Russian presidential election, 2012

Russian presidential election, 2012
Russia
4 March 2012
Turnout 65.25% Decrease 4.45 pp

 
Nominee Vladimir Putin Gennady Zyuganov
Party United Russia Communist Party
Home state Saint Petersburg Oryol Oblast
Popular vote 46,602,075 12,318,353
Percentage 63.6% 17.2%
 
Nominee Mikhail Prokhorov Vladimir Zhirinovsky
Party Independent Liberal Democratic Party
Home state Moscow Almaty (now Kazakhstan)
Popular vote 5,722,508 4,458,103
Percentage 8.0% 6.2%

Results by federal subject
President before election

Dmitry Medvedev
United Russia

 Elected President

Vladimir Putin
United Russia

The 2012 Russian presidential election was held on 4 March 2012.[1] There were five officially-registered candidates: four representatives of registered parties and one independent. The election was for a new, extended term of six years.

At the United Russia Congress in Moscow on 24 September 2011, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev proposed that his predecessor, Vladimir Putin stand for the Presidency in 2012; an offer which Putin accepted. Putin immediately offered Medvedev to stand on the United Russia ticket in the parliamentary elections in December and becoming Prime Minister of Russia at the end of his presidential term.[2]

All independents had to register by 15 December, and candidates nominated by parties had to register by 18 January. The final list was announced on 29 January. On 2 March, outgoing President Dmitry Medvedev addressed the nation on the national television channels about the following presidential election. He invited the citizens of Russia to vote in the election to be held on 4 March 2012.[3]

Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin received 63.64% of the vote with almost 100% of the votes counted.[4][5] With this election, Putin secured a record third term in the Kremlin.[6]

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe observers assessed the voting on the election day positively overall, but assessed the vote count negatively in almost one-third of polling stations due to procedural irregularities.[7] The next presidential election will be in 2018.[8]

Candidates

The following are individuals who submitted documents required to be officially registered as a presidential candidate to the Central Election Commission.

Registered candidates

The following candidates were successfully registered by the Central Election Commission:

Rejected

The following candidates were denied registration by the Russian Central Elections Committee (CEC).

Name Party Profession Reason of rejection
Grigory Yavlinsky Yabloko Politician, Economist Rejected due to the high quantity of invalid signatures he presented[11] to the CEC (25.66%).[12]
Eduard Limonov Independent Writer, leader of the unregistered party The Other Russia Registration request from group of voters turned down on the grounds that the required initiative committee members signatures had not been certified by a notary.[13]
Leonid Ivashov Independent Colonel General in Reserve, President of the Academy of Geopolitical Affairs Registration request from group of voters turned down because he did not inform the CEC about holding a meeting in due time.[14]
Dmitry Mezentsev Independent Governor of the Irkutsk Oblast Rejected due to the high quantity of invalid signatures he presented.[14]
Nicolai Levashov Independent Writer Registration request turned down because at the time of registration attempt he had lived in Russia for less than 10 years.[15]
Boris Mironov Independent Writer, former leader of the National Sovereignty Party of Russia Registration request from group of voters turned down on the grounds that the candidate had been previously convicted of writing extremist texts.[16]
Svetlana Peunova Independent Head of the unregistered political party Volya Rejected due to the lack of signatures gathered to uphold her bid (243,245 signatures gathered out of the necessary 2 million).[17]
Viktor Cherepkov Independent Leader of the unregistered party Freedom and Sovereignty Did not present any signatures required for registration.[17]
Rinat Khamiev Independent Leader of the Chairman of the People's Patriotic Union of Orenburg, CEO of Zorro LLC Did not present any signatures required for registration.[17]
Dmitry Berdnikov Independent Leader of the group "Against Criminality and Lawlessness" Submitted an application on creation of an initiative committee, but later dropped out of the registration process.
Lidiya Bednaya Independent Unknown Rejected by the CEC because she didn't provide the necessary documentation.

Campaign

Mikhail Prokhorov

Prokhorov campaigning

Mikhail Prokhorov made a tour around the country, meeting with his supporters in various cities. He was the only candidate to do so except for Putin, who, however, visited Russia's regions as a part of his Prime Minister of Russia duties.

