2060 Chiron

Chiron

Chiron in Celestia with rings. Surface details and shape are imaginary, as it may not be in hydrostatic equilibrium.
Discovery [1][2]
Discovered by C. Kowal
Discovery site Palomar Obs.
Discovery date 18 October 1977
Designations
MPC designation (2060) Chiron · 95P/Chiron
Pronunciation /ˈkaɪərən/
Named after
 Chiron (Greek mythology)[3]
1977 UB
centaur [1][4] · comet · distant [2]
Adjectives Chironean, Chironian
Orbital characteristics [1]
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc 122.16 yr (44,619 days)
Aphelion 18.865 AU
Perihelion 8.4311 AU
13.648 AU
Eccentricity 0.3823
50.42 yr (18,417 days)
7.75 km/s
153.58°
0° 1m 10.2s / day
Inclination 6.9497°
209.20°
339.68°
Jupiter MOID 3.00433 AU
Jupiter Tisserand parameter 3.352
Physical characteristics
Dimensions 166 km (Dunham, 1998)[1]
180 km (Lebofsky, 1984)[5]
188 km (Campins, 1994)[6]
206 km (Brown)[7]
218±20 km (Herschel 2013)[8]
233±14.7 km (Spitzer)[9]
271.37 km (LCDB, derived)[10]
5.918 h[11][12][13][14]
0.057 (assumed)[10]
0.11[7]
0.15±0.03[1]
0.160±0.030[8]
B (Tholen), Cb (SMASS)
B–V = 0.704[1]
U–B = 0.283[1]
BB [15] · C [10]
18.93[16]
15.6 (Perihelic opposition)
5.80±0.27[17] · 5.82±0.07[18] · 5.9[1] · 5.92±0.20[8] · 6.287±0.022 (R)[19] · 6.5[7] · 6.56[10][20] · 6.79[14]
0.035" (max)[21]

    2060 Chiron (/ˈkaɪərən/), provisional designation 1977 UB, and also known as 95P/Chiron, is a minor planet in the outer Solar System, orbiting the Sun between Saturn and Uranus. Discovered in 1977 by Charles Kowal (precovery images have been found as far back as 1895),[22] it was the first-identified member of a new class of objects now known as centaurs—bodies orbiting between the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt.[lower-alpha 1] Besides the four giant planets, Chiron and 10199 Chariklo, also a centaur, are the only other bodies in the Solar System known to have rings.[23]

    Although it was initially called an asteroid and classified only as a minor planet with the designation "2060 Chiron", it was later found to exhibit behavior typical of a comet. Today it is classified as both a minor planet and a comet, and is accordingly also known by the cometary designation "95P/Chiron".

    Chiron is named after the centaur Chiron in Greek mythology.

    Michael Brown lists it as possibly a dwarf planet with a measured diameter of 206 km[7] (128 miles) which is near the lower limit for an icy dwarf planet (around 200 km, or 124 miles).

    History

    Discovery

    Chiron was discovered on 1 November 1977 by Charles Kowal from images taken on 18 October at Palomar Observatory.[24][25] It was given the temporary designation of 1977 UB.[6] It was found near aphelion[24] and at the time of discovery it was the most distant known minor planet.[lower-alpha 2][6] Chiron was even claimed as the tenth planet by the press.[26] Chiron was later found on several precovery images, going back to 1895, which allowed its orbit to be accurately determined.[24] It had been at perihelion in 1945 but was not discovered then because there were few searches being made at that time, and these were not sensitive to slow-moving objects. The Lowell Observatory's survey for distant planets would not have gone down faint enough in the 1930s and did not cover the right region of the sky in the 1940s.[24]

    Naming

    in 1979, this minor planet was named after Chiron, one of the centaurs from Greek mythology. It was suggested that the names of other centaurs be reserved for objects of the same type.[3][24] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center before November 1977 (M.P.C. 4359).[27]

    Orbit

    Chiron's orbit was found to be highly eccentric (0.37), with perihelion just inside the orbit of Saturn and aphelion just outside the perihelion of Uranus (it does not reach the average distance of Uranus, however). According to the program Solex, Chiron's closest approach to Saturn in modern times was around May 720, when it came within 30.5±2.0 million km of Saturn. During this passage Saturn's gravity caused Chiron's semi-major axis to decrease from 14.55±0.12 AU[28] to 13.7 AU.[1] It does not come nearly as close to Uranus; Chiron crosses Uranus's orbit where the latter is farther than average from the Sun.

    Left: The orbit of 2060 Chiron compared with the orbits of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Right:The chaotic unstable motion of Chiron as simulated by Gravity Simulator. It is possible that Chiron will evolve into a 2:1 near resonance with Saturn over the next 10,000+ years.

