501(c) organization

A 501(c) organization is a nonprofit organization in the federal law of the United States according to 26 U.S.C. § 501 and is one of 29 types of nonprofit organizations which are exempt from some federal income taxes. Sections 503 through 505 set out the requirements for attaining such exemptions. Many states refer to Section 501(c) for definitions of organizations exempt from state taxation as well. 501(c) organizations can receive unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, and unions.

For example, a nonprofit organization may be tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) if its primary activities are charitable, religious, educational, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering amateur sports competition, preventing cruelty to children, or preventing cruelty to animals.

Types

According to the IRS Publication 557, in the Organization Reference Chart section, the following is an exact list of 501(c) organization types and their corresponding descriptions.[1][lower-alpha 1]

Other tax-exempt organizations

General compliance

Under Section 511, a 501(c) organization is subject to tax on its "unrelated business income", whether or not the organization actually makes a profit, but not including selling donated merchandise or other business or trade carried on by volunteers, or certain bingo games.[26] Disposal of donated goods valued over $2,500, or acceptance of goods worth over $5,000 may also trigger special filing and record-keeping requirements.

Tax exemption does not excuse an organization from maintaining proper records and filing any required annual or special-purpose tax returns, e.g., 26 U.S.C. § 6033 and 26 U.S.C. § 6050L. Prior to 2008, an annual return was not generally required from an exempt organization accruing less than $25,000 in gross income yearly.[27] Since 2008, most organizations whose annual gross receipts are less than $50,000 must file an annual information return known as Form 990-N.[28][lower-alpha 6] Form 990-N must be submitted electronically using an authorized IRS e-file provider. Form 990, Form 990-EZ, and Form 990-PF may be filed either by mail or electronically through an authorized e-file provider.

Failure to file required returns such as Form 990 (Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax) may result in fines of up to $250,000 per year. Exempt or political organizations, excluding churches or similar religious entities, must make their returns, reports, notices, and exempt applications available for public inspection. The organization's Form 990 (or similar such public record as the Form 990-EZ or Form 990-PF) is available for public inspection and photocopying at the offices of the exempt organization, through a written request and payment for photocopies by mail from the exempt organization, or through a direct Form 4506-A "Request for Public Inspection or Copy or Political Organization IRS Form" request to the IRS of for the past three tax years. Form 4506-A also allows the public inspection or photocopying access to Form 1023 "Application for Recognition of Exemption" or Form 1024, Form 8871 "Political Organization Notice of Section 527 Status", and Form 8872 "Political Organization Report of Contribution and Expenditures". Internet access to many organizations' 990 and some other forms are available through GuideStar.[lower-alpha 7] Certain organizations are exempt from filing Form 990, such as churches, their integrated auxiliaries, and conventions or associations of churches; the exclusively religious activities of any religious order; and religious organizations; and most organizations whose annual gross receipts are less than $5,000.[31] Failure to file such timely returns and to make other specific information available to the public also is prohibited.[32][33]

501(c)(3)

501(c)(3) tax-exemptions apply to entities that are organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational purposes, or for testing for public safety, or to foster national or international amateur sports competition, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals. The 501(c)(3) exemption also applies for any unincorporated community chest, fund, cooperating association, or foundation that is organized and operated exclusively for those purposes.[34][35] There are also supporting organizations—often referred to in shorthand form as "Friends of" organizations.[36][37][38][39][40] 26 U.S.C. § 170, provides a deduction, for federal income tax purposes, for some donors who make charitable contributions to most types of 501(c)(3) organizations, among others.

Organizations described in section 501(c)(3) are prohibited from conducting political campaign activities to intervene in elections to public office.[41] On the other hand, public charities (but not private foundations) may conduct a limited amount of lobbying to influence legislation. Although the law states that "No substantial part..." of a public charity's activities can go to lobbying, charities may register for a 501(h) election allowing them to lawfully conduct lobbying activities as long as their financial expenditure does not exceed a specified amount.[42] 501(c)(3) organizations risk loss of tax exempt status if any of these rules are violated.[43][44]

A 501(c)(3) organization is allowed to conduct some or all of its charitable activities outside the United States.[45][46] Donors' contributions to a 501(c)(3) organization are tax-deductible only if the contribution is for the use of the 501(c)(3) organization, and that the 501(c)(3) organization is not merely serving as an agent or conduit of a foreign charitable organization.[47] Additional procedures are required of 501(c)(3) organizations that are private foundations.[46][48]

501(c)(4)

A 501(c)(4) organization is a social welfare organization, such as a civic organization or a neighborhood association. An organization is considered by the IRS to be operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare if it is primarily engaged in promoting the common good and general welfare of the people of the community.[49][50] Net earnings must be exclusively used for charitable, educational, or recreational purposes.[51]

