2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis

2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis
Part of Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela

The Supreme Tribunal of Justice (TSJ) meeting on 28 March 2017.
Date 29 March 2017–present
Location Venezuela
Cause
Outcome

On 29 March 2017, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice (TSJ) of Venezuela took over legislative powers of the National Assembly.[5][6][7] The Tribunal, mainly supporters of President Nicolás Maduro,[8] also restricted the immunity granted to the Assembly's members, who mostly belonged to the opposition.[9]

The dissolution was termed as a "coup" by the opposition[10][11][12] while the Organization of American States (OAS) termed the action a "self-coup".[13][14][15][16] The decision was condemned by some media outlets with analysts characterizing the move as a turn towards authoritarianism and one-man rule.[17]

Politicians throughout the Americas, as well as leaders from the United Nations, expressed concern with the decision and demanded its reversal, though the Venezuelan government stated no coup had taken place and instead justified its decision as a reaction to "coup-like actions" allegedly performed by the opposition.[7]

On 1 April 2017, the TSJ reversed its decision, thereby reinstating the powers of the National Assembly.[18] Public dissatisfaction with the decision persisted however, with the strengthening of the protests that year "into the most combative since a wave of unrest in 2014" resulting from the crisis.[4]

Background

Following the death of President Hugo Chávez, Venezuela faced a severe socioeconomic crisis during the presidency of his successor, Nicolás Maduro, as a result of their policies.[19][20][21][22] Due to the country's high levels of urban violence, inflation, and chronic shortages of basic goods attributed to economic policies such as strict price controls,[23][24] civil insurrection in Venezuela culminated in the 2014–17 protests.[25][26] Protests occurred over the years, with demonstrations occurring in various intensities depending on the crises Venezuelans were facing at the time and the perceived threat of being repressed by authorities.[27][28][29][30]

The discontent with the Bolivarian government saw the opposition being elected to hold the majority in the National Assembly for the first time since 1999 following the 2015 parliamentary election.[9] As a result of that election, the lame duck National Assembly consisting of Bolivarian officials filled the TSJ with allies.[9][31] Into early 2016, the TSJ alleged that voting irregularities occurred in the 2015 parliamentary elections and stripped four lawmakers of their seats, preventing an opposition supermajority in the National Assembly which would be able to challenge President Maduro.[9] The TSJ court then began to approve of multiple actions performed by Maduro and granted him more powers.[9]

President Maduro speaking to the TSJ on 7 February 2017, asking for the establishment of an alliance of "the judiciary, the citizen and the executive" while saying the National Assembly was in contempt.[32]

After facing years of crisis, the Venezuelan opposition pursued a recall referendum against President Maduro, presenting a petition to the National Electoral Council (CNE) on 2 May 2016.[33] By August 2016, the momentum to recall President Maduro appeared to be progressing, with the CNE setting a date for the second phase of collecting signatures, though it made the schedule strenuous, stretching the process into 2017 which made it impossible for the opposition to activate new presidential elections.[34] On 21 October 2016, the CNE suspended the referendum only days before preliminary signature-gatherings were to be held.[35] The CNE blamed alleged voter fraud as the reason for the cancellation of the referendum.[35] International observers criticized the move, stating that CNE's decision made Maduro look as if he were seeking to rule as a dictator.[36][37][38][39]

Days after the recall movement was cancelled, 1.2 million Venezuelans protested throughout the country against the move, demanding President Maduro to leave office, with Caracas protests remaining calm while protests in other states resulted in clashes between demonstrators and authorities, leaving one policeman dead, 120 injured and 147 arrested.[40] That day the opposition gave President Maduro a deadline of 3 November 2016 to hold elections, with opposition leader Henrique Capriles stating, "Today we are giving a deadline to the government. I tell the coward who is in Miraflores ... that on 3 November the Venezuelan people are coming to Caracas because we are going to Miraflores".[40]

Days later on 1 November 2016, then National Assembly President and opposition leader Henry Ramos Allup announced the cancellation of 3 November march to the Miraflores presidential palace, with Vatican-led dialogue between the opposition and the government beginning.[41] By 7 December 2016, dialogue halted between the two[42] and two months later on 13 January 2017 after talks stalled, the Vatican officially pulled out of the dialogue.[43] Further protests were much smaller due to the fear of repression, with the opposition organizing surprise protests instead of organized mass marches.[44]