    Chiron attracted considerable interest because it was the first object discovered in such an orbit, well outside the asteroid belt. Chiron is classified as a centaur, the first of a class of objects orbiting between the outer planets. Chiron is a Saturn–Uranus object because its perihelion lies in Saturn's zone of control and its aphelion lies in that of Uranus.[29] Centaurs are not in stable orbits and will be removed by gravitational perturbation by the giant planets over a period of millions of years, moving to different orbits or leaving the Solar System altogether.[30] Chiron is probably a refugee from the Kuiper belt and will probably become a short-period comet in about a million years.[29]

    Chiron came to perihelion (closest point to the Sun) in 1996.[1]

    Physical characteristics

    Summary – size estimates for Chiron:
    Year Diameter (km) Notes Refs
    1984 180 Lebofsky (1984) [5]
    1991 186 IRAS [5]
    1994 188 Campins (radius 94±6) [6]
    1996 180 occultation [5]
    1998 166 Dunham occultation list: Duham 1998 [1]
    2007 233 Spitzer Space Telescope [9]
    2013 218 Herschel Space Observatory PACS and SPIRE [8]
    2017 206 Brown [7]
    2017 271 LCDB [10]

    Spectral type

    The visible and near-infrared spectrum of Chiron is neutral,[6] and is similar to that of C-type asteroids and the nucleus of Halley's Comet.[12] The near-infrared spectrum of Chiron shows absence of water ice.[31]

    Diameter

    The assumed size of an object depends on its absolute magnitude (H) and the albedo (the amount of light it reflects). In 1984 Lebofsky estimated Chiron to be about 180 km in diameter.[5] Estimates in the 1990s were closer to 150 km in diameter.[1][5] Occultation data from 1993 suggests a diameter of about 180 km.[5] Combined data from the Spitzer Space Telescope in 2007 and the Herschel Space Observatory in 2011 suggests that Chiron is 218±20 km in diameter.[8] Therefore, Chiron may be as large as 10199 Chariklo.[9] The diameter of Chiron is difficult to estimate in part because the true absolute magnitude of its nucleus is uncertain due to its highly variable cometary activity.[8]

    Rotation period

    Four rotational lightcurves of Chiron were taken from photometric observations between 1989 and 1997. Lightcurve analysis gave a concurring, well-defined rotational period of 5.918 hours with a small brightness variation of 0.05 to 0.09 magnitude, which indicates that the body has a rather spheroidal shape (U=3/3/3).[10][11][12][13][14]

    Cometary behavior

    In February 1988, at 12 AU from the Sun, Chiron brightened by 75 percent.[32] This is behavior typical of comets but not asteroids. Further observations in April 1989 showed that Chiron had developed a cometary coma,[33] A tail was detected in 1993.[6] Chiron differs from other comets in that water is not a major component of its coma, because it is too far from the Sun for water to sublimate.[34] In 1995 Carbon Monoxide was detected in Chiron in very small amounts, and the derived CO production rate was calculated to be sufficient to account for the observed coma.[35] Cyanide was also detected in the spectrum of Chiron in 1991.[36] At the time of its discovery, Chiron was close to aphelion, whereas the observations showing a coma were done closer to perihelion, perhaps explaining why no cometary behavior had been seen earlier. The fact that Chiron is still active probably means it has not been in its current orbit very long.[22]

    Chiron is officially designated as both a comet—95P/Chiron—and a minor planet,[8] an indication of the sometimes fuzzy dividing line between the two classes of object. The term proto-comet has also been used. Being about 220 km in diameter, it is unusually large for a comet nucleus. Chiron was the first member of a new family of Chiron-type comets with (TJupiter > 3; a > aJupiter).[1] Other Chiron-type comets include: 39P/Oterma, 165P/LINEAR, 166P/NEAT, and 167P/CINEOS. There are also non-centaurs that are classified as comets, such as 4015 Wilson–Harrington, 7968 Elst–Pizarro, and 118401 LINEAR.[37]

    Since the discovery of Chiron, other centaurs have been discovered, and nearly all are currently classified as minor planets, but are being observed for possible cometary behavior. 60558 Echeclus has displayed a cometary coma and now also has the cometary designation 174P/Echeclus. After passing perihelion in early 2008, 52872 Okyrhoe significantly brightened.[38]

    Rings

    Chiron is suspected to have two rings,[39][40] similar to the better-established rings of Chariklo. Based on unexpected occultation events observed in stellar-occultation data obtained on 7 November 1993, 9 March 1994, and 29 November 2011, which were initially interpreted as resulting from jets associated with Chiron's comet-like activity, Chiron's rings are proposed to be 324 (± 10) km in radius and sharply defined. Their changing appearance at different viewing angles can largely explain the long-term variation in Chiron's brightness and hence estimates of Chiron's albedo and size. Moreover, it can, by assuming that the water ice is in Chiron's rings, explain the changing intensity of the infrared water-ice absorption bands in Chiron's spectrum, including their disappearance in 2001 (when the rings were edge-on). Also, the geometric albedo of Chiron's rings as determined by spectroscopy is consistent with that used to explain Chiron's long-term brightness variations.[40]

