1971 Scottish soldiers' killings

Scottish soldiers' murders
Part of The Troubles

Squire's Hill, north Belfast, the area of the killings
Location White Brae, North Belfast,
Northern Ireland
Coordinates 54°38′6.46″N 5°59′35.9″W / 54.6351278°N 5.993306°W / 54.6351278; -5.993306Coordinates: 54°38′6.46″N 5°59′35.9″W / 54.6351278°N 5.993306°W / 54.6351278; -5.993306
Date 10 March 1971
Target British Army personnel
Attack type
 Shooting
Deaths 3
Perpetrators Provisional IRA

The three Scottish soldiers' killings was an incident that took place in Northern Ireland during the Troubles. It happened on 10 March 1971, when the Provisional Irish Republican Army shot dead three unarmed British Army soldiers of the 1st Battalion, Royal Highland Fusiliers. Two of the three were teenage brothers; all three were from Scotland. They were killed off-duty and in civilian clothes, having been lured from a city-centre bar in Belfast, driven to a remote location and shot whilst relieving themselves by the roadside. Three British soldiers had been killed prior to this event; all had been on duty and killed during rioting.

The deaths led to public mourning and protests against the Provisional IRA. Pressure to act precipitated a political crisis for the government of Northern Ireland, which led to the resignation of Northern Ireland Prime Minister James Chichester-Clark. The British Army raised the minimum age needed to serve in Northern Ireland to 18 in response to this incident. In 2010 a memorial was dedicated to the three soldiers near to where they were killed in north Belfast.

Events

British troops had been deployed to Northern Ireland in 1969 for Operation Banner in response to a deteriorating security situation following the 1969 Northern Ireland riots. The British Army had become involved in the disturbances culminating in the Falls Curfew of July 1970.[1][2] The Provisional Irish Republican Army was created in December 1969 after a split from the Official Irish Republican Army. After the split, the Provisional IRA planned for an "all-out offensive action against the British occupation".[3] Provisional IRA Chief of Staff Seán Mac Stíofáin decided they would "escalate, escalate and escalate" until the British agreed to go.[4] The IRA Army Council sanctioned offensive operations against the British Army at the beginning of 1971. In this year, Robert Curtis was the first British soldier shot and killed by the Provisional IRA, on 6 February 1971,[5][6] and two more soldiers were killed prior to 10 March.[7]

Brothers John and Joseph McCaig from Ayr and Dougald McCaughey from Glasgow in Scotland (ages 17, 18 and 23) were privates serving with the 1st Battalion, The Royal Highland Fusiliers, stationed at Girdwood barracks in Belfast.[8] The shootings occurred on 10 March 1971 after the three soldiers had been granted an afternoon pass which allowed them to leave their base. McCaughey's younger brother was serving in the same unit but was on duty and unable to join them. The three soldiers were off-duty, unarmed and in civilian clothes. They were drinking in "Mooney's", a Belfast city centre bar in Cornmarket, one of the safer areas of the city for soldiers at this stage in "the Troubles". The three previous shootings that year had occurred in different circumstances, during rioting. One report said that the three Scottish soldiers were enticed into a car by Republican women who promised them a party.[7] The three were taken to the White Brae, Squire's Hill, off the Ligoniel Road in North Belfast. There they were murdered by Provisional IRA members; two were shot in the back of the head and the other in the chest.[9][10]

John McCaig, Dougald McCaughey, and Joseph McCaig, the three killed Scottish soldiers

The inquest in August 1971 was not able to establish the exact sequence of events. It was established that all three were shot at very close range, probably in a line. All had been drinking, and Joseph was found to be severely intoxicated. The jury was told that the three were probably shot whilst relieving themselves beside the road. The coroner commented: "You may think that this was not only murder, but one of the vilest crimes ever heard of in living memory".[7] The bodies were heaped on top of each other with two beer glasses lying near to them.[11] After failing to return to their barracks by 18:30 the three were listed as AWOL. Their bodies were found by children at 21:30.[5][7][10]

Aftermath

The day after the killings, British Home Secretary Reginald Maudling made a statement in the House of Commons in which he informed the house that security arrangements for off-duty soldiers were being reviewed and suggested that the aim of the killers was to provoke the security forces into reprisals. He said that:

The battle now joined against the terrorists will be fought with the utmost vigour and determination. It is a battle against a small minority of armed and ruthless men whose strength lies not so much in their numbers as in their wickedness.[12]
Belfast Cenotaph, focus of the public mourning in Belfast

The funerals were held in Scotland with John and Joseph McCaig buried together in Ayr.[10] Their older brother, serving with the Royal Marines in Singapore, was flown home for the service. That day, 20,000 people attended rallies in Belfast and Carrickfergus. In Belfast, the cenotaph at the City Hall was the focus of the mourning with 10,000 people attending including workers from factories in a gathering that stopped the traffic in the city centre. Many wept openly. The Reverend Ian Paisley led the mourners in laying dozens of wreaths. The crowd observed a two-minute silence and sang a hymn and the national anthem.[7]