Allowed activities

501(c)(4) are similar to 501(c)(5) and 501(c)(6) in that the organizations may inform the public on controversial subjects and attempt to influence legislation relevant to its program[52] and, unlike 501(c)(3) organizations, they may also participate in political campaigns and elections, as long as their primary activity is the promotion of social welfare and related to the organization's purpose.[53][54]

The income tax exemption for 501(c)(4) organizations applies to most of their operations, but income spent on political activities—generally the advocacy of a particular candidate in an election—is taxable.[55] An "action" organization generally qualifies as a 501(c)(4) organization.[56] An "action" organization is one whose activities substantially include, or are exclusively,[57] direct or grassroots lobbying related to advocacy for or against legislation or proposing, supporting, or opposing legislation that is related to its purpose.[58]

A 501(c)(4) organization may directly or indirectly support or oppose a candidate for public office as long as such activities are not a substantial amount of its activities.[49][59]

A 501(c)(4) organization that lobbies must register with the Clerk of the House if it lobbies members of the House or their staff.[54] Likewise, a 501(c)(4) organization must register with the Secretary of the Senate if it lobbies members of the Senate or their staff.[54] In addition, the 501(c)(4) organization must either inform its members the amount it spends on lobbying or pay a proxy tax to the Internal Revenue Service.[54] Lobbying expenses and political expenses are not deductible as business expenses.[54]

Electioneering communications

The use of 501(c)(4), 501(c)(5), and 501(c)(6) organizations has been affected by the 2007 FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc., in which the Supreme Court struck the part of the McCain-Feingold Act that prohibited 501(c)(4), 501(c)(5), and 501(c)(6) from broadcasting electioneering communications. The Act defined an electioneering communication as a communication that mentions a candidate's name 60 days before a primary or 30 days before a general election.

Contributions

Contributions to 501(c)(4) organizations are usually not deductible as charitable contributions for U.S. federal income tax, with a few exceptions.[60] Dues or contributions to 501(c)(4) organizations may be deductible as a business expense under IRC 162, although amounts paid for intervention or participation in any political campaign, direct lobbying, grass roots lobbying, and contact with certain federal officials are not deductible.[61] If a 501(c)(4) engages in a substantial amount of these activities, then only the amount of dues or contributions that can be attributed to other activities may be deductible as a business expense.[62]

The organization must provide a notice to its members containing a reasonable estimate of the amount related to lobbying and political campaign expenditures, or else it is subject to a proxy tax on its lobbying and political campaign expenditures. It must also state that contributions to the organization are not deductible as charitable contributions during fundraising.[61]

501(c)(4) organizations are not required to disclose their donors publicly.[63] The lack of disclosure has led to extensive use of the 501(c)(4) provisions for organizations that are actively involved in lobbying, and has become controversial.[64][65] Criticized as "dark money", spending from these organizations on political TV ads has exceeded spending from Super PACs.[66][67] Spending by organizations that do not disclose their donors has increased from less than $5.2 million in 2006 to well over $300 million in the 2012 election.[68]

History

The origins of 501(c)(4) organizations date back to the Revenue Act of 1913, which created a new group of tax-exempt organizations dedicated to social welfare in a precursor to what is now Internal Revenue Code Section 501(c)(4).[69]

501(c)(5)

A 501(c)(5) organization is a labor organization, an agricultural organization, or a horticultural organization. Labor unions, county fairs, and flower societies are examples of these types of groups. Labor union organizations were a primary benefactor of this organization type, dating to the 19th century. According to the Internal Revenue Service, a 501(c)(5) organization has a duty of providing service to its members first. The organization's benefits may not inure to a specific member, but the rules for inurement vary among the three different types of organizations under this segment. A 501(c)(5) organization can make unlimited corporate, individual, or union contributions.[70]

A labor organization may pay benefits to its members because paying benefits improves all members' shared working conditions. An agricultural organization can provide financial assistance to its members in order to improve the conditions of those engaged in agricultural pursuits generally. Members can benefit in incidental ways from the organization's exempt activities as long as the benefits are available to all persons.[70]

History

The first exemption for labor organizations from corporate income tax was enacted as part of the Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909.[71][72]

The Revenue Act of 1913 excluded "labor, agricultural, or horticultural organizations" from income tax liability.[72][73]

Contributions and activities

Much like 501(c)(4) and 501(c)(6) organizations, 501(c)(5) organizations may also perform some political activities.[74] 501(c)(5) organizations are allowed to attempt to influence legislation that is related to the common union interests of its members.[75]

501(c)(5) organizations can receive unlimited contributions from corporations, individuals, and labor unions. The names and addresses of contributors are not required to be made available for public inspection.[76] All other information, including the amount of contributions, the description of noncash contributions, and any other information, is required to be made available for public inspection unless it clearly identifies the contributor.