Vladimir Putin

In the course of the 2012 presidential campaign, in order to present his manifesto, Putin published 7 articles in different Russian newspapers. In those articles, he presented his vision of the problems which Russia successfully solved in the last decade and the goals yet to be achieved. The topics of the articles were as follows: the general overview, the ethnicity issue, economic tasks, democracy and government efficiency, social policy, military and foreign policy.[18]

Speeches

Panorama of the 23 February Luzhniki rally, where Putin made his Borodino speech

During the campaign Putin made a single outdoor public speech at a 100,000-strong rally of his supporters in the Luzhniki Stadium on 23 February, Russia's Defender of the Fatherland Day.[19] In the speech he called not to betray the Motherland, but to love her, to unite around Russia and to work together for the good, to overcome the existing problems.[20] He said that foreign interference in Russian affairs should not be allowed, that Russia has its own free will.[20] He compared the political situation at the moment (when fears were spread in the Russian society that the 2011–13 Russian protests could instigate a color revolution directed from abroad) with the First Fatherland War of 1812, reminding that its 200th anniversary and the anniversary of the Battle of Borodino would be celebrated in 2012.[20] Putin cited Lermontov's poem Borodino and ended the speech with Vyacheslav Molotov's famous Great Patriotic War slogan "The Victory Shall Be Ours!" ("Победа будет за нами!").[19][20]

The BBC reported that some attendees claimed they had been made to take part in the rally or paid. Some said they had been told they were attending a "folk festival". After Putin spoke, popular folk band Lubeh took to the stage.[21]

Vladimir Zhirinovsky

Zhirinovsky campaigning

Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky is a veteran of Russian politics who has participated in five presidential elections in Russia (every election since 1996). Zhirinovsky's campaign slogan for 2012 was "Vote Zhirinovsky, or things will get worse".[22] Proshka, an donkey owned by Vladimir Zhirinovsky, became prominent during the presidential campaign, when he was filmed in an election advertisement video. On the last episode of debates with Prokhorov, just before the elections, Zhirinovsky produced a scandal, calling those Russian celebrities which supported Prokhorov, including a pop-diva and a veteran of Russian pop scene Alla Pugacheva, "prostitutes" ("I thought you are an artful person, politician, cunning man, but you are just a clown and a psycho" replied Pugacheva. "I am what I am. And such is my charm" replied Zhirinovsky).[23]

Gennady Zyuganov

Zyuganov campaigning in Red Square

In September 2011, Gennady Zyuganov again became the CPRF's candidate for the Russian presidential election. According to Zyuganov, "a gang of folks who cannot do anything in life apart from dollars, profits and mumbling, has humiliated the country" and called for a new international alliance to "counter the aggressive policies of imperialist circles."[24]

Opinion polls

Election forecasts

Poll source Date
Putin
YeR		 Zyuganov
KPRF		 Zhirinovsky
LDPR		 Prokhorov
Ind		 Mironov
SR
Levada 16–20 Dec 2011 63% 13% 12% 3% 6%
Levada 20–23 Jan 2011 63% 15% 8% 5% 5%
FOM 21–22 Jan 2012 52.2% 18.0% 10.8% 6.7% 6.6%
FOM 28–29 Jan 2012 54.6% 16.9% 11.7% 6.9% 5.9%
FOM 4–5 Feb 2012 58.7% 15.0% 12.2% 7.2% 5.1%
FOM 11–12 Feb 2012 60.0% 16.7% 9.5% 7.4% 5.0%
VCIOM 11–12 Feb 2012 58.6% 14.8% 9.4% 8.7% 7.7%
Levada 17–20 Feb 2012 66% 15% 8% 6% 5%
FOM 18–19 Feb 2012 58.7% 16.2% 8.8% 8.6% 6.1%
VCIOM 25–26 Feb 2012 59.9% 15.1% 7.7% 8.7% 7.1%

