was fulfilled by the chief designer of the factory, Mikhail Loginov, and his assistant Lev Loktev. Firing trials of the new 61-K were conducted in October 1938.

Competitive firing trials were conducted in 1940 between the 61-K and the Bofors 40 mm/56. There were no substantial differences found between them.

61-K in Poznan citadel, Poland

Land version

The weapon was initially installed as a single-barrel weapon on a four-wheeled ZU-7 carriage, and was soon ready for service. An initial order for 900 units was placed. The gun was operated by a crew of eight men. A total of 200 rounds of ammunition were carried which were fed into the gun in five-round clips. Total Soviet production was around 20,000 units, ending in 1945. However, it has also been produced in Poland, China and North Korea.

Armour penetration of the armour-piercing (AP) rounds is reported as 37 millimetres of rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) at 60°at 500 metres range and 28 millimetres of RHA at 90° at 1500 metres range.

The naval mounting was produced as the 70K, and had entered service before the German invasion of the Soviet Union replacing the semi-automatic 45 mm/46 21-K on many ships. It was fitted in large numbers to Soviet ships during the Second World War, including the T301 class minesweeper. The V70K was produced until 1955, with a total of 3,113 built.

V-11 as a memorial to the defenders of Seraya Loshad fort

One drawback was that the 70K required a barrel change after every 100 rounds fired. To improve on this, a twin-barrel water cooled mount, the V-11 (called "W-11" in East Germany and Poland because of different Cyrillic transliteration), entered service in 1946, and was in production until 1957. A total of 1,872 V-11 mounts were built.

After this an 85-calibre 100 mm (3.9 in) anti-aircraft mounts long version, the 45 mm/85, was developed and accepted into service in 1954, it was deployed in twin and quad turrets on a number of classes of vessels, including the Neustrashimyy, Kildin and Kotlin class destroyers. However it was later replaced with the ZIF-31 twin 57 mm mounting.

The 37 mm twin mounting was exported to China where it was manufactured and used extensively, as the "Type 65". A turret based version was produced from the late 1980s called the "Type 76" or H/PJA 76.

ZSU-37

The ZSU-37 was developed late in the Second World War, it was a single 37 mm gun mounted in a large open turret on the chassis of the SU-76 self-propelled gun .

Specifications

Designation M1939 70K
(naval) 		V-11-M
(naval) 		45 mm
(naval)
Barrels 1 1 2 4 or 2
Calibre 37 mm
(1.45 in)
Barrel length 2.73 m
(9 ft) 		2.3 m
(7.54 ft) 		2.3 m
(7.54 ft) 		3.8 m
(12.46 ft)
Muzzle velocity 880 m/s
(2,887 ft/s)		 900 m/s
(2,953 ft/s)
Weight 2,100 kg
(4,630 lbs) 		1,750 kg
(3,858 lbs) 		3,450 kg
(7,606 lbs) 		?
Length 5.5 m
(18 ft) 		3.8 m
(12.46 ft) 		3.8 m
(12.46 ft) 		6 m
(19.68 ft)
Width 1.79 m
(5.87 ft)		 2.2 m
(7.21 ft) 		2.75 m
(9 ft)
Height 2.11 m
(7 ft) 		2.2 m
(7.21 ft)		 1.8 m
(6 ft)
Elevation +85 to
-5 degrees 		+85 to
-10 degrees 		+85 to
-10 degrees 		+90 to
0 degrees
Elevation speed ? 15 degrees / sec 13 degrees / sec ?
Traverse speed ? 20 degrees / sec 17 degrees / sec ?
Rate of fire per barrel

(cyclic) 		160 to 170 rpm 160 to 170 rpm 160 to 170 rpm

(practical)		 80 rpm 100 rpm
Maximum range
(surface) 		9,500 m
(5.90 mi)		 ?
Practical range
(surface)		 4,000 m
(2.48 mi)		 9,000 m
Maximum range
(air)		 6,700 m
(21,981 ft)		 ?
Practical range
(air)		 3,000 m
(9,842 ft)		 6,000 m
Crew 8 6 3 4

Ammunition

The cannon fires 37×252SR shells. The shells use brass cases lined with waxed paper and use KV-2U percussion primers. A small piece of lead-tin wire is included in the case to act as a de-coppering agent, to counteract the buildup of copper from the driving bands of the projectiles.[3] The Ammunition is produced in a number of countries including China, Russia, Egypt, Pakistan and Yugoslavia. The projectiles themselves are identical to those fired by the NS-37 aircraft cannon. The explosive shells are fitted with point detonating fuzes making them unsuitable for engaging fast moving or small targets.