A union membership dues paid to a 501(c)(5) organization are generally an ordinary and necessary business expense.[77] The membership dues are tax-deductible in full unless a substantial part of the 501(c)(5) organization's activities consists of political activity, in which case a tax deduction is allowed only for the portion of membership dues that are for other activities.[77]

Because associations involved in fishing and seafood harvesting were having difficulties qualifying for reduced postal rates,[78] in 1976 Congress established Internal Revenue Code Section 501(5) to define "agriculture" as the art or science of cultivating land, harvesting crops or aquatic resources, or raising livestock.[72]

501(c)(6)

A 501(c)(6) organization is a business league, chambers of commerce like the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, a real estate board, a board of trade, a professional football league or an organization like the Edison Electric Institute and the Security Industry Association, that are not organized for profit and no part of the net earnings goes to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.[79]

Qualifications for exemption

A business league may qualify if it is an association of persons having a common business interest, whose purpose is to promote the common business interest and whose activities improve business conditions rather than actually conduct the business itself.[80] Members of the organization must be of the same trade, business, occupation, or profession in order to qualify.[81] A chamber of commerce or board of trade could qualify for similar reasons except that they may promote the common economic interests of all the commercial enterprises in a given trade or community.[82]

An association would not qualify if its principal activities consist of securing benefits and performing particular services for members.[83]

An association that promotes the common interests of certain hobbyists would not qualify because the Internal Revenue Service does not consider hobbies to be activities conducted as businesses.[84]

An organization whose primary activity is advertising the products or services of its members does not qualify because the organization is performing a service for its members rather than promoting common interests.[85][86] If an organization's primary activity is advertising the products or services of its members' industry as a whole, however, the organization will generally qualify if it also performs other services for its members.[87]

Contributions and activities

Much like 501(c)(4) and 501(c)(5) organizations, 501(c)(6) organizations may also perform some political activities.[74] 501(c)(6) organizations are allowed to attempt to influence legislation that is related to the common business interests of its members.[75]

501(c)(6) organizations can receive unlimited contributions from corporations, individuals, and labor unions. The names and addresses of contributors are not required to be made available for public inspection.[88] All other information, including the amount of contributions, the description of noncash contributions, and any other information, is required to be made available for public inspection unless it clearly identifies the contributor. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is a large political spender, and Freedom Partners used its status as a 501(c)(6) organization to raise and distribute over $250 million during the 2012 election campaigns without disclosing its donors.[89] The group's existence was not publicly known until nearly a year after the election.

A business' membership dues paid to a 501(c)(6) organization are generally an ordinary and necessary business expense.[77] The membership dues are tax-deductible in full unless a substantial part of the 501(c)(6) organization's activities consists of political activity, in which case a tax deduction is allowed only for the portion of membership dues that are for other activities.[77]

History

The predecessor of IRC 501(c)(6) was enacted as part of the Revenue Act of 1913[90] likely due to a U.S. Chamber of Commerce request for an exemption for nonprofit "civic" and "commercial" organizations, which resulted in IRC 501(c)(4) for nonprofit "civic" organizations and IRC 501(c)(6) for nonprofit "commercially-oriented" organizations.[79] The Revenue Act of 1928 amended the statute to include real estate boards.[91] In 1966, professional football leagues were added to the described organizations.[92]

The Revenue Act of 1913 related to professional football leagues had both antitrust and tax provisions: The antitrust provision was enacted to permit the merger of the National and American Football Leagues to go forward without fear of an antitrust challenge under either the 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act or the 1914 Federal Trade Commission Act.[93] IRC 501(c)(6) amendment was enacted in 1966 to ensure that a professional football league's exemption would not be jeopardized because it administered a players' pension fund.[94] Additionally, a professional sports league's exemption is not to be jeopardized because its primary source of revenue is the sale of television broadcasting rights to its games because the broadcasting of games increases public awareness of the sport.[95][96]

Senator Tom Coburn introduced legislation to disallow a tax exemption for the National Football League, the Professional Golfers' Association, and other professional sports organizations.[97][98] Coburn estimated the tax exemption cost $100 million, but he said he could not get other members of Congress to support the legislation.[97][98]

501(c)(7)

