1980 Summer Olympics

Games of the XXII Olympiad
Host city Moscow, Soviet Union
Nations participating 80[1][2]
Athletes participating 5,179
(4,064 men, 1,115 women)[2]
Events 203 in 21 sports
Opening ceremony 19 July
Closing ceremony 3 August
Officially opened by Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Leonid Brezhnev[1]
Athlete's Oath Nikolay Andrianov[1]
Judge's Oath Aleksandr Medved[1]
Olympic Torch Sergei Belov[1]
Stadium Grand Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium
Summer:
<  Montreal 1976 Los Angeles 1984  >
Winter:
<  Lake Placid 1980 Sarajevo 1984  >
A Soviet stamp sheet showing the logo of the games (left) and its mascot Misha (right) holding the 1980 Olympic torch. The map shows the torch relay route running from Olympia, Greece, the site of the ancient Olympic Games, through Moscow, to Tallinn, Estonia, which hosted sailing events of the 1980 Olympics.

The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad (Russian: И́гры XXII Олимпиа́ды, tr. Igry XXII Olimpiady), was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russia.

The 1980 Games were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Eastern Europe, and remain the only Summer Olympics held there, as well as the first Olympic Games to be held in a Slavic language-speaking country. They were also the first Olympic Games to be held in a socialist country, and the only Summer Games to be held in such a country until 2008 in Beijing, China. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin.

Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games – the smallest number since 1956. Led by the United States at the insistence of US President Jimmy Carter, 65 countries boycotted the games because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, though some athletes from some of the boycotting countries participated in the games under the Olympic Flag.[3] This prompted the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Host city selection

The only two cities to bid for the 1980 Summer Olympics were Moscow and Los Angeles. The choice between them was made on 23 October 1974 in the 75th IOC Session in Vienna, Austria. Los Angeles would eventually host the 1984 Summer Olympics.[4]

1980 Summer Olympics bidding result[5]
City Country Round 1
Moscow  Soviet Union 39
Los Angeles  United States 20

Participation overview and boycott

Participating nations
Countries boycotting the 1980 Games are shaded blue
Olympic Village in February 2004

Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games – the smallest number since 1956. Six nations made their first Olympic appearance in 1980: Angola, Botswana, Jordan, Laos, Mozambique, and Seychelles. Cyprus made its debut at the Summer Olympics, but had appeared earlier at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. Sri Lanka, Benin and Zimbabwe competed for the first time under these names (they participated previously as Ceylon, Dahomey and Rhodesia, respectively).

Although approximately half of the 24 countries that boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics (in protest against the IOC not expelling New Zealand who sanctioned a rugby tour of apartheid South Africa) participated in the Moscow Games, the 1980 Summer Olympics were disrupted by another, even larger, boycott led by the United States in protest at the 1979 Soviet war in Afghanistan. The Soviet invasion spurred Jimmy Carter to issue an ultimatum on 20 January 1980, that the US would boycott the Moscow Olympics if Soviet troops did not withdraw from Afghanistan within one month.[6] 65 countries and regions invited did not take part in the 1980 Olympics. Many of these followed the United States' boycott initiative, while others cited economic reasons for not coming.[6][7] Iran, under Ayatollah Khomeini hostile to both superpowers, boycotted when the Islamic Conference condemned the invasion.[8]

Many of the boycotting nations participated instead in the Liberty Bell Classic, also known as the "Olympic Boycott Games", in Philadelphia. However, the nations that did compete had won 71 percent of all medals, and similarly 71 percent of the gold medals, at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. As a form of protest against the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, fifteen countries marched in the Opening Ceremony with the Olympic Flag instead of their national flags, and the Olympic Flag and Olympic Hymn were used at medal ceremonies when athletes from these countries won medals. Competitors from three countries – New Zealand,[9] Portugal, and Spain – competed under the flags of their respective National Olympic Committees. Some of these teams that marched under flags other than their national flags were depleted by boycotts by individual athletes, while some athletes did not participate in the march.

The impact of the boycott was mixed. Some events, such as field hockey and equestrian sports, were hard hit, while others such as boxing, judo, rowing, swimming, track and field and weightlifting had more participants than in 1976. Athletes from 25 countries won Olympic gold (the same total as in the 1984 Games and one fewer than in the 1976 Games) and competitors from 36 countries became Olympic medalists.[10] Italy won four times more gold medals than they won in Montreal and France multiplied its gold medal tally by three. Romania won more gold medals than it had at any previous Olympics. In terms of total medals, the Moscow Olympics was Ireland's most successful games since Melbourne 1956 (winning 2 medals). The same was true for Great Britain. "Third World" athletes qualified for more events and took more medals than they did at any previous Olympics. 21 percent of the competitors were women – a higher percentage than at any previous Olympics.

Events, records and drug tests overview

There were 203 events – more than at any previous Olympics.

