2014–15 eruption of Fogo

Satellite map of the eruption of Fogo with its volcanic clouds that headed south on December 2

The 2014–15 eruption of Fogo was a minor eruption that began on 23 November 2014, it was less intensified on December 8, it became intensified on December 19 but decreased and would be finished on February 8. It was the next volcanic actiivty in 19 years and was the longest since the 1857 eruption, longer than the last previous two eruptions. According to the Volcanic Explosivity Index, it was measured 3, the first since records began.^[1]

Subdivision of Bangaeira in February 2012, two and a half years before the eruption

Volcanic activity

The first days of eruption

The Fogo volcano started erupting shortly after 10 a.m. of Sunday, 23 November 2014.^[2] There had been a few days of heightened seismic activity,^[2] but they worsened beginning at 8 p.m. on Saturday night.[2] The eruption began at Pico Pequeno and started at another location near the crater made by the 1995 eruption.

This single storey flat roof house like other buildings in the village destroyed by lava flow, the south of the lower part with most of the balcony were destroyed, the remainder and the upper were left undamaged. The photo was taken more than two years after the eruption in April 2017

The population of Chã das Caldeiras, totaling around 1,000 inhabitants, spent the night outside their homes due to the strong earthquakes,^[2] and started being evacuated when the eruption began. As in 1995, some people initially refused to abandon their homes, but eventually heeded the authorities' instructions.

On November 27, lava flow moved northward toward the village center.^[3] On the first days of eruption, a 3.5 km stretch the southern basalt paved road that connected São Filipe was covered with lava from around 400 m from the center down to around the 4th kilometer, the road was reduced to a track encircling the previous and current lava flows and rerouted to north of the center, at the time, two parts of the route were unaffected, the south west of Pico Pequeno were covered with lava on December 12 and left a section around 1 km south of Portela unaffected. The lava on November 30 went more than a kilometer south of the ruined highway (EN3-FG05) to Bordeira near Cabeça Fundão, the first lava flow since the 1680 eruption and parts since 1951. On December 1, lava flow was at the rate of 15 meters an hour and engulfed 400 ha of land, ruined 18 houses and was 3 meters close to the village center.^[4] A day later, lava entered into Portela where 50 houses were destroyed along with the school, its local hotel Pedra Brabo.^[5] On December 7, much of Portela was ruined and 70% of Bangaeira.^[6] On December 9, lava reached more areas inside the Bordeira and Bangaeira and on December 12 it affected almost all of Bangaeira leaving one small part unaffected, it was the first lava flow since 1951, also its variety of pine trees were largely killed. Overall volcanic clouds rarely covered the village, it went north and south.

Football competitions cancelled

Not long after the eruption, the 2014–15 Fogo Premier Division just started its new season. Into the second round of competition, as the Baxada-Nô Pintcha and Spartak-Academica were about to begin that day after the noon hour, as the eruption started four hours before the scheduled match, the second round was delayed and the Spartak d'Aguadinha-Académica match was rescheduled for December 14 and the Baxada-Nô Pintcha for December 17.^[7] The remaining rounds matches were largely rescheduled and its weeks that had breaks were removed. It probably cancelled the 2014–15 Fogo Cup was cancelled and probably the 2014 Santiago Super Cup with Sporting Praia-Tchadense on the opposite island of Santiago. The third round matches were rescheduled for December 20–29 and lasted for two weeks. After the volcanic activity dwindled, the Premier Division resumed competition on January 10. It did not affect the Second Division competition which started over a week after the eruption.

Little activity and later continued lava activity

The lava was less intensified for a week, on December 19, lava engulfed the buildings and cultivated fields in the small area of Ilhéu de Losna (Dje de Lorna) and the main road with Portela was cut off and later destroyed. The lava flow on December 23 reached the western foot of Bordeira, the first since the 1680 eruption and afterwards became less active.

Decrease in volcanic activity and the end of the eruption

Lava flows later decreased and became less active and on February 8, it was finished after 77 days of activity.^[8] Overall, it devastated the sections of Bangaeira, Portela and Dje de Lorna and parts of the village, most of the center, the western part up to 1 km and most of the southern part where the volcano erupted.

Lava flow reached most of the middle of the edge of Bordeira in the village as well as the foot of Pico de Caldera, the southernmost and the west rim .

Bruno Faria, a Cape Verdean vulcanologist, said the intensity of the eruption surpassed that of the 1995 eruption, and approached that of the 1951 eruption, one of the strongest ever recorded on the island. The eruption gained in intensity after 23 November 2014. The village of Portela in the Chã das Caldeiras is now covered by a lava stream which has completely destroyed the housing stock.

