2014–15 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

2014–15 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formed November 15, 2014
Last system dissipated April 11, 2015
Strongest storm
Name Bansi
 • Maximum winds 220 km/h (140 mph)
(10-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure 910 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Total disturbances 14
Total depressions 13
Total storms 11
Tropical cyclones 4
Intense tropical cyclones 3
Very intense tropical cyclones 2 (record high, tied with 2004–05 and 2013–14)
Total fatalities 111 total
Total damage $46.4 million (2015 USD)
Related articles

The 2014–15 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season was an above average event in tropical cyclone formation. It began on November 15, 2014, and ended on April 30, 2015, with the exception for Mauritius and the Seychelles, for which it ended on May 15, 2015. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical and subtropical cyclones form in the basin, which is west of 90°E and south of the Equator. Tropical and subtropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre in Réunion.

Seasonal summary

Tropical Storm Chedza

During October 2014, the Mauritius Meteorological Services issued its seasonal outlook for the summer of 2014–15 and predicted that between ten and twelve named storms would develop during the season.[1] The first tropical disturbance of the season developed on November 16, and quickly developed into the first named storm of the season and was named Adjali by Mauritius.

Systems

Severe Tropical Storm Adjali

Severe tropical storm (MFR)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration November 15 – November 21
Peak intensity 110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min)  987 hPa (mbar)

An area of low pressure developed close to Diego Garcia on November 14. It slowly organized as it made a northwest-south-southeast loop over the next two days. By the evening of November 16, the center of the storm became more well defined with convective rainbands wrapped tightly into it.[2] Around that time, RSMC La Réunion started tracking the system as a tropical disturbance,[3] and subsequently upgraded it to a Tropical Depression.[4] Later that day, the JTWC issued a tropical cyclone formation alert on the system.[5] The depression strengthened further and became the first named tropical storm of the year, on the same day. Mauritius Meteorological Service, which usually names storms in the region, named the system Adjali.[6] The JTWC also initiated advisories on Adjali.[7] On November 17, MFR upgraded it to a Severe Tropical Storm.[8] On November 20, Adjali turned west until reached the northern tip of Madagascar on November 23 and rapidly dissipated.

Tropical Depression 02

Tropical depression (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration November 24 – November 30
Peak intensity 60 km/h (35 mph) (10-min)  997 hPa (mbar)

During November 25, RSMC La Reunion reported that Tropical Disturbance 2, had developed within a marginal environment for further development to the northeast of the Mascarene islands.[9] During that day despite having a low-level circulation centre that was located to the east of the deepest atmospheric convection, the system developed into a tropical depression. The depression continued to intensified as it was classified as a tropical storm by the JTWC early on November 28. The next day, the system moved in a southwestward direction and cooler waters. With this, the MFR downgraded it to a tropical disturbance again on November 29, with the JTWC downgrading it to a tropical depression.

Intense Tropical Cyclone Kate

Intense tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration December 30 (Entered basin) – December 31
Peak intensity 165 km/h (105 mph) (10-min)  950 hPa (mbar)

During December 30, Severe Tropical Cyclone Kate moved into the basin from the Australian region, where it was immediately classified as an intense tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 175 km/h (110 mph) by RSMC La Reunion.[10][11] Over the next day the system rapidly weakened into a tropical storm as it moved into an unfavourable environment for development, before RSMC La Reunion and the JTWC issued their final advisories on the system during December 31.

Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Bansi

Very intense tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration January 10 – January 18
Peak intensity 220 km/h (140 mph) (10-min)  910 hPa (mbar)

On January 9, the MFR upgraded a low-pressure system east of Madagascar to a zone of disturbed weather, and the system became a tropical disturbance late on the next day.[12][13] On January 11, the MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression. Later that day, it intensified into a moderate tropical storm, receiving the name Bansi, whilst the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical storm. In the next day, the MFR upgraded Bansi to a tropical cyclone, as the system formed a ragged eye.[14][15][16] On January 13, Bansi explosively intensified into a Category 5 cyclone. However, it soon weakened to a Category 2 on the SSHWS (intense tropical cyclone for MFR) due to an eyewall replacement cycle.

It re-intensified slowly to a Category 4 on the SSHWS as it moved East-Southeast until January 13. Then it slowly curved Southeast and impacted Rodrigues on January 14. Approximately 90 percent of the island was left without power as a result of the storm. Some flooding occurred and 115 people sought refuge in shelters.[17] From this moment onwards it started weakening gradually at first, but then deteriorated quickly.[18] On January 16, Bansi began to undergo an extratropical transition. Consequently, the MFR and JTWC issued Bansi's final warning, as Bansi was absorbed by an extratropical cyclone to the northeast.