Open survey

Candidate 24 December 2011 24–25 December 2011 7 January 2012 14 January 2012 14–15 January 2012 21 January 2012 28 January 2012 12 February 2012
Vladimir Putin 45 % 44 % 48 % 52 % 45 % 49 % 52 % 55 %
Mikhail Prokhorov 4 % 4 % 3 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 4 % 6 %
Gennady Zyuganov 10 % 12 % 10 % 11 % 11 % 8 % 9 %
Vladimir Zhirinovsky 8 % 11 % 9 % 9 % 10 % 9 % 8 % 8 %
Sergey Mironov 5 % 4 % 5 % 4 % 3 % 6 % 4 % 5 %
Grigory Yavlinsky 2 % 2 % 2 % 1 % 1 %
Dmitry Mezentsev — — 0 % 0 % —
Other — 2 % — 0 % 1 %
Would not vote 10 % 9 % 9 % 10 % 10 % 9 % 11 % 9 %
Plan to ruin ballot — 1 % — — 1 %
Don't know 12 % 12 % 10 % 9 % 13 % 9 % 10 % 8 %
Sample Size 1,600 3,000 1,600 1,600 3,000 1,600 1,600 1,600
Poll Source VTSIOM[25] Public Opinion Fund[26] VTSIOM[25] VTSIOM[25] Public Opinion Fund[27] VTSIOM[25] VTSIOM[25] VTSIOM[25]

According to a "Levada Center" opinion poll from September 2011, 41% of Russian people wanted to see Putin be a candidate in the 2012 elections as opposed to 22% for Medvedev, while 10% wanted someone else and 28% were unsure.[28]

Results

Election of the President of the Russian Federation (2012)
 Summary of the 4 March 2012 Russian presidential election results
Candidates Nominating parties Votes %
Vladimir PutinUnited Russia45,602,07563.60
Gennady ZyuganovCommunist Party12,318,35317.18
Mikhail Prokhorovself-nominated5,722,5087.98
Vladimir ZhirinovskyLiberal Democratic Party4,458,1036.22
Sergey MironovA Just Russia2,763,9353.85
Valid votes70,864,97498.83
Invalid votes836,6911.17
Total votes71,701,665100.00
Registered voters/turnout109,860,33165.27
Source: Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation

There were over 108,000,000 eligible voters and almost all 95,000 polling stations had webcams to observe the voting process. Following criticism of the vote in the December elections, 2 web cameras were dedicated to streaming the activities at each polling station, at an expense of a half billion dollars,[29] i.e. about $5,000 per polling station.