A 501(c)(7) organization is a social or recreational club that is organized for pleasure, recreation, and other nonprofitable purposes.[99] Members must share interests and have a common goal directed toward pleasure and recreation, and the organization must provide opportunities for personal contact among members.[100][101] The organization's facilities and services must be open to its members and their guests only.[102] The organization must be a club of individuals, and no individual may derive profit from the organization's net earnings.[103] Examples include college alumni associations; college fraternities or college sororities operating chapter houses for students; country clubs; amateur sport clubs; supper clubs that provide a meeting place, library, and dining room for members; hobby clubs; and garden clubs.[104]

Activities

A substantial amount of the 501(c)(7) organization's activities must be related to social and recreational activities for its members.[105] No more than 35 percent of its gross receipts may derive from non-members, and no more than 15 percent of its gross receipts is permitted to come from use of its facilities or services by the general public.[99] An organization that exceeds these limits may lose its 501(c)(7) status.[106]

When a group of eight or fewer individuals, at least one of whom is a member, uses the organization's facilities and the member pays for the other individuals, the Internal Revenue Service will assume the nonmembers are the guests of the member, and the revenue is deemed to be derived from the member.[103] Similarly, if at least 75 percent a group using club facilities are members of the organization, the Internal Revenue Service will assume the nonmembers are the guests of the member, and the revenue is deemed to be derived from the member.[103] It is the responsibility of the organization to maintain these records.[106] If the organization does not keep sufficient records to link revenue to a member, the Internal Revenue Service assumes the revenue came from a nonmember.[107]

The organization is subject to unrelated business income tax for the revenue derived from nonmember use of its facilities and services, less allowable deductions.[106] If the organization sells assets that were previously used for recreational or social purposes, the proceeds are not considered unrelated business income as long as the proceeds are reinvested in the organization.[108]

A 501(c)(7) organization cannot have a policy of discriminating on the basis of race, color, or religion.[103] Nevertheless, a 501(c)(7) organization is permitted to limit its members to a particular religion in order to further the teachings of that religion.[103] An auxiliary of a 501(c)(8) fraternal benefit society that limits membership to members of a particular religion is allowed to do so as well.[103] The Internal Revenue Service has determined that 501(c)(7) are not prohibited from discriminating against ethnic groups.[103]

Donations

An individual's donation to a fraternity is a tax-deductible charitable contribution if the contribution "is to be used exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational purposes, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals."[109]

History

The predecessor of Internal Revenue Code Section 501(c)(7) was part of the Revenue Act of 1913, which provides a tax-exemption to "fraternal beneficiary societies, orders, or associations operating under the lodge system or for the exclusive benefit of the members of a fraternity itself operating under the lodge system".[90] Congress justified the tax-exemption with the reasoning that the members join together to provide themselves with recreational or social organization without further tax consequences, similar as if they had paid for the benefits directly.[99] Tax-exemption was available for organizations operated exclusively for pleasure, recreation, and other nonprofitable purposes.[99]

In 1969, Congress passed a law stating that social and recreational clubs were permitted to engage in some unrelated business income, subject to income tax.[99]

501(c)(8)

A 501(c)(8) organization is a fraternal benefit society.[110]

Eligibility

The society must have members of a similar calling, recreation, or profession, or members who work together to accomplish a worthy goal.[111] The members have associated themselves in order to help each other and to promote the common cause.[111] The society must have written documentation of its eligibility standards for membership, classes of membership, a process of admission, and rights and privileges of members.[112]

The members must have a common bond, which may be based on religious beliefs, gender, occupation, ethnicity, or shared values.[113]

The society must have a supreme governing body and subordinate lodges into which members are elected, initiated, or admitted in accordance with its laws.[110] The supreme governing body should be composed of delegates elected directly by members or intermediate assemblies.[110]

The society must offer benefits to members, which may include life insurance, medical insurance, scholarships, educational programs, travel opportunities, and discount programs.[113] Revenue generated from providing benefits to non-members must be insubstantial to the society and may be taxable as unrelated business income.[114]

History

Fraternal benefit societies trace their lineage back through mutual benefit societies, friendly societies and eventually to medieval guilds.[115] Many fraternal benefit societies were founded to serve the needs of immigrants and other under-served groups[116] who shared common bonds of religion, ethnicity, gender, occupation or shared values.