Type Frag-T Frag-T AP-T HVAP HE
Calibre 37 mm 37 mm 37 mm 37 mm 45 mm
Country Russia
Name OR-167 OR-167N BR-167 BR-167P ?
Fuze MG-8 PD
or MG-37 PD 		B-37 PD
or MG-37 PD 		n/a n/a ?
Round 1.43 kg
(3.15 lbs) 		1.43 kg
(3.15 lbs) 		1.47 kg
(3.24 lbs) 		?
Projectile 651 g
(1.43 lbs) 		651 g
(1.43 lbs) 		737 g
(1.62 lbs) 		? 1.5 kg
(3.30 lbs)
Explosive 35 g
(1.23 oz)
of A-IX-2 		40 g
(1.41 oz)
of A-IX-2
or A-1Kh-2 		n/a n/a ?
Muzzle
velocity		 880 m/s
(2,887 ft/s)		 960 m/s
(3,150 ft/s)		 900 m/s
(2,953 ft/s)
Armour penetration ? ? 47 mm @ 500 m
(1.85 in @ 547 yds)
37 mm @ 1,000 m
(1.45 in @ 1,093 yds) 		57 mm @ 1000 m
(2.24 in @ 1,093 yds)		 ?

Variants

Comparison of anti-aircraft guns

Country Gun model RPM Projectile weight Weight of fire
 Soviet Union 37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K) 60 .73 kg (1.6 lb)[4] 43.8 kg (97 lb)
 Nazi Germany 3.7 cm SK C/30 30 .74 kg (1.6 lb)[5] 22.2 kg (49 lb)
 France Canon de 37 mm Modèle 1925 15-21 .72 kg (1.6 lb)[6] 10.8–15.12 kg (23.8–33.3 lb)
 Italy Cannone-Mitragliera da 37/54 (Breda) 60-120 .82 kg (1.8 lb)[7] 49.2–98.4 kg (108–217 lb)
 United States 37 mm Gun M1 120 .87 kg (1.9 lb) 104.4 kg (230 lb)
 Nazi Germany 3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37/43 150 .64 kg (1.4 lb)[8] 96 kg (212 lb)
 United Kingdom QF 2-pounder naval gun 115 .91 kg (2.0 lb)[9] 104.6 kg (231 lb)
 Sweden Bofors 40 mm gun 120 .9 kg (2.0 lb)[10] 108 kg (238 lb)

Users

Current operators

Former operators

Notes

  1. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tjpjn0DvT4o
  2. 1 2 Shunkov V. N. - The Weapons of the Red Army
  3. ↑ "Russian Ammunition Page".
  4. ↑ DiGiulian, Tony. "Russia / USSR 37 mm/67 (1.5") 70-K - NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
  5. ↑ DiGiulian, Tony. "Germany 3.7 cm/83 SK C/30 - NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
  6. ↑ DiGiulian, Tony. "France 37 mm/50 (1.46") Model 1925 and CAIL Model 1933 - NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
  7. ↑ DiGiulian, Tony. "Italy 37 mm/54 (1.5") Models 1932, 1938 and 1939 - NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
  8. ↑ DiGiulian, Tony. "Germany 3.7 cm/57 (1.5") Flak M43 - NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
  9. ↑ DiGiulian, Tony. "United Kingdom / Britain 2-pdr QF Mark VIII - NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
  10. ↑ DiGiulian, Tony. "USA Bofors 40 mm/60 Model 1936 - NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
  11. ↑ 257 units were exported to Bulgaria in 1945-1948 - История на Зенитната артилерия и Зенитно-ракетните войски в Българската армия, София 1995, с. 102-103. (History of Anti-aircraft artillery and Anti-aircraft and Missile Forces of the Bulgarian Army, Sofia 1995, p. 102-103.)

References

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