By region

Region Putin Zyuganov Prokhorov Zhirinovsky Mironov Invalid votes Turnout
 Adygea 64.07% 20.55% 5.96% 3.01 % 3.01% 1.34% 67.89%
 Altai Krai 57.35% 22.26% 7.13% 8.33% 3.90% 1.03% 59.03%
 Altai Republic 66.87% 16.92% 6.15% 5.60% 3.34% 1.12% 67.24%
 Amur Oblast 62.84% 16.87% 5.77% 9.94% 3.40% 1.18% 60.39%
 Arkhangelsk Oblast 57.97% 15.94% 10.45% 8.90% 5.78% 0.96% 58.16%
 Astrakhan Oblast 68.76% 15.64% 5.06% 5.07% 4.30% 1.17% 56.21%
 Baikonur 70.79% 12.14% 6.81% 5.52% 2.99% 1.74% 70.17%
 Bashkortostan 75.28% 14.18% 3.64% 3.64% 2.49% 0.77% 76.31%
 Belgorod Oblast 59.30% 23.45% 5.53% 6.62% 3.96% 1.13% 74.34%
 Bryansk Oblast 64.02% 20.91% 4.59% 6.14% 3.35% 0.99% 66.96%
 Buryatia 66.20% 18.04% 5.87% 5.34% 3.36% 1.19% 66.15%
 Chechnya 99.76% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.14% 99.61%
 Chelyabinsk Oblast 65.02% 14.72% 8.03% 5.66% 5.10% 1.47% 62.70%
 Chukotka 72.64% 9.04% 7.53% 7.18% 2.16% 1.45% 81.56%
 Chuvashia 57.93% 20.58% 5.52% 5.65% 4.44% 1.48% 73.64%
 Dagestan 92.84% 5.94% 0.45% 0.11% 0.29% 0.36% 91.30%
 Ingushetia 91.91% 4.45% 1.16% 1.17% 1.06% 0.25% 86.46%
 Irkutsk Oblast 55.45% 22.57% 8.76% 8.24% 3.84% 1.14% 56.01%
 Ivanovo Oblast 61.85% 18.30% 7.13% 7.25% 4.44% 1.02% 59.92%
 Jewish Autonomous Oblast 61.59% 18.63% 6.42% 8.35% 3.48% 1.52% 58.52%
 Kabardino-Balkaria 77.64% 13.81% 2.32% 3.08% 3.05% 0.10% 73.04%
 Kaliningrad Oblast 52.55% 21.33% 13.56% 7.79% 3.53% 1.24% 59.29%
 Kalmykia 70.30% 17.51% 6.04% 2.54% 2.68% 0.93% 62.00%
 Kaluga Oblast 59.02% 20.01% 8.07% 7.42% 4.23% 1.24% 63.51%
 Kamchatka Krai 59.84% 15.97% 8.95% 10.54% 3.47% 1.25% 61.09%
 Karachay-Cherkessia 91.36% 5.81% 0.90% 0.98% 0.74% 0.21% 91.28%
 Karelia 55.38% 16.47% 12.22% 8.59% 6.10% 1.24% 55.38%
 Kemerovo Oblast 77.19% 8.14% 4.60% 6.82% 2.28% 0.97% 79.09%
 Khabarovsk Krai 56.15% 17.65% 9.50% 10.47% 4.88% 1.34% 61.95%
 Khakassia 58.40% 20.56% 7.84% 8.48% 3.59% 1.13% 64.68%
 Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug 66.41% 13.80% 7.14% 8.11% 3.29% 1.25% 64.06%
 Kirov Oblast 57.93% 18.54% 9.27% 7.90% 5.22% 1.14% 61.30%
 Komi Republic 65.02% 13.34% 8.32% 7.67% 4.32% 1.33% 70.04%
 Kostroma Oblast 52.78% 26.02% 7.61% 8.09% 4.62% 0.88% 61.42%
 Krasnodar Krai 63.72% 18.46% 6.75% 6.54% 3.31% 1.22% 70.78%
 Krasnoyarsk Krai 60.16% 18.03% 8.42% 8.61% 3.54% 1.24% 59.47%
 Kurgan Oblast 63.39% 17.40% 5.75% 8.57% 3.99% 0.89% 64.15%
 Kursk Oblast 60.45% 20.24% 6.26% 8.20% 3.81% 1.04% 64.01%
 Leningrad Oblast 61.90% 14.18% 9.98% 6.77% 5.86% 1.31% 63.24%
 Lipetsk Oblast 60.99% 21.13% 5.55% 7.13% 3.95% 1.24% 65.62%
 Magadan Oblast 56.25% 20.01% 9.71% 9.18% 3.74% 1.14% 58.96%
 Mari El 59.98% 22.09% 6.37% 6.53% 3.98% 1.04% 58.69%
 Mordovia 87.06% 7.23% 1.61% 2.34% 1.11% 0.65% 89.58%