Section 38 of the Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909 was the first law to provide a tax-exemption for fraternal beneficiary societies.[117] The tax-exemption was later codified as section 501(c)(8) with the Internal Revenue Code of 1954.[118]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 In accordance with the Internal Security Act of 1950, any 501(c), 501(d), or 521 organization loses its tax-exempt status in any taxable year during which the organization is a Communist-action organization or a Communist-infiltrated organization.[2]
  2. ↑ 501(c)(20) organizations are no longer tax-exempt under Section 501(c)(20) after June 30, 1992, but they may request to become exempt under Section 501(c)(9) effective July 1, 1992.[4]
  3. ↑ Veterans organizations may be exempt under Section 501(c)(23) only if the organization was created before 1880. Other veterans organizations may be exempt under Section 501(c)(4) instead.
  4. ↑ 501(c)(24) organizations are described as Section 4049 ERISA Trusts; Section 4049 of ERISA has been repealed.[5]
  5. ↑ The Section 501(c)(29) tax exemption for qualified nonprofit health Insurance issuers was created in section 1322(h)(1) of the Affordable Care Act[6]
  6. ↑ Organizations that are not eligible to file Form 990-N include private foundations, most section 509(a)(3) supporting organizations, and organizations exempt under Section 501(c)(1), 501(c)(20), 501(c)(23), 501(c)(24), 501(d), 527, 529, 4947(a)(2), 4947(a)(1).[29]
  7. ↑ Guidestar access to recent 990 filings is available for free, but requires one to open a free account.[30]