36 World records, 39 European records and 74 Olympic records were set at the games. In total, this was more records than were set at Montreal. New Olympic records were set 241 times over the course of the competitions and world records were beaten 97 times. Three Olympic records set in 1980 still stood as of 2008 – East German women 4 × 100 meter relay 41.6 seconds (broken by Jamaica in 2012); Soviet Nadezhda Olizarenko 800 meters, 1:53.43; Modern Pentathlon Soviet Anatoli Starostin 5568 points.

A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner...who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".[11]

A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine. Twenty percent of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official. The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols.[12] The first documented case of "blood doping" occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10,000 m.[13]

Media and broadcasting

Major broadcasters of the Games were USSR State TV and Radio (1,370 accreditation cards), Eurovision (31 countries, 818 cards) and Intervision (11 countries, 342 cards).[14] TV Asahi with 68 cards provided coverage for Japan, while OTI representing the Latin America received 59 cards and the Seven Network provided coverage for Australia (48 cards).[14] NBC, which had intended to be another major broadcaster, canceled its coverage in response to the U.S. boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics, and became a minor broadcaster with 56 accreditation cards,[14] although the network did air highlights and recaps of the games on a regular basis. (ABC aired scenes of the opening ceremony during its Nightline program, and promised highlights each night, but the next night, the show announced that they could not air any highlights as NBC still had exclusive broadcast rights in the USA.) The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation almost canceled their plans for coverage after Canada took part in the boycott and was represented by nine cards.[14] The television center used 20 television channels, compared to 16 for the Montreal Games, 12 for the Munich Games, and seven for the Mexico City Games.

During the opening ceremony, Salyut 6 crew Leonid Popov and Valery Ryumin sent their greetings to the Olympians and wished them happy starts in the live communication between the station and the Central Lenin Stadium. They appeared on the stadium's scoreboard and their voices were translated via loud speakers.[15]

Spectators and commemoration

150-rubles platinum coin (reverse)

The Games attracted five million spectators, an increase of 1.5 million from the Montreal Games. There were 1,245 referees from 78 countries. A series of commemorative coins was released in the USSR in 1977–1980 to commemorate the event. It consisted of five platinum coins, six gold coins, 28 silver coins and six copper-nickel coins.

Budget

According to the Official Report, submitted to the IOC by the NOC of the USSR, total expenditures for the preparations for and staging of the Games were 862.7 million rubles, total revenues being 744.8 million rubles.

Cost

The Oxford Olympics Study established the outturn cost of the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics at USD 6.3 billion in 2015 dollars.[16] This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost for Moscow 1980 compares with costs of USD 4.6 billion for Rio 2016, USD 40-44 billion for Beijing 2008 and USD 51 billion for Sochi 2014, the most expensive Olympics in history. Average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD 5.2 billion.

Opening ceremony

Highlights of the different events

1977 USSR commemorative stamp issued for the archery event

Archery

Athletics

Marathon in front of Saint Basil's Cathedral

Basketball

Boxing

Canoeing

All events in canoeing and rowing took place at the Moscow Canoeing and Rowing Basin in Krylatskoye

Cycling

Olympic Velodrome in Krylatskoye

Diving

Equestrian

Fencing

Football

Pins released by the USSR for the football event of the Olympics (with a British 50 pence coin for size comparison)

Gymnastics

Handball

Soviet Union handball men's team celebrating their victory over Yugoslavia. RIAN photo.

Field hockey

Judo

Modern Pentathlon

Rowing

Sailing

Shooting

Swimming

Rica Reinisch with her gold medal in 200 m

Volleyball

Water polo

Weightlifting

Wrestling

Closing ceremony

Because of the U.S. boycott, changes were made to the traditional elements of the closing ceremony that represent the handover to the host city of the next Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Among them, the flag of the city of Los Angeles instead of the United States flag was raised, and the Olympic Anthem instead of the national anthem of the United States was played. There was also no "Antwerp Ceremony", where the ceremonial Olympic flag was transferred from the Mayor of Moscow to the Mayor of Los Angeles; instead the flag was kept by the Moscow city authorities until 1984. Furthermore, there was no next host city presentation.

Both the opening and closing ceremonies were shown in Yuri Ozerov's 1981 film Oh, Sport – You Are Peace! (Russian: О спорт, ты – мир!).

Venues

¹ New facilities constructed in preparation for the Olympic Games. ² Existing facilities modified or refurbished in preparation for the Olympic Games.

Medals awarded

The 1980 Summer Olympic programme featured 203 events in the following 21 sports:

Calendar

All times are in Moscow Time (UTC+3)
  Opening ceremony  Event competitions   Event finals   Closing ceremony
Date July August
19th
Sat
20th
Sun
21st
Mon
22nd
Tue
23rd
Wed
24th
Thu
25th
Fri
26th
Sat
27th
Sun
28th
Mon
29th
Tue
30th
Wed
31st
Thu
1st
Fri
2nd
Sat
3rd
Sun
Archery
Athletics








Basketball
Boxing

Canoeing

Cycling
Diving
Equestrian ● ●
Fencing
Field hockey
Football (soccer)
Gymnastics

Handball
Judo
Modern pentathlon
Rowing

Sailing
Shooting
Swimming





Volleyball
Water polo
Weightlifting
Wrestling





Total gold medals 5 7 10 12 19 15 22 22 10 16 14 11 19 20 1
Ceremonies
Date 19th
Sat
20th
Sun
21st
Mon
22nd
Tue
23rd
Wed
24th
Thu
25th
Fri
26th
Sat
27th
Sun
28th
Mon
29th
Tue
30th
Wed
31st
Thu
1st
Fri
2nd
Sat
3rd
Sun
July August

Medal count

This is a list of all nations that won medals at the 1980 Games.