 Moscow 46.95% 19.18% 20.45% 6.30% 5.05% 2.06% 58.10%
 Moscow Oblast 56.85% 19.36% 11.18% 6.66% 4.23% 1.72% 61.34%
 Murmansk Oblast 60.05% 16.00% 9.65% 8.09% 5.05% 1.16% 60.34%
 Nenets Autonomous Okrug 57.05% 17.27% 10.04% 9.04% 5.30% 1.30% 62.49%
 Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 63.90% 19.05% 6.75% 5.96% 3.40% 0.94% 66.88%
 North Ossetia-Alania 70.06% 21.05% 1.66% 3.16% 3.11% 0.96% 80.71%
 Novgorod Oblast 57.91% 17.70% 8.72% 7.41% 7.12% 1.14% 58.64%
 Novosibirsk Oblast 56.34% 22.53% 9.18% 7.70% 3.03% 1.23% 63.23%
 Omsk Oblast 55.55% 24.01% 7.44% 7.68% 4.03% 1.29% 61.64%
 Orenburg Oblast 56.89% 24.92% 5.80% 7.33% 4.05% 1.01% 61.19%
 Oryol Oblast 52.84% 29.09% 6.14% 7.45% 3.35% 1.13% 68.04%
 Penza Oblast 64.27% 19.70% 5.21% 6.39% 3.16% 1.27% 68.12%
 Perm Krai 62.94% 15.78% 10.86% 4.60% 4.40% 1.42% 55.09%
 Primorsky Krai 57.31% 20.36% 7.95% 8.63% 4.36% 1.39% 64.42%
 Pskov Oblast 59.69% 20.64% 7.30% 6.71% 4.57% 1.09% 61.18%
 Rostov Oblast 62.66% 20.06% 6.36% 6.27% 3.63% 1.02% 63.73%
 Ryazan Oblast 59.74% 21.42% 6.10% 7.58% 4.12% 1.04% 64.15%
 Saint Petersburg 58.77% 13.06% 15.52% 4.65% 6.61% 1.39% 62.05%
 Sakha 69.46% 14.39% 6.49% 4.37% 4.41% 0.87% 74.56%
 Sakhalin Oblast 56.30% 20.03% 9.78% 8.77% 3.88% 1.13% 57.27%
 Samara Oblast 58.56% 20.55% 8.05% 7.56% 3.94% 1.34% 60.77%
 Saratov Oblast 70.64% 15.63% 4.46% 5.06% 3.27% 0.94% 66.44%
 Smolensk Oblast 56.69% 23.07% 6.75% 7.94% 4.34% 1.21% 59.04%
 Stavropol Krai 64.47% 18.03% 6.33% 6.99% 3.14% 1.04% 60.27%
 Sverdlovsk Oblast 64.50% 12.14% 11.46% 5.20% 5.47% 1.23% 58.79%
 Tambov Oblast 71.76% 17.38% 3.16% 4.54% 2.25% 0.90% 70.07%
 Tatarstan 82.70% 9.66% 2.93% 2.23% 1.76% 0.72% 82.99%
 Tomsk Oblast 57.07% 18.85% 11.57% 7.67% 3.70% 1.13% 58.22%
 Tula Oblast 67.77% 16.95% 5.06% 5.79% 3.41% 1.02% 69.45%
 Tuva 90.00% 4.32% 1.98% 1.74% 1.37% 0.59% 93.16%
 Tver Oblast 58.02% 19.71% 8.88% 7.40% 4.92% 1.06% 58.70%
 Tyumen Oblast 73.10% 11.41% 5.15% 7.07% 2.45% 0.82% 79.14%
 Udmurtia 65.75% 14.82% 8.59% 6.27% 3.42% 1.15% 64.38%
 Ulyanovsk Oblast 58.18% 24.03% 5.62% 6.96% 4.17% 1.04% 63.52%
 Vladimir Oblast 53.49% 20.75% 9.45% 8.40% 6.57% 1.33% 53.07%
 Volgograd Oblast 63.41% 18.85% 5.56% 6.86% 4.33% 1.34% 63.81%
 Vologda Oblast 59.44% 15.35% 9.38% 8.13% 6.62% 1.08% 61.62%
 Voronezh Oblast 61.34% 22.42% 5.35% 6.22% 3.68% 1.00% 67.98%
Voting abroad 73.24% 7.19% 13.56% 2.72% 1.96% 1.32% 96.14%
 Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 84.58% 5.59% 2.33% 5.21% 1.49% 0.80% 93.34%
 Yaroslavl Oblast 54.53% 19.89% 10.58% 7.72% 6.14% 1.13% 63.48%
 Zabaykalsky Krai 65.69% 14.37% 5.91% 9.95% 3.01% 1.06% 59.92%
Total[30] 63.60% 17.18% 7.98% 6.22% 3.85% 1.17% 65.27%