Severe Tropical Storm Chedza

Severe tropical storm (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration January 14 – January 19
Peak intensity 105 km/h (65 mph) (10-min)  975 hPa (mbar)

On January 11, the JTWC started to monitor a weak tropical disturbance inland over Mozambique. On January 14, the MFR upgraded a low-pressure system east of Mozambique to a zone of disturbed weather, and the system became a tropical disturbance late on the same day. On January 15, the MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression. Later next day, it intensified into a moderate tropical storm, receiving the name Chedza, whilst the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical storm. On the same day, MFR upgraded it to a Severe Tropical Storm. Later that day, it made landfall over Madagascar. On January 17, it left Madagascar and went to the South-West Indian Ocean. On the next day, it re-intensified to a Severe Tropical Storm. On January 19, Chedza began to undergo an extratropical transition. Consequently, the MFR issued Chedza's final warning.

The formative stages of Chedza brought rainfall to an already flooded region across southeastern Africa.[19] Weeks of heavy rainfall killed 117 people in Mozambique and 104 in neighboring Malawi, where it was the worst floods in 24 years.[20][21][22] In Madagascar, Chedza struck after weeks of heavy rainfall,[23] causing rivers to increase and flooding widespread areas of crop fields.[24][25] In the capital city of Antananarivo, the deluge damaged the main water pump that controlled water levels in the region.[26] The rainfall caused mudslides and damaged roads.[24][27] Across the country, flooding from Chedza displaced 54,792 people, after destroying 4,430 houses and flooding another 3,442, mostly in Vatovavy-Fitovinany in the southeastern portion.[24] Chedza killed 80 people and caused about $40 million in damage (2015 USD).[19][20] Later, the storm brought heavy rainfall and strong winds to the mountainous peaks of Réunion.[28]

Moderate Tropical Storm Diamondra

Moderate tropical storm (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration January 26 – January 30
Peak intensity 85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min)  986 hPa (mbar)

On January 26, a tropical low formed east-southeast of Diego Garcia. It slowly moved towards it, before the MFR upgraded the low into a zone of disturbed weather. Later that day, the area of disturbed weather intensified into a depression, as the MFR and JTWC issued their initial advisories, and designated it as 08S. On January 27, MFR reported that Tropical Depression 08S intensified into a moderate tropical storm, and so was issued the name Diamondra. Later that day, Diamondra continued to strengthen, and late on January 28, Diamondra reached moderate tropical storm intensity. Diamondra weakened, after moving over cooler waters. Late on January 29, Diamondra continued to weaken, so JTWC issued Diamondra's final warning. On January 30, Diamondra began to undergo an extratropical transition. Two days later, it was reported that Diamondra had become extratropical, and MFR announced their final advisory on the system soon after.

Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Eunice

Very intense tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration January 27 – February 1
Peak intensity 230 km/h (145 mph) (10-min)  915 hPa (mbar)

On January 27, RSMC La Reunion reported that Tropical Disturbance 08, had developed to the northeast of Mauritius.[29] Later that day, the JTWC issued its initial warnings and designated it as 09S. On January 28, MFR reported that Tropical Depression 09S intensified into a moderate tropical storm, as MFR named it Eunice. Then Eunice moved from north to southeast, before Eunice intensified into a severe tropical storm, according to MFR. The JTWC upgraded Eunice into a Category 2 tropical cyclone, while the MFR upgraded Eunice to a tropical cyclone. After a period of rapid intensification, Eunice was classified as a very intense tropical cyclone by the MFR and a Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone by the JTWC. The next day, Eunice weakened to an intense tropical cyclone as it underwent an eyewall replacement cycle. On February 2, Eunice began to undergo an extratropical transition. One day later, MFR announced their final advisory on the system.

Severe Tropical Storm Fundi

Severe tropical storm (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration February 5 – February 8
Peak intensity 100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min)  978 hPa (mbar)

Similar to the formation of Chedza, a weak tropical disturbance developed near shore over southern Mozambique on February 4. On February 5, the MFR upgraded a low-pressure system east of Mozambique to a zone of disturbed weather. On February 6, the MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression. Later same day, it intensified into a moderate tropical storm, receiving the name Fundi, whilst the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical storm. Fundi weakened, after moving over cooler waters. Late on February 8, Fundi continued to weaken, so JTWC issued Fundi's final warning. On February 9, Fundi began to undergo an extratropical transition. Same day later, it was reported that Fundi had become extratropical, and MFR announced their final advisory on the system soon after.