Other actions by President Maduro and his Bolivarian officials included a 7 February 2017 meeting which announced the creation of the Great Socialist Justice Mission which had the goal of establishing "a great alliance between the three powers, the judiciary, the citizen and the executive", with Maduro stating that "we have been fortunate to see how the judicial power has been growing and perfecting, carrying a doctrine so complete with the constitution of 1999" while stating that the opposition-led National Assembly "took power not for the majority not for the people but for themselves".[32]

Events

Judicial events

The Court ruled that the National Assembly was "in a situation of contempt", because of the aforementioned rulings against the election of some of its members. It stripped the Assembly of legislative powers, and took those powers for itself; which meant that the Court might have been able to create laws. The court did not indicate if or when it might hand power back.[45] A statement issued by the court however stated that it would retain the powers of the legislature until the "contempt situation persists and the National Assembly actions are invalidated".[5] The action transferred powers from the Assembly, which had an opposition majority since January 2016,[46] to the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, which has a majority of government loyalists.[47] The ruling also granted President Maduro the power to suspend elections, imprison opposition deputies and withdraw Venezuela from the Organization of American States.[48]

Ruling Nº 155

It is ORDERED by the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, in accordance with the provisions of Article 236.4, in accordance with the provisions of Articles 337 et seq. eiusdem (see Ruling Nº 113 of 20 March 2017), between to exercise such international measures as it deems appropriate and necessary to safeguard the constitutional order, as well as, in the exercise of its constitutional powers and to ensure the governability of the country, to take civil, economic, military, political, legal and social measures that it deems necessary and necessary to avoid a state of commotion; And in the framework of the State of Exception and in the face of contempt and continued legislative omission by the National Assembly, exceptionally review substantive and adjective legislation (including the Organic Law against Organized Crime and Financing of Terrorism, the Anti-Corruption Law, the Criminal Code, the Organic Code of Criminal Procedure and the Code of Military Justice – since crimes of a nature may be committed Military), that allows to avoid the serious risks that threaten the democratic stability, the peaceful coexistence and the rights of the Venezuelans and the Venezuelans; All in accordance with the letter and spirit of Articles 15, 18 and 21 of the Organic Law on States of Exceptions in force. The Organic Code of Criminal Procedure and the Code of Military Justice – as they might be committed crimes of a military nature), which allows to avoid the serious risks that threaten democratic stability, peaceful coexistence and the rights of Venezuelan women and men; All in accordance with the letter and spirit of Articles 15, 18 and 21 of the Organic Law on States of Exceptions in force. The Organic Code of Criminal Procedure and the Code of Military Justice – as they might be committed crimes of a military nature), which allows to avoid the serious risks that threaten democratic stability, peaceful coexistence and the rights of Venezuelan women and men; All in accordance with the letter and spirit of Articles 15, 18 and 21 of the Organic Law on States of Exceptions in force.

For denouncing the injustices committed daily in the international system by interventionist actions. And thus guarantee, in accordance with our historical tradition, the social human rights inherent to the entire population, especially the oppressed peoples.

— Supreme Tribunal of Justice, Ruling Nº 155[49]

Ruling Nº 156

On the basis of the declared unconstitutional omission, this Constitutional Chamber resolves that there is no impediment for the National Executive to establish joint ventures in the spirit established in Article 33 of the Organic Hydrocarbons Law, for which purpose the National Executive, by body of the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum, shall inform to this Chamber of all the pertinent circumstances to that constitution and conditions, including the special advantages envisaged in favor of the Republic. Any subsequent modification of the conditions shall be reported to this Chamber, following a favorable report from the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum.

Resolving the interpretation requested of Article 33 of the current Organic Hydrocarbons Law, the Chamber decides that the National Assembly, acting de facto, can not modify the proposed conditions or seek to establish other conditions.

On the basis of a state of emergency, the Head of State may amend the rule to be interpreted by means of a reform, in accordance with the jurisprudence of this High Court (see Ruling Nº 155 of 28 March 2017).

As long as the dissatisfaction and invalidity of the proceedings of the National Assembly persist, this Constitutional Chamber will ensure that the parliamentary powers are exercised directly by this Chamber or by the body that it has in place to ensure the rule of law.