References

  1. ↑ "Publication 557: Tax-Exempt Status For Your Organization" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service. June 2008. pp. 65–66. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
  2. ↑ "§ 1.501(k)–1". Internal Revenue Service.
  3. ↑ "IRC 501(c)(2) Title-holding Corporations" (pdf). 1986 EO CPE Text. Internal Revenue Service. 1986. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  4. ↑ "Publication 557: Tax Exempt Status for Your Organization" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service. p. 60.
  5. ↑ "29 USC § 1349". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  6. ↑ "Guidance on Requirements for Tax-Exempt 501(c)(29) Qualified Nonprofit Health Insurance Issuers". Internal Revenue Service. March 11, 2011. Archived from the original on 15 March 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 "Part 4. Examining Process: Chapter 76. Exempt Organizations Examination Guidelines: Section 29. Apostolic Associations – IRC 501(d)". Internal Revenue Manual. Internal Revenue Service.
  8. ↑ Rev. Rul. 57-574, 1957-2 c.b. 161.
  9. ↑ "26 CFR 1.501(e)-1 - Cooperative hospital service organizations". Legal Services Institute.
  10. ↑ "26 U.S. Code § 501(e)". Legal Information Institute.
  11. ↑ Wikisource:United States Code/Title 26/Chapter 1/Subchapter F/Part I/Section 501#j
  12. ↑ Wikisource:United States Code/Title 26/Chapter 1/Subchapter F/Part I/Section 501#k
  13. 1 2 3 "Part 7. Rulings and Agreements; Chapter 25. Exempt Organizations Determinations Manual; Section 3. Religious, Charitable, Educational, Etc., Organizations (Cont. 1); 7.25.3.7.11.4 (02-23-1999) Child Care Organizations". Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  14. 1 2 "IRC 501(k) – Child Care Organizations" (PDF). 1986 EO CPE Text. Internal Revenue Service. 1986.
  15. 1 2 "IRC 501(k) – Child Care Organization" (PDF). 1989 EO CPE Text. Internal Revenue Service. 1989.
  16. ↑ "26 U.S.C. § 501(n)". FindLaw. Thompson Reuters.
  17. ↑ "Part 4. Examining Process: Chapter 44. Subchapter T Cooperatives: Section 1. IRC section 521 Exempt Farmers' Cooperatives". Internal Revenue Manual. Internal Revenue Service.
  18. ↑ 26 U.S. Code § 527 - Political organizations". Legal Information Institute. Accessed December 4, 2015.
  19. 1 2 Porter, Gary. "501(c)(4) Tax Exempt Homeowners Associations". Hinricher, Douglas & Porter, LLP. Accessed March 1, 2016.
  20. ↑ "26 U.S. Code § 528 - Certain homeowners associations". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. Accessed March 1, 2016.
  21. ↑ "2015 Instructions for Form 1120-H: U.S. Income Tax Return for Homeowners Associations". Internal Revenue Service. Accessed on March 1, 2016.
  22. 1 2 3 "Homeowners' Associations Under IRC 501(c)(4), 501(c)(7) and 528". Exempt Organizations Continuing Professional Education Text. Internal Revenue Service. 1982.
  23. ↑ "529 Plans: Questions and Answers". Internal Revenue Service. August 24, 2015.
  24. 1 2 "Part 7. Rulings and Agreements: Chapter 26. Private Foundations Manual: Section 15. IRC 4947 Trusts". Internal Revenue Manual. Internal Revenue Service.
  25. ↑ "IRS Subsection Codes for Tax Exempt Organizations". Guidestar. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
  26. ↑ 26 U.S.C. § 513(f).
  27. ↑ Internal Revenue Bulletin 23, 1982, exercising 26 U.S.C. § 6033(a)(2)(B).
  28. ↑ "Annual Electronic Filing Requirement for Small Exempt Organizations – Form 990-N (e-Postcard)". Internal Revenue Service. 29 June 2016.
  29. ↑ "Form 990-N (e-Postcard): Organizations Not Permitted to File". Internal Revenue Service. February 29, 2016.
  30. ↑ "About Us". Guidestar. Accessed on June 29, 2016.
  31. ↑ 26 U.S.C. § 6033
  32. ↑ 26 U.S.C. § 6652
  33. ↑ 26 U.S.C. § 6104
  34. ↑ Exempt Purposes – Internal Revenue Code Section 501(c)(3).
  35. ↑ IRS Publication 557 "Tax-Exempt Status For Your Organization", Page 19, (Rev. June 2008), Cat. No 46573C., Retrieved 2009-03-09.
  36. ↑ Hopkins, Bruce R. (2011), The Law of Tax-Exempt Organizations (10 ed.), John Wiley and Sons, p. 879, ISBN 978-0-470-60217-1
  37. ↑ Judith S. Ballan, "How To Aid a Foreign Charity Through an 'American Friends of' Organization", in Proceedings of the Twenty-Third New York University Conference on Tax Planning.
  38. ↑ "Legal Dimensions of International Grantmaking: How a Private Foundation Can Use "Friends of" Organizations". Usig.org. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  39. ↑ "Meet the expert: Suzanne M. Reisman, Law Offices of Suzanne M. Reisman". Giving Insights. 2010-03-03. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  40. ↑ Larkin, Richard F.; DiTommaso, Marie (2011), Wiley Not-for-Profit GAAP 2011: Interpretation and Application of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, John Wiley and Sons, p. Ch.11, ISBN 978-0-470-55445-6
  41. ↑ "The Restriction of Political Campaign Intervention by Section 501(c)(3) Tax-Exempt Organizations". Irs.gov. Internal Revenue Service. 2012-08-14. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  42. ↑ "Political and Lobbying Activities". Irs.gov. 2009-01-06. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  43. ↑ "Lobbying". Internal Revenue Service. 2013-04-18. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
  44. ↑ Amelia Elacqua, Eyes wide shut: The ambiguous "political activity" prohibition and its effects on 501(c)(3) organizations, Houston Business and Tax Journal, 2008, page 119 and 141, referenced February 16, 2012
  45. ↑ "Rev. Rul. 71-460, 1971-2 C.B. 231". Internal Revenue Service. 1971.