    The preferred pole of Chiron's rings is, in ecliptic coordinates, λ = 144°±10°, β = 24°±10°. The rings' width, separation, and optical depths are nearly identical to those of Chariklo's rings, indicating that the same type of structure is responsible for both. Moreover, both their rings are within their respective Roche limits.[40]

    Notes

    1. ↑ 944 Hidalgo, discovered in 1920, also fits this definition, but was not identified as belonging to a distinct population.
    2. ↑ Pluto, now known to be a dwarf planet and hence a minor planet, was known at the time, but was considered a planet.

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2060 Chiron (1977 UB)" (2017-06-22 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    2. 1 2 "2060 Chiron (1977 UB)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    3. 1 2 Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (2060) Chiron. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 167. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    4. ↑ "List Of Centaurs and Scattered-Disk Objects". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
    5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Groussin, O.; Lamy, P.; Jorda, L. (January 2004). "Properties of the nuclei of Centaurs Chiron and Chariklo" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics: 1163–1175. Bibcode:2004A&A...413.1163G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031564. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Campins, H.; Telesco, C. M.; Osip, D. J.; Rieke, G. H.; Rieke, M. J.; Schulz, B. (December 1994). "The color temperature of (2060) Chiron: A warm and small nucleus". Astronomical Journal: 2318–2322. Bibcode:1994AJ....108.2318C. ISSN 0004-6256. doi:10.1086/117244. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    7. 1 2 3 4 5 Michael E. Brown. "How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system?". California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fornasier, S.; Lellouch, E.; Müller, T.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Panuzzo, P.; Kiss, C.; et al. (July 2013). "TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. VIII. Combined Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of nine bright targets at 70-500 mum" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 555: 22. Bibcode:2013A&A...555A..15F. arXiv:1305.0449 Freely accessible. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321329. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    9. 1 2 3 Stansberry, John; Grundy, Will; Brown, Mike; Cruikshank, Dale; Spencer, John; Trilling, David; Margot, Jean-Luc (November 2007). "Physical Properties of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects: Constraints from Spitzer Space Telescope" (PDF). arXiv:astro-ph/0702538 Freely accessible [astro-ph].
    10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "LCDB Data for (2060) Chiron". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    11. 1 2 Bus, Schelte J.; Bowell, Edward; Harris, Alan W.; Hewitt, Anthony V. (February 1989). "2060 Chiron - CCD and electronographic photometry". Icarus: 223–238. Bibcode:1989Icar...77..223B. ISSN 0019-1035. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90087-0. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    12. 1 2 3 Luu, Jane X.; Jewitt, David C. (September 1990). "Cometary activity in 2060 Chiron". Astronomical Journal: 913–932.ResearchsupportedbyNASA. Bibcode:1990AJ....100..913L. ISSN 0004-6256. doi:10.1086/115571. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    13. 1 2 Marcialis, Robert L.; Buratti, Bonnie J. (August 1993). "CCD photometry of 2060 Chiron in 1985 and 1991". Icarus: 234–243. Bibcode:1993Icar..104..234M. ISSN 0019-1035. doi:10.1006/icar.1993.1098. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    14. 1 2 3 Lazzaro, D.; Florczak, M. A.; Angeli, C. A.; Carvano, J. M.; Betzler, A. S.; Casati, A. A.; et al. (December 1997). "Photometric monitoring of 2060 Chiron's brightness at perihelion". Planetary and Space Science. 45 (12): 1607–1614. Bibcode:1997P&SS...45.1607L. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(97)00124-4. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    15. ↑ Belskaya, Irina N.; Barucci, Maria A.; Fulchignoni, Marcello; Dovgopol, Anatolij N. (April 2015). "Updated taxonomy of trans-neptunian objects and centaurs: Influence of albedo". Icarus. 250: 482–491. Bibcode:2015Icar..250..482B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.12.004. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    16. ↑ "AstDys (2060) Chiron Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    17. ↑ Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". Icarus. 261: 34–47. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. arXiv:1506.00762 Freely accessible. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    18. ↑ Belskaya, I. N.; Bagnulo, S.; Barucci, M. A.; Muinonen, K.; Tozzi, G. P.; Fornasier, S.; et al. (November 2010). "Polarimetry of Centaurs (2060) Chiron, (5145) Pholus and (10199) Chariklo". Icarus. 