— Supreme Tribunal of Justice, Ruling Nº 156[49]

Reactions to the judicial ruling

The move was denounced by the opposition, with Assembly President Julio Borges making statements on 30 March describing the action as a coup d'état by President Nicolás Maduro. Borges called on the military to intervene, stating that "they cannot remain silent in the face of the violation of the Constitution" and "that FAN officers are also going through drama caused by the high cost of life. We want to make a call on them to be the first guardians of democracy and the Venezuelan Constitution and that they become part of the solution." Finally, Borges called on international attention to the ruling and called for new protests saying "there is fear, there is repression, but it is time to stand up."[50]

Hours later, opposition officials gathered outside of the TSJ headquarters and were attacked by pro-government paramilitary groups called colectivos and National Guard troops. Deputy Juan Requesens was attacked by colectivo forces while Carlos Paparoni was pushed to the concrete by a National Guardsman. A journalist for the National Assembly's broadcast team, El Capitolio TV was struck in the head and required stitches. Government supporters and authorities also attempted to take recording devices away from the media on the scene.[51]

Attorney General Luisa Ortega Díaz meeting with President Maduro on 1 April 2017

In a rare break of ranks, on 31 March 2017, pro-government Attorney General Luisa Ortega Díaz stated on Venezuelan state television while holding a copy of the 1999 Constitution that the TSJ's ruling was a "rupture of constitutional order" and that it was her "duty to inform my country of my deep concern over these events," with her audience responding with a lengthy applause.[52] Borges, the Assembly President, stated that officials should follow Ortega's example and called on the military "to obey the orders of your conscience."[52] Meanwhile, protesters were repressed by the National Guard armed with buckshot and batons.[7] Many demonstrators were arrested, with the media being caught in the assault, having their cameras confiscated while one female reporter of Caracol Radio was singled out by a group of troops and beaten.[7]

On 4 April 2017, opposition called for a march from Plaza Venezuela to the National Assembly with thousands of Venezuelans participating,[53] though access to the meeting point was quickly blocked by the Bolivarian National Guard.[54] Twelve subway stations were closed.[55] Pro-government colectivos blocked opposition marches and fired weapons at protesters,[56] with demonstrations resulting in the injuries of about 42 individuals, including seven police officers, while over 50 people were arrested.[57]

In reporting the story, The New York Times noted that in the previous few months Maduro had been swiftly consolidating power, and the Assembly was considered by many to be the sole remaining counterbalance to the President's control. It also noted that following such moves by the government, "many now describe as not just an authoritarian regime, but an outright dictatorship."[46] Fox News also noted that following the sporadic protests that did not produce results, with the government already consolidating itself within the military and politically by canceling elections, calls for further demonstrations as well as the intervention of the armed forces were futile.[58]

Reversal of decisions

Following the rare criticism from Attorney General Ortega, an inner-circle official, Maduro ordered a review of the TSJ's decision regarding the National Assembly.[7] One day later, the Tribunal reversed that particular order, thereby reinstating the powers of the Assembly.[59][60][61] The opposition, however, dismissed the backtracking and called on Venezuelans "to take to the streets" against what they called an attempted coup, arguing that the moves proved that Maduro controlled the judiciary and therefore separation of powers did not exist in the republic.[18] Protests in the country continued after the reversal with the opposition demanding early elections.[62]

Proceedings against TSJ

Following the reversal of the rulings by the TSJ, the National Assembly prepared proceeding against the court, accusing the court of not being separated from the executive, though Reuters noted that "the move by the opposition-led congress would only be symbolic because it remains powerless".[63] Following the criticism of the TSJ's ruling by Attorney General Ortega, calls for her to be involved in a "Republican Moral Council, made up of the Prosecutor's Office, the Office of the Comptroller and the Office of the Ombudsman" to remove members of the TSJ were made.[64] During protests on 4 April, opposition leaders announced that they would pursue the removal of the seven judges who signed the rulings against the National Assembly.[57]

On 7 April, Ombudsman Tarek William Saab announced that Attorney General Ortega's vote would not be counted in a Republican Moral Council decision on TSJ judges, stating that he and Comptroller Manuel Galindo would not participate in proceedings against the TSJ.[65]

Constitutional assembly

Today, on May 1, I announce that I will use my presidential privileges as constitutional head of state in accordance with article 347, to convene the original constituent power so that the working class and the people can call a national constituent assembly.