While in its formative stages, the storm brought rainfall to southwestern Madagascar, totaling 109 mm (4.3 in) in Tulear.[20] Severe floods impacted the city of Toliara, killing five people and affecting 1,200 homes.[30] The effects of Fundi in Madagascar worsened the situation in areas still recovering from Severe Tropical Storm Chedza the previous month.[31]

Severe Tropical Storm Glenda

Severe tropical storm (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration February 22 – February 28
Peak intensity 95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min)  974 hPa (mbar)

On February 22, a tropical low formed on open seas of the Indian Ocean east of Diego Garcia. It moved westwards, before the MFR upgraded it into a zone of disturbed weather. Then it got upgraded into Tropical Disturbance 10 later. The disturbance continued to move in a westerly direction as the JTWC issued a tropical cyclone formation alert on the system.[32] On February 24, the system gradually intensified into a tropical depression, whilst the JTWC upgraded it into a tropical storm. However, the MFR upgraded the depression into a moderate tropical storm, which was then named Glenda. It intensified slightly because of favourable conditions for further development, within moderate vertical wind shear. On February 25, the storm continued to intensify, and it reached peak intensity. It quickly weakened the next day, and continued to weaken on February 28, and it lost its energy on March 1, so MFR announced their final advisory on the system soon after.

Tropical Depression 11

Tropical depression (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration March 4 – March 7
Peak intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min)  998 hPa (mbar)

On March 5, the JTWC started issuing advisories on a tropical system over the Mozambique Channel and was designated as 15S. The next day, RSMC La Reunion reported that it had intensified into Tropical Depression 11. On March 7, the system moved in a westward direction and near shore. With this, the MFR downgraded it to a tropical disturbance again on the same day, with the JTWC downgrading it to a tropical depression and issued its final warning. It continued to weaken on the next day, so MFR announced their final advisory on the system soon after.

Moderate Tropical Storm Haliba

Moderate tropical storm (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration March 7 – March 10
Peak intensity 85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min)  993 hPa (mbar)

On March 7, a tropical disturbance formed east of Madagascar. It intensified into a zone of disturbed weather and became a tropical disturbance. It became Tropical Depression 12 by MFR, within the JTWC's designation 16S on March 8, and became Moderate Tropical Storm Haliba. The next day, Haliba continued to intensify.

During the early stages of Haliba's development it produced heavy rains across eastern Madagascar, resulting in severe flooding. A total of 26 people lost their lives on the island while approximately 96,000 people were affected, 39,000 of whom were rendered homeless. Roughly 13,000 hectares (32,000 acres) of rice fields were destroyed.[33] Torrential rains also affected Mauritius for three days, leading to damaging floods.[34] A 24‑hour rainfall of 135.6 mm (5.34 in) was observed at Ganga Talao.[35] While passing near Réunion, the cyclone produced torrential rain over the northern areas of the island. Total accumulations peaked at 796 mm (31.3 in) in Salazie. Although heavy, the rains were noted as normal for a tropical cyclone. Wind gusts were not as strong as initially forecast and did not exceed 100 km/h (62 mph); a peak gust of 91 km/h (57 mph) was measured in Bellevue Bras Panon.[36] Agricultural damage in the region amounted to €6 million (US$6.4 million).[37]

Tropical Cyclone Joalane

Tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration April 2 – April 11
Peak intensity 140 km/h (85 mph) (10-min)  962 hPa (mbar)

On April 1, the MFR started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 13 several miles southeast of Diego Garcia. Post-storm analysis determined that it did not develop until April 2. Joalane rapidly intensified into a Tropical Cyclone strength system and reached peak intensity. Afterwards, Joalane kept strength while accelerating southward. Joalane became a remnant low late on April 11.

Severe Tropical Storm Ikola

Severe tropical storm (MFR)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration April 5 – April 6 (Exited basin)
Peak intensity 105 km/h (65 mph) (10-min)  982 hPa (mbar)

On April 5, Tropical Depression 14 developed just west of the border of the Australian region basin. Later that day, the JTWC designated it as 21S. Due to a favorable environment, the system strengthened quickly, with MFR upgrading it to a tropical cyclone and was named Ikola as it crossed into the Australian region the next day.