  46. 1 2 "Domestic Organizations with Foreign Operations". Exempt Organization Continuing Professional Education Text. Internal Revenue Service. 1983.
  47. ↑ "Rev. Rul. 63-252, 1963-2 C.B. 101". Internal Revenue Service via Bradford Tax Institute. 1963.
  48. ↑ "Memorandum 200504031". Internal Revenue Service. January 28, 2005.
  49. 1 2 Chick, Raymond; Henchey, Amy. "Political Organizations and IRC IRC 501(c)(4)" (PDF). Exempt Organizations-Technical Instruction Program for FY 1995. Internal Revenue Service.
  50. ↑ Reg. 1.501(c)(4)-1(a)(2)(i)
  51. ↑ See 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(4)(A).
  52. ↑ "Rev. Rul. 68-656, 1968-2 C.B. 216" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service.
  53. ↑ "Part 7. Rulings and Agreements, Chapter 25. Exempt Organizations Determinations Manual, Section 4. Civic Leagues, Social Welfare Organizations and Local Associations of Employees". Internal Revenue Manual. Internal Revenue Service.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 Matthews, Dylan (May 14, 2013). "Everything you need to know about the IRS scandal in one FAQ". The Washington Post.
  55. ↑ "Comparison of 501(c) (3)s, 501(c)(4)s, and political organizations" (PDF). Alliance for Justice. July 2007.
  56. ↑ "Rev. Rul. 67-293, 1967-2 C.B. 185" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service.
  57. ↑ "Rev. Rul. 71-530, 1971-2 C.B. 237" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service.
  58. ↑ "Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(3)(iv)". Internal Revenue Service. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  59. ↑ "1.501(c)(4)-1(a)(2)(ii)". Internal Revenue Service.
  60. ↑ "Donations to Section 501(c)(4) Organizations". 2012-08-14. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  61. 1 2 Reilly, John Francis; Braig Allen, Barbara A. "Political Campaign and Lobbying Activities of IRC 501(c)(4), (c)(5), and (c)(6) Organizations" (PDF). Exempt Organizations-Technical Instruction Program for FY 2003. Internal Revenue Service.
  62. ↑ "Reg. 1.162-20(c)(3)". Internal Revenue Service. vLex.
  63. ↑ "Political activity of environmental groups and their supporting foundations". U. S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. September 2008. p. 6. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
  64. ↑ Adair, Bill (December 11, 2006). "Groups hide behind tax code". St. Petersburg Times.
  65. ↑ Luo, Michael; Strom, Stephanie (September 20, 2010). "Donor Names Remain Secret as Rules Shift". New York Times.
  66. ↑ Kim Barker (13 August 2012). "Two Dark Money Groups Outspending All Super PACs Combined". ProPublica. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  67. ↑ Kim Barker (4 October 2012). "How Some Nonprofit Groups Funnel Dark Money Into Campaigns". ProPublica. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  68. ↑ "Political Nonprofits". website. opensecrets.org. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  69. ↑ Gershman, Jacob (May 16, 2013). "The Surprisingly Muddled History of the 501(c)(4) Exemption". The Wall Street Journal.
  70. 1 2 "Inurement and Benefits to Members - Agricultural/Horticultural and Labor Organizations (IRC 501(c)(5))". Internal Revenue Service. March 11, 2015.
  71. ↑ "Tariff Act of 1909, ch. 6, § 38, 36 Stat. 113". That every corporation, joint stock company or association... shall be subject to pay annually a special excise tax with respect to the carrying on or doing business by such corporation, joint stock company or association... Provided, however, That nothing in this section contained shall apply to labor, agricultural or horticultural organizations, or to fraternal beneficiary societies, orders, or associations operating under the lodge system, and providing for the payment of life, sick, accident, and other benefits to the members of such societies, orders, or associations, and dependents of such members, nor to domestic building and loan associations, organized and operated exclusively for the mutual benefit of their members, nor to any corporation or association organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, or educational purposes, no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any private stockholder or individual.
  72. 1 2 3 Reilly, John Francis; Hull, Carter C.; Braig Allen, Barbara A. (2003). "IRC 501(c)(5) Organizations" (PDF). Exempt Organizations-Technical Instruction Program for FY 2003. Internal Revenue Service.
  73. ↑ Tariff Act of 1913, ch. 16, § 11(G), 38 Stat. 172.
  74. 1 2 Berry, Jeffrey M. (November 30, 2003). "The Lobbying Law Is More Charitable Than They Think". The Washington Post. p. B1.
  75. 1 2 "Rev. Rul. 61-177, 1961-2 C.B. 117". Internal Revenue Service. 1961.
  76. ↑ "Form 990, Schedule B: Schedule of Contributors: General Instructions". Internal Revenue Service. 2015.
  77. 1 2 3 4 "Rev. Rul. 1.162-15(c)". Internal Revenue Service. 1965.
  78. ↑ S. Rep. No. 94-938 at 419, 420, reprinted in 1976-3 C.B. (vol. 3) 457-458.
  79. 1 2 Reilly, John Francis; Hull, Carter C.; Braig Allen, Barbara A. "IRC 501(c)(6) Organizations". Exempt Organizations-Technical Instruction Program for FY 2003 . Internal Revenue Service. 2003.
  80. ↑ "26 CFR 1.501(c)(6)-1 - Business leagues, chambers of commerce, real estate boards, and boards of trade". Internal Revenue Service. Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School.
  81. ↑ "Rev. Rul. 59-391, 1959-2 C.B. 151". Internal Revenue Service. 1959.
  82. ↑ "Rev. Rul. 73-411, 1973-2 C.B. 180". Internal Revenue Service. 1973.
