1st United States Congress

1st United States Congress
 2nd

Federal Hall, site of the first two sessions of this Congress (1789)
March 4, 1789 – March 4, 1791
Senate President John Adams (P)
Senate Pres. pro tem John Langdon (P)
House Speaker Frederick Muhlenberg (P)
Members 21–26 Senators
59–65 Representatives
0 Non-voting members
Senate Majority Pro-Administration
House Majority Pro-Administration
Sessions
1st: March 4, 1789 – September 29, 1789
2nd: January 4, 1790 – August 12, 1790
3rd: December 6, 1790 – March 3, 1791

The First United States Congress, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, met from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1791, during the first two years of George Washington's presidency, first at Federal Hall in New York City and later at Congress Hall in Philadelphia. With the initial meeting of the First Congress, the United States federal government officially began operations under the new (and current) frame of government established by the 1787 Constitution. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the provisions of Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution. Both chambers had a Pro-Administration majority. Twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution were passed by this Congress and sent to the states for ratification; the ten ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, are collectively known as the Bill of Rights.

Major events

Congress Hall in Philadelphia, meeting place of this Congress's third session.

Major legislation

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Statue of George Washington in front of Federal Hall, where he was first inaugurated as President.

Session 1

Held March 4, 1789, through September 29, 1789, at Federal Hall in New York City

Session 2

Held January 4, 1790, through August 12, 1790, at Federal Hall in New York City

Session 3

Held December 6, 1790, through March 3, 1791, at Congress Hall in Philadelphia

Constitutional amendments

States ratifying Constitution

Territories organized

Party summary

There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.[2]

Details on changes are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Senate

Senate at the end of the Congress

During this congress, two Senate seats were added for North Carolina and Rhode Island when each ratified the Constitution.

Faction
(shading shows control)
Total Vacant
Anti-
Administration

(A)
Pro-
Administration

(P)
End of the previous congress 0 0 0 0
Begin 7 13 20 2
End 8 18 260
Final voting share 30.8% 69.2%
Beginning of the next congress 9 16 25 1

House of Representatives

House of Representatives at the end of the Congress

During this congress, five House seats were added for North Carolina and one House seat was added for Rhode Island when they ratified the Constitution.

Faction
(shading shows control)
Total Vacant
Anti-
Administration

(A)
Pro-
Administration

(P)
End of the previous congress 0 0 0 0
Begin 25 34 59 0
End 28 36 641
Final voting share 43.8% 56.3%
Beginning of the next congress 29 39 68 1

Leadership

Senate

House of Representatives

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district.

Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, all Senators were newly elected, and Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1790; Class 2 meant their term ended with the next Congress, requiring re-election in 1792; and Class 3 meant their term lasted through the next two Congresses, requiring re-election in 1794.

Connecticut

Delaware

Georgia

Maryland

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Virginia

President of the Senate
John Adams
President pro tempore
John Langdon

House of Representatives

The names of members of the House of Representatives are listed by their districts.

Connecticut

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

Delaware

Georgia

Maryland

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

New Jersey

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

New York

North Carolina

Pennsylvania

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Virginia

Speaker of the House
Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania

Changes in membership

There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.[2]

New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island, were the last states to ratify the U.S. Constitution, and because of their late ratification, were unable to send full representation at the beginning of this Congress. Five Senators and nine Representatives were subsequently seated from these states during the sessions as noted.

Senate

There was 1 resignation, 1 death, 1 replacement of a temporary appointee, and 6 new seats. The Anti-Administration Senators picked up a 1-seat net gain and the Pro-Administration Senators picked up 4 seats.

State
(class)
Vacator Reason for change Successor Date of successor's
formal installation
New York (3) New seats State legislature failed to choose Senator until after Congress began. Rufus King (P) July 25, 1789
New York (1) Philip John Schuyler (P) July 27, 1789
North Carolina (3) North Carolina ratified the constitution on November 21, 1789. Benjamin Hawkins (P) Elected November 27, 1789
North Carolina (2) Samuel Johnston (P)
Virginia
(1)
William Grayson (A) Died March 12, 1790. John Walker (P) Appointed March 31, 1790
Rhode Island (1) New seats Rhode Island ratified the constitution on May 29, 1790. Theodore Foster (P) Elected June 7, 1790
Rhode Island (2) Joseph Stanton, Jr. (A)
Virginia
(1)
John Walker (P) James Monroe was elected to the seat of Senator William Grayson. James Monroe (A) Elected November 9, 1790
New Jersey (2) William Paterson (P) Resigned November 13, 1790,
having been elected Governor of New Jersey.
Philemon Dickinson (P) Elected November 23, 1790

House of Representatives

There was 2 resignations, 1 death, and 6 new seats. Anti-Administration members picked up 3 seats and Pro-Administration members picked up 2 seats.

District Vacator Reason for change Successor Date successor
seated
New Hampshire At-Large Benjamin West (P) Declined to serve Abiel Foster (P) June 23, 1789
North Carolina 1st New seats North Carolina ratified the constitution on November 21, 1789. John Baptista Ashe (A) March 24, 1790
North Carolina 2nd Hugh Williamson (A) March 19, 1790
North Carolina 3rd Timothy Bloodworth (A) April 6, 1790
North Carolina 4th John Steele (P) April 19, 1790
North Carolina 5th John Sevier (P) June 16, 1790
Rhode Island At-large New seat Rhode Island ratified the constitution on May 29, 1790. Benjamin Bourne (P) December 17, 1790
Virginia 9th Theodorick Bland (A) Died June 1, 1790. William B. Giles (A) December 7, 1790
Massachusetts 5th George Partridge (P) Resigned August 14, 1790. Remained vacant until next Congress

Committees

Lists of committees and their party leaders.

Senate

House of Representatives

Joint committees

Employees

Senate

House of Representatives

See also

References

Further reading

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