Other systems

Early on December 13, Tropical Cyclone Bakung moved into the basin from the Australian region as a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.[38][39] However, during that day the system's low-level circulation centre became exposed and displaced about 280 km (175 mi) from the deep convection.[38][40] As a result, TCWC Jakarta and the JTWC issued their final warnings on the system, while RSMC La Reunion declared it to be a remnant low in their first and only warning on the system.[39][40][41]

Storm names

Within the South-West Indian Ocean, tropical depressions and subtropical depressions that are judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h, (40 mph) by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center on La Réunion Island, France (RSMC La Réunion) are usually assigned a name. However, it is the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centers in Mauritius and Madagascar who name the systems. The Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Mauritius names the storm should it intensify into a moderate tropical storm between 55°E and 90°E, if the storm should intensify into a moderate tropical storm between 30°E and 55°E then the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Madagascar assigns the appropriate name to the storm. New name lists are used every year, while a name is normally only used once so there are currently no names are retired.[42]

Of note is the presence of the name Nathan in this list. This is unrelated to Cyclone Nathan which coincidentally formed during the same cyclone season in the neighbouring Australian region.

  • Adjali
  • Bansi
  • Chedza
  • Diamondra
  • Eunice
  • Fundi
  • Glenda
  • Haliba
  • Ikola
  • Joalane
  • Kesha (unused)
  • Lugenda (unused)
  • Mahara (unused)
  • Nathan (unused)
  • Oscar (unused)
  • Puleng (unused)
  • Quenelle (unused)
  • Rosaline (unused)
  • Sitara (unused)
  • Tarik (unused)
  • Umali (unused)
  • Vuntu (unused)
  • Wezi (unused)
  • Xolani (unused)
  • Yolande (unused)
  • Zita (unused)

Seasonal effects

This table lists all of the tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones that were monitored during the 2014–2015 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Information on their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, primarily comes from RSMC La Réunion. Death and damage reports come from either press reports or the relevant national disaster management agency while the damage totals are given in 2014 or 2015 USD.

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds		 Pressure Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
Adjali November 15 – 21 Severe tropical storm 110 km/h (70 mph) 987 hPa (29.15 inHg) None None None
02 November 24 – 30 Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 997 hPa (29.44 inHg) Diego Garcia, Mauritius, Rodrigues None None
Bakung December 13 Remnant low 35 km/h (25 mph) 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) None None None
Kate December 30 – 31 Intense tropical cyclone 165 km/h (105 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) None None None
Bansi January 10 – 18 Very intense tropical cyclone 220 km/h (140 mph) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Mascarene Islands Minimal None
Chedza January 14 – 19 Severe tropical storm 100 km/h (65 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar, Réunion $40 million 80 [43][44]
Diamondra January 26 – 30 Moderate tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 986 hPa (29.12 inHg) None None None
Eunice January 26 – February 1 Very intense tropical cyclone 230 km/h (145 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) None None None
Fundi February 5 – 8 Severe tropical storm 100 km/h (65 mph) 978 hPa (28.88 inHg) Madagascar Unknown 5
Glenda February 22 – 28 Severe tropical storm 95 km/h (60 mph) 974 hPa (28.76 inHg) None None None
11 March 4 – 7 Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) Mozambique, Madagascar None None
Haliba March 7 – 10 Moderate tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 993 hPa (29.32 inHg) Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius $6.4 million 26
Joalane April 2 – 11 Tropical cyclone 140 km/h (85 mph) 962 hPa (28.41 inHg) None None None
Ikola April 5 – 6 Severe tropical storm 105 km/h (65 mph) 982 hPa (29.00 inHg) None None None
Season aggregates
14 systems November 16 – April 11 230 km/h (145 mph) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) $46.4 million 111