According to activity made by geologist José Madeira at the University of Lisbon and Instituto Dom Luiz, the total lava flow spewed between 100 and 125 million tons and destroyed buildings, agricultural land and different infrastructures and forced the displacement of about 1,000 people from two villages. Total damage costed about CV$5–6 billion escudos (45 million euros).^[9]

The landscape how the village of Chã das Caldeiras looks like a year after the end of the eruption

The neighbourhood of Bangaeira on February 16, 2017, two years after the eruption

Volcanic cloud cover

At the start of the eruption the volcanic clouds headed south towards to Atlantic over the area of Achada Furna and Patim and hovered about 3,000–4,000 meters above sea level up to around 8,000 meters 100 km south and at the highest at 10 km above sea level and went as far as 200 to 300 km, a low pressure front later prevent it from going further, it also covered the areas of Monte Largo, Monte Grande, Salto, Vicente Dias and Fonte Aleixo and went close to São Filpe and its airport. Volcanic clouds were seen as far as the nearby islands of Brava and Santiago, on Santiago, the smoke was seen in the south of Praia and Cidade Velha, in other parts of Praia where the peak is not seen, only the smoke was seen but it was seen in the west of the island. At the end of November, volcanic clouds went north and northeast, first the cloud cover blocked it, then it went further when the cloud cleared For sometimes, the smoke was seen in Maio and other parts of Cape Verde during clear days. In early December, the clouds did not hovered over Achada Furna and Fonte Aleixo. After the volcanic activity was less intensified, the smoke clouds disappeared.

During the cloud cover, the only airport in the southwest of the country was closed and had their flights cancelled from the start of the eruption up to late December.

In the international media

The 2014 eruption of the Pico do Fogo received limited attention in the international media. The geographer Christophe Neff wrote in a blog post about this fact. In this post – “L’éruption du Pico do Fogo du 23.11.2014 – l’éruption oublié …. (The eruption of the Pico do Fogo – the forgotten eruption)”. Neff writes that except for the Lusophone world, and some limited attention in the Francophone world (the country is member of the International Francophony Organisation (French: Organisation internationale de la Francophonie)), the eruption received little attention in the international media.

Neff gave the example of Germany, where the first article in the German media, an article in Der Spiegel-online – was published only on 9 December 2014, over two weeks after the start of the eruption.

The British geologist David Rothery also posted a blog article "Why have we heard so little about the devastating Cape Verde volcano?" with a similar content. At the end of the article, Rothery placed a provocative question "Or do we care about volcanoes only if there’s a chance of them inconveniencing our air-travel plans?"

Aftermath

After the eruption, the majority left the village as did with the previous eruption and temporarily resided in nearby places of Cabeça Fundão (during the eruption it was evacuated), Achada Furna, Fonte Aleixo, possibly Patim, Monte Largo and Estância Roque, Santa Catarina do Fogo, Mosteiros and São Filipe, possibly smaller numbers temporarily resides in Praia in the adjacent island and a handful in other countries. Cabeça Fundão on the park's edge became the seat of the natural park. Residents from Cabeça Fundão returned to their homes around mid-2015.

It had one of the best architecture, its buildings were made out of lava material and had circular huts known as funco where much of them were destroyed. Other buildings destroyed included the wine buildings and the school. Many streets including the main one were covered in lava. The volcanic observatory was unaffected as it is being on top of Pico da Caldeira uphill from Portela.

Starting in 2016, a few homes out of the same material were rebuilt and some of its inhabitants returned home.

Endangered plants

Several plants including some grapevines and endangered ones were killed by the eruption. It also affected its wine production.

As 84% of the endemic plants (31 total species) on Fogo are located in Chã and on the Bordeira. 48% of these are designated as rare and/or threatened on the Ministry of Environment, Agriculture, and Fisheries' (MAAP) “Red List. Several of these are located in Chã and the foot of Bordeira. Some or most of the endangered plants that were located in Chã were disappeared, within the peak and the south, there are hardly any plants. A few of them at the edge of Bordeira were also disappeared. Some of these were Echium vulcanorum', Erysimum caboverdeanum (wild carnation), 'Verbascum cystolithicum (black grass) and Lavandula rotundifolia (aipo). It was the only eruption that affected large numbers of endangered plants in Chã das Caldeiras.

References

External links

• Fogo Summary at Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program including the 2014–15 eruption

Geography, features and topics of the Island of Fogo
Topics	History (Timeline) Buildings and structures
Mountains	Chã das Caldeiras Monte Velha Pico do Fogo
Other geographical features	Cova Matinho Fogo Natural Park Fogo Volcanic Important Bird Area Monte Velha Forest Perimeter
Transportation	São Filipe Airport Port of Fogo (Vale de Cavaleiros)
History	Timeline of Fogo, Cape Verde 2014–15 eruption of Fogo
Cape Verde Barlavento Fogo