Electoral irregularities

International observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) found that although all competitors had access to the media, Putin was given clear prominence.[7] Strict candidate registration requirements also limited "genuine competition".[7] According to Tonino Picula, the Special Co-ordinator to lead the short-term OSCE observer mission,

“There were serious problems from the very start of this election. The point of elections is that the outcome should be uncertain. This was not the case in Russia. There was no real competition and abuse of government resources ensured that the ultimate winner of the election was never in doubt.”[7]

The OCSE observers concluded that voting on the day of the election was assessed positively overall, but the "process deteriorated during the vote count which was assessed negatively in almost one-third of polling stations observed due to procedural irregularities."[7] The OSCE called for a thorough investigation of the electoral violations and urged citizens to actively oversee future elections in order to increase confidence.[7]

Allegations were made that Putin supporters had been driven around in coaches in order to vote for him in multiple constituencies (which is known as carousel voting).[31] These practices were documented by video monitoring systems installed on most voting stations.[32]

Pravda alleged that industrial plants with a continuous-cycle production have violated the law by bussing workers to polling centres.[33] The chairman of the Moscow Election Committee Valentin Gorbunov countered the accusation saying that this was normal practice and did not constitute a violation. According to Iosif Diskin, a member of the Public Chamber of Russia, there were special observers who controlled that workers have legal absentee certificates. Information about carousel voting was, according to him, not confirmed.[34] Georgy Fyodorov, director of the NGO "Citizens Watch" ("Гражданский контроль"), said that statements from the monitoring group GOLOS about carousel voting in Strogino District were false,[35] however, Citizens Watch never addressed the evidence of the electoral fraud presented by GOLOS. The level of electoral manipulation is substantial. According to GOLOS, one third of all electoral commissions had substantial irregularities at the stage of vote counting and tabulation.[36]

Claims that Putin's share of the vote was inflated by up to 10% were dismissed by Putin in a talk with journalists: "It's possible there were irregularities, probably there were some. But they can only influence hundredths of a per cent. Well, maybe one per cent; that I can imagine. But no more."[37] Ruža Tomašić, OSCE observer from Croatia, noted that there were no irregularities at five polling stations near Kaluga.[38]

Тhe Communist Party of the Russian Federation did not acknowledge the results of the election.[39]

Protests

On 11 March 2012 approximately 15,000–20,000 protesters demonstrated in Novy Arbat street against perceived fraud and Putin's rule.[40] MP Ilya Ponomaryov, a protest coordinator, described the protesters' plans: "We must be the government's constant nightmare and build up to a crescendo of protests at the time of Putin's inauguration in early May."[40]

Inauguration

Putin was inaugurated in the Kremlin on 7 May 2012. Public protests had taken place in Moscow on 6 May with estimated 8,000[41]-20,000 protesters taking part.[42] 80 people were injured in confrontations with police (including over 30 policemen)[43] and 450 arrests were made on 6 May[44] and another 120 arrests the following day.[44]