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Summer 2014–2015 Outlook for Mauritius and Rodrigues". Mauritius Meteorological Services. October 10, 2014. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
  2. ↑ "HIGH from ABIO10". Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). Archived from the original on 16 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  3. ↑ "Warning 001 for Tropical Disturbance 01". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 16 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  4. ↑ "Warning 002 for Tropical Depression 01". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 16 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  5. ↑ "TCFA for Tropical Depression 01". JTWC. Archived from the original on 16 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  6. ↑ "Mauritius Meteorological Services - Naming Cyclone Adjali". Mauritius Meteorological Services. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  7. ↑ "JTWC Cyclone Warning 001 on Cyclone Adjali". JTWC. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  8. ↑ "RSMC Cyclone Warning 005 on Cyclone Adjali". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  9. ↑ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Center (November 25, 2014). Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning 25 November 2014 05:59 UTC (PDF) (Report). Météo-France. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
  10. ↑ Western Australian Regional Office (1 January 2015). Severe Tropical Cyclone Kate (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  11. ↑ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Center (December 30, 2014). Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning December 30, 2014 06:49 UTC (PDF) (Report). Météo-France. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
  12. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning 1/5/20142015". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  13. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning 4/5/20142015". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  14. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning 5/5/20142015". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  15. ↑ "Warning Of Moderate Tropical Storm 'Bansi'". Mauritius Meteorological Services. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  16. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning 8/5/20142015". RSMC La Réunion. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  17. ↑ "Bansi n’a pas fait de gros dégâts à Rodrigues" (in French). Clicanoo. January 16, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  18. ↑ http://www.zinfos974.com/Ex-Chedza-frappe-Madagascar-et-continue-de-se-rapprocher_a80466.html
  19. 1 2 Lovasoa Rabary (January 28, 2015). "Madagascar seeks international aid after tropical storm kills 68". Reuters. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 "9 February 2015: World Events". European Commission Humanitarian Aid department. ReliefWeb. February 9, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  21. ↑ Manuel Mucari (January 28, 2015). "Death toll rises as Mozambique weighs up flood costs". Mail & Guardian News. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  22. ↑ Rex Chikoko (January 23, 2015). "Flood-hit Malawi faces aid deficit". Mail and Guardian. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  23. ↑ United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (January 16, 2015). "Southern Africa: Floods and Cyclones Update (as of 16 Jan 2015)". ReliefWeb. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  24. 1 2 3 National Office of Disaster and Risk Management (February 1, 2015). "Intemperies et Forte Tempete Tropicale "Chedza" Situation à la date du 01 février 2015 - 16H00" (PDF) (in French). ReliefWeb. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  25. ↑ "Bulletin hydrologique du 21/01/2015 à 15h". Government of Madagascar (in French). ReliefWeb. January 21, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  26. ↑ "Madagascar: Cyclone Chedza Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Operation n° MDRMG011" (PDF). International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies. ReliefWeb. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  27. ↑ "Madagascar storm death toll climbs to 68". ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. January 27, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  28. ↑ "Forte Tempête Tropicale Chedza" (in French). Météo France. 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  29. ↑ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Center (January 27, 2015). Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning January 27, 2015 06:51 UTC (PDF) (Report). Météo-France. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  30. ↑ "Cyclone Fundi Unleashes Floods in Madagascar". Earthweek A Diary of the Planet. February 13, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  31. ↑ Elisabeth Gouel (February 20, 2015). "Madagascar: Act Alliance Preliminary Appeal - Response to Cyclones and Floods in Madagascar". All Africa. Reuters. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 1, 2014. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  33. ↑ "Kabar de solidarité avec les sinistrés de Madagascar" (in French). Clicanoo. March 12, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  34. ↑ Karen Walter (March 11, 2015). "Haliba provoque des inondations à Maurice" (in French). Seychelles News Agency. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  35. ↑ "Haliba plonge l'île Maurice sous les eaux" (in French). Clicanoo. March 9, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  36. ↑ "Haliba s'éloigne de La Réunion" (in French). Témoignages. March 9, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  37. ↑ "Haliba: 6 millions d'euros de dégâts et certains n'auront peut-être rien..." (in French). Zinfos 974. March 11, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  38. 1 2 RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Center (13 December 2014). Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean 13 December 2014 12:06 UTC (PDF) (Report). Météo-France. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  39. 1 2 Jakarta Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (13 December 2014). "Ocean Gale and Storm Warning 13 December 2014 02:02 UTC". Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  40. 1 2 RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Center (13 December 2014). Tropical Cyclone Forecast Warning 13 December 2014 05:59 UTC (Report). Météo-France. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  41. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Cyclone 03S (Bakung) Warning 13 December 2014 09:00z". United States Navy, United States Airforce. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  42. ↑ Regional Association I Tropical Cyclone Committee (2010). "Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-West Indian Ocean" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2012-06-07.
  43. ↑ "Flood death toll across Southern Africa reaches 260". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  44. ↑ "Madagascar tropical storm claims 46 lives". Yahoo News! via AP. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
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