President Nicolás Maduro[66]

Proposal

On 1 May 2017 following a month of protests that resulted in at least 29 dead, Maduro calls for a Constitutional Assembly that would draft a new constitution that would replace the 1999 Venezuela Constitution.[67] He invoked Article 347, and stated that his call for a new constitution was necessary to counter the actions of the opposition. The members of the Constitutional Assembly would not be elected in open elections, but selected from social organizations loyal to Maduro.[67] The proposal would be an alternative way to close the National Assembly. It would also allow him to stay in power during the interregnum and skip the 2018 presidential elections, as the process would take at least two years.[68]

Diosdado Cabello pointed that the new constitution would prevent a politician similar to the Argentine Mauricio Macri from ever becoming president of Venezuela.[69] Macri was elected president in the 2015 presidential elections, ending the 12-years terms of Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, longtime allies of both Chávez and Maduro.

The MUD started a common front for all the people in Venezuela that oppose the amendment. It is composed by the MUD, the Marea Socialista, minor parties without representatives in the Assembly (such as the marxists Bandera Roja), disenchanted chavistas, the Catholic Church, universities, human rights organizations, lawyers and artists. Eustoquio Contreras is the only deputy that defected from Maduro and opposed the amendment.[70] Luis Salamanca, former rector of the National Electoral Council, considers that the front may not be capable to stop Maduro, as he is unwilling to negotiate the proposal.[70]

Approval

On 22 May, the Republican Moral Council – which the opposition hoped would establish proceedings against TSJ judges – shared their approval of the National Constitutional Assembly despite the absence of Attorney General Ortega, with Ombudsman Tarek William Saab stating that "The call to the National Constituent Assembly is a constitutional exit to the political situation that the country is living, in order to foster dialogue and coexistence of the country".[71]

The next day on 23 May, Danilo Antonio Mojica Monsalvo, the magistrate of the Social Cassation Chamber of the TSJ announced his disagreement with President Maduro's Constitutional Assembly, stating that without a popular referendum voting on the assembly, the move would be "spurious ... a legal metaphor to describe what is done outside the Constitution".[72] Another TSJ judge, Marisela Godoy, spoke out against Maduro's proposal, stating "At this moment I support, without any fear, the attorney general (Luisa Ortega Díaz), who is not any official" and that if she were to be criticized by the government, she "does not care".[73] However, the Constitutional assembly proposal was accepted by the CNE, with an election slated for 10 July 2017.[74]

Reactions to constitutional assembly

The call generated further protests. 920 Battalions were created and maintained, composed by 200,000 militias to respond to violent protests.[75] Pedro Carreño, aide of Diosdado Cabello, stated that Venezuela would be suffering an attack similar to the 1973 Chilean coup d'état against Salvador Allende, and that those militias would prevent that.[75] Capriles complained that Maduro is preparing forces to wage a war, and said "let the world see who wants elections and who tries to impose himself by force".[75] Protesters may be tried under military justice, instead of civil courts.[69] The constitution of Venezuela limits the scope of the military courts to crimes of a military nature.[69]

Parallel government

On 20 June 2017, President of the National Assembly Julio Borges, the opposition-led legislative body of Venezuela, announced the activations of Articles 333 and 350 of the Venezuelan Constitution.[76][77] A "road map" was also enacted by the opposition which entailed the nullification of further actions performed by the TSJ, the call for a continuous, peaceful protest movement "until the restitution of the constitutional order" and for Venezuelans to continue to confront President Maduro's constitutional assembly.[76]

Article 333

This Constitution shall not cease to be in effect if it ceases to be observed due to acts of force or because or repeal in any manner other than as provided for herein. In such eventuality, every citizen, whether or not vested with official authority, has a duty to assist in bringing it back into actual effect.

Article 350

The people of Venezuela, true to their republican tradition and their struggle for independence, peace and freedom, shall disown any regime, legislation or authority that violates democratic values, principles and guarantees or encroaches upon human rights.