A "bronze" medal – actually tombac – from the 1980 Summer Olympics

To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the icon next to the column title.

  *   Host nation (Soviet Union)

Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total
1  Soviet Union (URS)* 80 69 46 195
2  East Germany (GDR) 47 37 42 126
3  Bulgaria (BUL) 8 16 17 41
4  Cuba (CUB) 8 7 5 20
5  Italy (ITA) 8 3 4 15
6  Hungary (HUN) 7 10 15 32
7  Romania (ROU) 6 6 13 25
8  France (FRA) 6 5 3 14
9  Great Britain (GBR) 5 7 9 21
10  Poland (POL) 3 14 15 32
11  Sweden (SWE) 3 3 6 12
12  Finland (FIN) 3 1 4 8
13  Czechoslovakia (TCH) 2 3 9 14
14  Yugoslavia (YUG) 2 3 4 9
15  Australia (AUS) 2 2 5 9
16  Denmark (DEN) 2 1 2 5
17  Brazil (BRA) 2 0 2 4
 Ethiopia (ETH) 2 0 2 4
19  Switzerland (SUI) 2 0 0 2
20  Spain (ESP) 1 3 2 6
21  Austria (AUT) 1 2 1 4
22  Greece (GRE) 1 0 2 3
23  Belgium (BEL) 1 0 0 1
 India (IND) 1 0 0 1
 Zimbabwe (ZIM) 1 0 0 1
26  North Korea (PRK) 0 3 2 5
27  Mongolia (MGL) 0 2 2 4
28  Tanzania (TAN) 0 2 0 2
29  Mexico (MEX) 0 1 3 4
30  Netherlands (NED) 0 1 2 3
31  Ireland (IRL) 0 1 1 2
32  Uganda (UGA) 0 1 0 1
 Venezuela (VEN) 0 1 0 1
34  Jamaica (JAM) 0 0 3 3
35  Guyana (GUY) 0 0 1 1
 Lebanon (LIB) 0 0 1 1
Total (36 NOCs) 204 204 223 631

List of participating countries and regions

In the following list, the number in parentheses indicates the number of athletes from each nation that competed in Moscow. Nations in italics competed under the Olympic flag (or, in the cases of New Zealand, Portugal and Spain, under the flags of their respective National Olympic Committees):

Participating National Olympic Committees
Number of athletes sent per nation

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 1980 Moskva Summer Games. sports-reference.com
  2. 1 2 "Moscow 1980". Olympic.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  3. Cousineau, Phil (2003). The Olympic Odyssey: Rekindling the True Spirit of the Great Games. Quest Books. p. 162. ISBN 0835608336.
  4. "IOC Vote History". Aldaver.com. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  5. "Past Olympic host city election results". GamesBids. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  6. 1 2 "The Olympic Boycott, 1980". state.gov. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 4 February 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  7. "Partial Boycott – New IOC President". Keesing's Record of World Events. 26: 30599. December 1980.
  8. Freedman, Robert O.; Moscow and the Middle East: Soviet Policy since the Invasion of Afghanistan, p. 78 ISBN 0-521-35976-7
  9. "New Zealand Olympic Committee". Olympic.org.nz. Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  10. Kubatko, Justin. "1980 Moskava Summer Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  11. "Doping violations at the Olympics". economist.com. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  12. Wilson, Wayne (Ph.D.); Derse, Ed (2001). Doping in Élite Sport: The Politics of Drugs in the Olympic Movement. Human Kinetics. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-0-7360-0329-2. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  13. Sytkowski, Arthur J. (May 2006). Erythropoietin: Blood, Brain and Beyond. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-3-527-60543-9. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  14. 1 2 3 4 1980 Summer Olympics Official Report from the Organizing Committee Archived 22 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine., vol. 2, p. 379
  15. (in Russian) История >> Москва-1980. olymp2004.rambler.ru
  16. Flyvbjerg, Bent; Stewart, Allison; Budzier, Alexander (2016). The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games. Oxford: Saïd Business School Working Papers (Oxford: University of Oxford). pp. 9–13. SSRN 2804554Freely accessible.
  17. "Norman May on australianscreen online". Retrieved 3 March 2011.
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Further reading

Boycott

Preceded by
Montreal
Summer Olympic Games
Host City

XXII Olympiad (1980)
Succeeded by
Los Angeles
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