  83. ↑ American Automobile Association v. Commissioner, 19 T.C. 1146 (1953).
  84. ↑ American Kennel Club v. Hoey, 142 F.2d 920 (2nd Cir. 1945).
  85. ↑ Automotive Electric Association v. Commissioner, 168 F.2d 366 (6th Cir. 1948).
  86. ↑ "Rev. Rul. 64-315, 1964-2 C.B. 147". Internal Revenue Service. 1964.
  87. ↑ "Rev. Rul. 55-444, 1955-2, C.B. 258". Internal Revenue Service. 1955.
  88. ↑ "Form 990, Schedule B: Schedule of Contributors: General Instructions". Internal Revenue Service. 2015.
  89. ↑ Mike Allen; Jim Vandehei (11 September 2013). "The Koch brothers' secret bank". Politico. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  90. 1 2 Tariff Act of 1913, ch.16, § II (G)(a), 38 Stat. 72."Tariff Act of 1913, ch.16, § II (G)(a), 38 Stat. 72. "...nothing this section shall apply to labor, agricultural, or horticultural organizations, or to mutual savings banks not having a capital stock represented by shares, or to fraternal beneficiary societies, orders, or associations operating under the lodge system or for the exclusive benefit of the members of a fraternity itself operating under the lodge system, and providing for the payment of life, sick, accident, and other benefits to the members of such societies, orders, or associations and dependents of such members, nor to domestic building and loan associations, nor to cemetery companies, organized and operated exclusively for the mutual benefit of their members, nor to any corporation or association organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, or educational purposes, no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any private stockholder or individual, nor to business leagues, nor to chambers of commerce or boards of trade, not organized for profit or no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of the private stockholder or individual ; nor to any civic league or organization not organized for profit, but operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare.
  91. ↑ Rev. Act of 1928, ch. 852, § 103(7), 48 Stat. 700.
  92. ↑ Act of Nov. 8, 1966, Pub. L. 89- 800, § 6(a), 80 Stat. 1515.
  93. ↑ Reilly, John Francis; Hull, Carter C.; Braig Allen, Barbara (2003). "Exempt Organizations: Technical Instruction Program for FY 2003 IRC 501(c)(6) Organizations" (PDF). IRS. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  94. ↑ H.R. Conf. Rept. No 2308, 89th Cong., 2d Sess. (1966), reprinted in 1966-2 C.B. 958, 963, 964.
  95. ↑ "Rev. Rul. 58-502, 1958-2 C.B. 271". Internal Revenue Service. 1958.
  96. ↑ "Rev. Rul. 80-294, 1980-2 C.B. 187". Internal Revenue Service. 1980.
  97. 1 2 Kang, Cecilia (September 17, 2014). "The real architect of NFL's big profits". The Washington Post. p. A12.
  98. 1 2 Kang, Cecilia (September 17, 2014). "How the government helps the NFL maintain its power and profitability". The Washington Post.
  99. 1 2 3 4 5 Langley, Jim; Rosenberg, Conrad. "C. Social Clubs - IRC 501(c)(7)". 1996 Exempt Organization Continuing Professional Education Text. Internal Revenue Service. 1996.
  100. ↑ "Social Clubs – Requirements for Exemption – Personal Contact Required". Internal Revenue Service. December 9, 2015.
  101. ↑ "Starting Off Right: What New Non- 501(c)(3) Organizations Need to Know". Internal Revenue Service. February 24, 2010.
  102. ↑ Sullivan, Denise. "What is a 501(c)(7) Corporation?" The Houston Chronicle. 2013.
  103. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tenenbaum, Jeffrey S.; Journy, Matthew T. "Requirements for Tax-Exempt Status under IRC § 501(c)(7): A Primer for Social Clubs". Venable LLP. June 2008.
  104. ↑ "Publication 557: Tax Exempt Status for Your Organization". Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
  105. ↑ S. Rep. No. 94-1318, 94th Cong., 2nd Sess. 4 (1976), 1976-2 C.B. 597, 599.
  106. 1 2 3 "H. Nonmember Income of Social, Fraternal, Veterans, and Social Welfare Organizations". 1990 Exempt Organization Continuing Professional Education Text. Internal Revenue Service. 1990.
  107. ↑ "Internal Revenue Manual: Part 4 Examining Process: Chapter 76 Exempt Organizations Examination Guidelines: Section 16 Social and Recreational Clubs - IRC §501(c)(7)". Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
  108. ↑ "http://www.cmaa.org/uploadedFiles/For_Members/Economy/501c7Checklist.pdf Club Tax Book". Mitchell L. Stump, CPA, PA. Club Managers Association of America. December 2004.
  109. ↑ "Internal Revenue Code Section 170(c)(4)". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
  110. 1 2 3 "IRC 501(c)(8) Fraternal Beneficiary Societies and IRC 501(c)(10) Domestic Fraternal Societies". 2004 EO CPE Text. Internal Revenue Service. 2004.
  111. 1 2 National Union v. Marlow, 74 F. 775, 778-79 (8th Cir. 1896).
  112. ↑ "Modern Fraternal Code Section 6".
  113. 1 2 "What is a Fraternal Benefit Society?" American Fraternal Alliance. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
  114. ↑ GCM 38312 (Mar. 20, 1980).
  115. ↑ "Historical Background and Development of Social Security". Archived from the original on 2 January 2016.
  116. ↑ Statistics of Fraternal Benefit Societies, 117th Edition (2011); American Fraternal Alliance, p. iv.
  117. ↑ Revenue Act of 1913. Pub. L. No. 63-6. Section II(G)(a). 38 Stat. 172.
  118. ↑ "7.25.8 Fraternal Beneficiary Societies". Internal Revenue Manual. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved August 26, 2016.

Further reading

Wikisource has original text related to this article:
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.