The deaths led to a crisis for the government of Northern Ireland with calls for increased security measures. Ian Paisley demanded the Stormont Government's resignation, saying "We can no longer tolerate your weakness. You must go before the whole land is deluged with the blood of innocent men and women."[11] On 12 March, 4,000 shipyard workers took to the streets of Belfast to demand internment.[13] The Northern Ireland Prime Minister James Chichester-Clark flew to London to request more troops, and when the numbers were not what he wanted, he resigned.[14] On 23 March 1971, Brian Faulkner was elected Ulster Unionist Party leader and was appointed Prime Minister the same day.[15]

The British Army raised the minimum age for serving in Northern Ireland to 18 in response to the death of 17-year-old John McCaig.[16][17]

No one has been convicted of the killings. The Daily Mirror reported in November 2007 that three Provisional IRA men were responsible for the deaths: Martin Meehan (died 2007), Patrick McAdorey, and a third unnamed man. Meehan was questioned over the killings but was never charged. McAdorey was shot and killed in August 1971 during a gun battle in the Ardoyne area of Belfast. He was also suspected of the fatal shooting, hours before his own death, of Private Malcolm Hatton of the Green Howards.[18] The case of the three soldiers is one of those being re-examined by the Police Service of Northern Ireland's Historical Enquiries Team.[19]

Memorial

The mother of the two McCaig brothers visited the site of their deaths in May 1972. She expressed a wish to leave a monument to her sons but was advised that it might well be damaged by vandals. She later said that she was touched by the wreaths and flowers that had been left at the spot.[7]

In 2010 the Royal British Legion Oldpark/Cavehill branch in Belfast raised money from the sale of badges to erect a memorial to the men.[20] On 28 May 2010, a memorial stone was placed at the site of the killings on Squire's Hill by the families and former regimental colleagues of the three soldiers. The next day a 15-foot obelisk incorporating carved images of the deceased was dedicated to the soldiers at nearby Ballysillan Avenue. A service of remembrance with regimental drums and colours was then held at Ballysillan leisure centre attended by around 1000 people including Lord Mayor of Belfast Naomi Long and North Belfast MP Nigel Dodds.[21][22]

Vandalism

The memorial at White Brae, Ligoniel, that marks the place of the killings has been vandalised several times since 2011.[23][24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ English, Richard (2004). Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. London: Pan Macmillan. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-330-49388-8. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  2. ↑ "A Chronology of the Conflict – July 1970". CAIN Web Service. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  3. ↑ MacStiofáin, Seán (1979). Memoirs of a Revolutionary. Daly City: Free Ireland Book Club. p. 146.
  4. ↑ O'Brien, Brendan (1995). The Long War – The IRA and Sinn Féin. Dublin: O'Brien Press. p. 166. ISBN 0-86278-359-3.
  5. 1 2 English, Richard (2004). Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. London: Pan Macmillan. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-330-49388-8. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  6. ↑ Taylor, Peter (1997). Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 89–91. ISBN 0-7475-3818-2.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lost Lives. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. 2008. pp. 70–72. ISBN 978-1-84018-504-1.
  8. ↑ "Malcolm Sutton An Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland". CAIN Web Service. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  9. ↑ Geraghty, Tony (2000). The Irish War: the hidden conflict between the IRA and British Intelligence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-8018-6456-9. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 Maggie Barry (9 March 2007). "'I told them to go out and pull a bird...but the girls led them to killers". Daily Mirror. London. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  11. 1 2 "Northern Ireland: An Appalling Crime". Time Magazine. US. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  12. ↑ "BRITISH SOLDIERS, NORTHERN IRELAND (MURDER) HC Deb 11 March 1971 vol 813 cc597-605". Hansard. 11 March 1971. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  13. ↑ Coogan, Tim Pat (2002). The troubles: Ireland's ordeal, 1966–1996, and the search for peace. New York City: Palgrave. p. 143. ISBN 0-312-29418-2. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  14. ↑ White, Robert William (2006). Ruairí Ó Brádaigh: the life and politics of an Irish revolutionary. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 166. ISBN 0-312-29418-2. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  15. ↑ Walker, Graham (2004). A history of the Ulster Unionist Party. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 190. ISBN 0-7190-6108-3.
  16. ↑ "Extracts from 'Brits Speak Out', compiled by John Lindsay (1998)". CAIN Web Service. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  17. ↑ "Defence Estimate. 1971–72 (Army), Vote A House of Commons Debate 11 March 1971 vol 813 cc671-742". Hansard. 11 March 1971. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  18. ↑ Lost Lives. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. 2008. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-1-84018-504-1.
  19. ↑ "Cold Case Cops Probing 'Honeytrap Outrage". Sunday Life. Belfast. 1 August 2006. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
  20. ↑ "Memorial To Murdered Scottish Soldiers Sought". Northern Ireland: 4NI.co.uk. 30 May 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
  21. ↑ "Poignant tribute to murdered soldiers". The Newsletter. Northern Ireland. 30 May 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  22. ↑ "Three Scottish Soldiers Memorial". CAIN Web Service. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  23. ↑ "Memorial to murdered Scottish soldiers 'vandalised for fifth time'". 12 December 2012 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  24. ↑ "Memorial to three Scottish soldiers attacked in north Belfast". 9 June 2014 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
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