210 (1): 472–479. Bibcode:2010Icar..210..472B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.06.005. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    19. ↑ Peixinho, N.; Delsanti, A.; Guilbert-Lepoutre, A.; Gafeira, R.; Lacerda, P. (October 2012). "The bimodal colors of Centaurs and small Kuiper belt objects". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 546: 12. Bibcode:2012A&A...546A..86P. arXiv:1206.3153 Freely accessible. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219057. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    20. ↑ Davies, John K.; McBride, Neil; Ellison, Sara L.; Green, Simon F.; Ballantyne, David R. (August 1998). "Visible and Infrared Photometry of Six Centaurs". Icarus. 134 (2): 213–227. Bibcode:1998Icar..134..213D. doi:10.1006/icar.1998.5931. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    21. ↑ Meech, Karen (19 February 1994). "The Structure of the Inner Coma of Comet Chiron: Imaging The Exopause". Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
    22. 1 2 Grayzeck, Ed (2003-12-11). "The Chiron Perihelion Campaign". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
    23. ↑ "A second minor planet may possess Saturn-like rings". Space Daily. 17 March 2015.
    24. 1 2 3 4 5 Kowal, C. T.; Liller, W.; Marsden, B. G. (December 1978). "The discovery and orbit of /2060/ Chiron". In: Dynamics of the solar system; Proceedings of the Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, May 23–26, 1978: 245–250. Bibcode:1979IAUS...81..245K. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    25. ↑ "Chiron Fact Sheet". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov.
    26. ↑ Collander-Brown, S.; Maran, M.; Williams, I.P. (2000). "The effect on the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt of a large distant tenth planet". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 318 (1): 101–108. Bibcode:2000MNRAS.318..101C. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.t01-1-03640.x.
    27. ↑ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    28. ↑ "Chiron's Osculating Elements 700AD generated with Solex 11, and data of close approach in 720". Retrieved 2015-07-12. (Solex 10 results)
    29. 1 2 Horner, J.; Evans, N.W.; Bailey, M. E. (2004). "Simulations of the Population of Centaurs II: Individual Objects". arXiv:astro-ph/0408576 Freely accessible.
    30. ↑ Jewitt, David C.; A. Delsanti (2006). "The Solar System Beyond The Planets". Solar System Update: Topical and Timely Reviews in Solar System Sciences. Springer-Praxis Ed. ISBN 3-540-26056-0. (Preprint version (pdf) Archived 2006-05-25 at the Wayback Machine.)
    31. ↑ Luu, Jane X.; Jewitt, David C.; Trujillo, Chad (March 2000). "Water Ice in 2060 Chiron and Its Implications for Centaurs and Kuiper Belt Objects" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 531 (2): L151–L154. Bibcode:2000ApJ...531L.151L. PMID 10688775. arXiv:astro-ph/0002094 Freely accessible. doi:10.1086/312536. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    32. ↑ Hartmann, William K.; Tholen, D.J.; Meech, K.J.; Cruikshank, D.P. (January 1990). "2060 Chiron - Colorimetry and cometary behavior". Icarus. 83: 1–15. Bibcode:1990Icar...83....1H. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(90)90002-Q.
    33. ↑ Meech, Karen J.; Belton, M.J.S (April 1989). "(2060) Chiron". International Astronomical Union Circular. 4770. Bibcode:1989IAUC.4770....1M.
    34. ↑ Meech, Karen J.; Belton, M.J.S (October 1990). "The Atmosphere of 2060 Chiron". The Astronomical Journal. 100: 1323–1338. Bibcode:1990AJ....100.1323M. doi:10.1086/115600.
    35. ↑ Womack, M.; Stern, A. (1999). "Observations of Carbon Monoxide in (2060) Chiron." (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXVIII. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
    36. ↑ "Detection of CN Emission from (2060) Chiron". Science. 251: 774–777. 15 February 1991. Bibcode:1991Sci...251..774B. doi:10.1126/science.251.4995.774.
    37. ↑ "Dual-Status Objects". www.minorplanetcenter.org.
    38. ↑ Trigo-Rodríguez; Melendo; García-Hernández; Davidsson; Sánchez; Rodriguez (2008). "A continuous follow-up of Centaurs, and dormant comets: looking for cometary activity." (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
    39. ↑ Lakdawalla, E. (2015-01-27). "A second ringed centaur? Centaurs with rings could be common". Planetary Society. Retrieved 2015-01-31.
    40. 1 2 3 Ortiz, J.L.; Duffard, R.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Alvarez-Candal, A.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Morales, N.; Fernández-Valenzuela, E.; Licandro, J.; Campo Bagatin, A.; Thirouin, A. "Possible ring material around centaur (2060) Chiron". arXiv:1501.05911 Freely accessible.

    Further reading

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