Reactions to parallel government

According to Jose Vicente Haro, a constitutional lawyer, the Venezuelan opposition should name new directors of Venezuela's branches of government in order to establish a parallel government and to further pursue corrupt individuals, however noting that the Bolivarian government may attempt to jail opposition leaders.[77]

Reactions

Domestic

International

Supranational bodies

Governments

Others

See also

References

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  2. ↑ "Venezuela's Descent into Dictatorship". The New York Times. 31 March 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  3. ↑ "Venezuela clashes 'self-inflicted coup': OAS". Sky News Australia. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  4. 1 2 Goodman, Joshua (9 April 2017). "Venezuela's Maduro blasts foe for chemical attack comments". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
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  30. ↑ "Conflictividad Social en Venezuela en Octubre 2016". Venezuelan Observatory of Social Conflict. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
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  32. 1 2 "Maduro desde el TSJ: Anuncio la creación de la Gran Misión Justicia Socialista". Diario Panorama (in Spanish). 7 February 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
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  34. ↑ Cawthorne, Andrew (1 August 2016). "Venezuela election board okays opposition recall push first phase". Reuters. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  35. 1 2 "Venezuela Suspends Recall Campaign Against President Maduro". Fox News Channel. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
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  37. ↑ Corrales, Javier. "Venezuela's Odd Transition to Dictatorship". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  38. ↑ Brodzinsky, Sibylla (21 October 2016). "Venezuelans warn of 'dictatorship' after officials block bid to recall Maduro". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  39. ↑ "Almagro: Maduro se transforma en dictador por negarles a venezolanos derecho a decidir su futuro". CNN en Español. 24 August 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  40. 1 2 "Con multitudinarias marchas, oposición venezolana presionó a Maduro para que reactive referendo". Ámbito Financiero. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  41. ↑ Rosati, Andrew (1 November 2016). "Venezuela Opposition Cancels Protest, Delays Political Trial". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  42. ↑ "Venezuela's opposition walks away from Vatican-backed talks". Deutsche Welle. 7 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  43. ↑ "Latin American Herald Tribune – After Venezuela Government Fails to Honor Commitments, Vatican Pulls Out of Dialogue It Sponsored". Latin American Herald Tribune. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  44. ↑ Barbarani, Sofia (23 January 2017). "Thousands march against Maduro government in Venezuela as crisis deepens". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  45. 1 2 "Venezuela 'coup': Alarm grows as court takes power". BBC. 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  46. 1 2 Casey, Nicolas; Torres, Patrica (30 March 2017). "Venezuela Moves a Step Closer to One-Man Rule". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  47. ↑ "Venezuela's high court dissolves National Assembly". CNN. 30 March 2017.
  48. ↑ Núñez, Ayatola (30 March 2017). "TSJ autoriza a Maduro a aumentar represión y suspender elecciones". El Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  49. 1 2 "Con sentencias 155 y 156, TSJ habilita al presidente Maduro a legislar y bloquea a la AN". Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). 30 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  50. ↑ "Venezuela opposition calls on military to intervene after 'coup' ruling". Fox News Channel. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  51. ↑ López, Abel (30 March 2017). "Grupos oficialistas agredieron a diputados frente a la sede del TSJ". El Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  52. 1 2 3 4 Martinez, Alexander (31 March 2017). "Venezuela president rejects coup claims in crisis". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  53. ↑ Casey, Nicholas; Torres, Patricia (4 April 2017). "Anti-Government Protests in Venezuela Turn Violent". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  54. ↑ "Reportan que GNB restringe accesos a Plaza Venezuela". El Nacional. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  55. ↑ "Mantienen cerradas 12 estaciones del Metro de Caracas". El Nacional. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  56. ↑ "Colectivos disparan contra manifestantes en la autopista Francisco Fajardo". El Nacional (in Spanish). 4 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  57. 1 2 "Más de 40 heridos dejó represión gubernamental por protestar la ruptura del hilo Constitucional". La Patilla (in Spanish). 4 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  58. 1 2 "Russia bucks trend and asks world to leave Venezuela alone after 'coup'". Fox News Channel. 31 March 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  59. ↑ "Venezuela: Supreme court backtracks on powers bid". BBC. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  60. ↑ Slotkin, Jason (1 April 2017). "Venezuela's Top Court And President Reverse Course, Restore Powers To Legislature". NPR. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  61. ↑ Zuñiga, Mariana; Miroff, Nick (1 April 2017). "Denounced as dictatorship, Venezuela backs down, reverses court's ruling on legislature's powers". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  62. ↑ "Venezuela: Protests continue". Euronews. 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  63. ↑ "Venezuela opposition turns ire on Supreme Court judges". Reuters. 2 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  64. ↑ Wolfermann, Gitanjali (2 April 2017). "Declaración de la Fiscal General es el primer paso para destitución de magistrados del TSJ". Runrunes. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  65. ↑ "De frente: Ortega Díaz votó contra Saab y Galindo en investigación de siete magistrados del TSJ | El Cooperante". El Cooperante (in Spanish). 7 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  66. ↑ "Venezuelan President Calls for Popular Assembly to Remake Constitution". teleSUR. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  67. 1 2 "Venezuela's embattled socialist president calls for citizens congress, new constitution". USA TODAY. Associated Press. 1 May 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  68. ↑ "¿Qué busca Nicolás Maduro con el nuevo autogolpe que quiere imponer en Venezuela?" [What is Maduro seeking with the new self-coup that he tries to impose in Venezuela?]. La Nación (in Spanish). 2 May 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  69. 1 2 3 Daniel Lozano (9 May 2017). "Nueva estrategia de Maduro: ordena juzgar a los civiles en los tribunales militares" [New strategy of Maduro: he orders to judge civilians in military courts]. La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  70. 1 2 Daniel Lozano (12 May 2017). "Se forma un frente contra la Constiuyente que incluye chavistas" [A front against the amendment is formed, and it includes Chavistas]. La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  71. ↑ "Consejo Moral Republicano anuncia apoyo a la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente". La Patilla (in Spanish). 22 May 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  72. ↑ "Magistrado del TSJ se pronunció en contra de la Constituyente". El Nacional (in Spanish). 23 May 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  73. ↑ "Magistrada del TSJ, Marisela Godoy, se pronuncia en contra de la "constituyente" Maduro". La Patilla (in Spanish). 23 May 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  74. ↑ "As Venezuela unrest spreads, Maduro presses on with plans to rewrite charter". Reuters. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  75. 1 2 3 Daniel Lozano (10 May 2017). "El chavismo entrenará a 200.000 militantes políticos "para el combate"" [Chavismo will train 200.000 militias "for combat"]. La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  76. 1 2 "Unidad anuncia activación del 350, nueva hoja de ruta y respaldo a la Fiscal General". La Patilla (in Spanish). 20 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  77. 1 2 Martín, Sabrina (21 June 2017). "Venezuelan Opposition Lays Out Plan to Rebel against Maduro Regime, Establish Parallel Government". PanAm Post. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  78. 1 2 "Países del mundo cuestionan decisión de Tribunal Supremo de Venezuela" (in Spanish). Deutsche Welle. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  79. ↑ "Venezuela: OAS SG Denounces Self-inflicted Coup d’État" (Press release). Organization of American States. 30 March 2017.
  80. ↑ "Mercosur se reunirá de urgencia el sábado por situación en Venezuela". El Nuevo Herald. 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  81. 1 2 "El Mercosur activa la cláusula democrática por la "falta de separación de poderes" en Venezuela". Infobae (in Spanish). 1 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  82. ↑ "UN urges Venezuela court to reverse Congress annulment". The Hindu. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  83. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Las condenas en América Latina al "golpe" de Nicolás Maduro". El Comercio (in Spanish). 30 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  84. 1 2 "Gobierno alemán acusó a Maduro de tener a los venezolanos como "rehenes"". La Patilla (in Spanish). 31 March 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  85. ↑ "Perú "retira de manera definitiva" a su embajador en Venezuela". Venezuela al Dia (in Spanish). 30 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  86. ↑ Gamboa, Suzanne (30 March 2017). "U.S. State Department, Lawmakers Condemn Venezuela Power Grab". NBC News. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  87. ↑ "Caen los últimos vestigios de la democracia en Venezuela". Scribd. Socialist International. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  88. ↑ Rubio, Marco [@marcorubio] (30 March 2017). "#Venezuela now officially a dictatorship after Supreme Court assumes powers of opposition-controlled congress" (Tweet). Retrieved 30 March 2017 – via Twitter.
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