Price

The election cost 10.375 million roubles according to a report given by the Russian Central Election Commission. According to the report, during the campaign, budget funds have been spared.[45]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Russia's presidential elections scheduled for March 2012". B92. RIA Novosti. 21 July 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
  2. ↑ "Russia's Putin set to return as president in 2012". BBC News. 24 September 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  3. ↑ "'I'm Sure You'll Make Right Choice,' Medvedev Tells Nation". RIA Novosti. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  4. ↑ "Putin declared president-elect". Rt.com. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  5. ↑ Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation. Cikrf.ru. Retrieved on 5 March 2012.
  6. ↑ ‘We won!’ Teary-eyed Putin proclaims victory (PHOTOS, VIDEO), RT, 2012-03-04
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Russia’s presidential election marked by unequal campaign conditions, active citizens’ engagement, international observers say". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
  8. ↑ Herszenhorn, David M. (5 March 2012). "Observers Detail Flaws in Russian Election". New York Times. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  9. ↑ "Russia billionaire Mikhail Prokhorov to challenge Putin". BBC News. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  10. ↑ Official Statement of Political Party "PATRIOTS OF RUSSIA". Patriot-rus.ru (19 December 2011). Retrieved on 5 March 2012.
  11. ↑ Kennedy, Val Brickates (24 January 2012). "Russian opposition leader to be left off ballot". MarketWatch. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  12. ↑ "Yavlinsky Officially Rejected as Presidential Candidate". RIA Novosti. 27 Jan 2012.
  13. ↑ "December 30, 2011 – RT News line". Rt.com. 30 December 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  14. 1 2 "Elections in Russia The March 4 Presidential Election Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). International Foundation for Electoral Systems. 2 March 2012.
  15. ↑ "Eight self-promoted candidates ready to enter Russian presidential race". RIA Novosti. 16 December 2011.
  16. ↑ Bratersky, Alexander (19 December 2011). "Presidential Race Lacks Independents". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  17. 1 2 3 "Three Russian Presidential Candidates Denied Registration". RIA Novosti. 20 January 2012.
  18. ↑ 7 статей и джек-пот: Путин завершил серию публикаций
  19. 1 2 Putin Supporters Fill Moscow Stadium RIAN
  20. 1 2 3 4 Путин: Главное, чтобы мы были вместе vz.ru (in Russian)
  21. ↑ Putin tells stadium rally 'battle' is on for Russia, BBC, retrieved 28/2/2012
  22. ↑ Profiles of Russia's 2012 presidential election candidates BBC
  23. ↑ Жириновский устроил скандал на дебатах с Пугачевой Lenta.ru
  24. ↑ "Communists pledge to stop ‘dollar-lovers’ experiment on Russia’". RT. 24 September 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "По данным ВЦИОМ". Wciom.ru. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  26. ↑ "По данным Фонда «Общественное мнение" (PDF). Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  27. ↑ "По данным Фонда «Общественное мнение" (PDF). Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  28. ↑ "Россияне о президентских выборах". Levada. 16 September 2011. Archived from the original on 25 September 2011.
  29. ↑ Brooke, James; Golloher, Jessica; Nesnera, Andre de (2 March 2012). "After Big Protests, Russians Vote for President". Voice of America. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  30. ↑ "Regional results". Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  31. ↑ "Russian elections: Hunting the 'carousel' voters". BBC News. 5 March 2012.
  32. ↑ "Cамые невероятные вбросы, когда-либо снятые на видео". tvrain.ru. Retrieved 2015-07-10.
  33. ↑ "И пусть нам приснится "карусель"...". Pravda.RU. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  34. ↑ "Иосиф Дискин: Никаких доказательств существования "каруселей" не выявлено". Pravda.RU. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  35. ↑ "Федоров: Не все нарушения подтверждаются". Pravda.RU. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  36. ↑ "Краткое заявление ассоциации "ГОЛОС" по итогам наблюдения хода выборов Президента России, назначенных на 4 марта 2012 г.". 4 March 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  37. ↑ Russia elections: Vladimir Putin admits "possible irregularities", Telegraph, retrieved 11/3/2012
  38. ↑ http://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/svijet/181183/Nisam-vidjela-nepravilnosti-u-Rusiji.html | In Croatian
  39. ↑ "Мы не признаем выборы!". http://kprf.ru. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012. External link in |publisher= (help)
  40. 1 2 Moscow protest: opposition call for civil rights campaign against Vladimir Putin after his election victory, Telegraph, retrieved 11/3/2012
  41. ↑ Провокация вместо марша vz.ru
  42. ↑ "Russian police battle anti-Putin protesters". Reuters. 6 May 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  43. ↑ СК пересчитал пострадавших полицейских во время "Марша миллионов" Lenta.ru
  44. 1 2 Parfitt, Tom (7 May 2012). "Vladimir Putin inauguration shows how popularity has crumbled". London: Telegraph. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  45. ↑ "Over 10 million roubles spent for presidential elections in RF – CEC", ITAR Tass, 12 May 2012.
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