1945 Outer Banks hurricane

Hurricane One
1945 Outer Banks hurricane
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)

Surface weather analysis of the hurricane on June 24
Formed June 20, 1945 (1945-06-20)
Dissipated July 4, 1945 (1945-06-05)
Extratropical after June 27
Highest winds 1-minute sustained: 100 mph (155 km/h)
Lowest pressure < 989 mbar (hPa); 29.21 inHg
Fatalities 1
Damage $75,000 (1945 USD)
Areas affected Big Bend (Florida), Georgia and South Carolina, Outer Banks (North Carolina)
Part of the 1945 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1945 Outer Banks hurricane was a moderate hurricane that struck Florida and affected the East Coast of the United States in late June, 1945. The first tropical storm and the first hurricane of the Atlantic season, it developed on June 20 in the western Caribbean Sea off Honduras. For the next two days, it moved generally northward into the Gulf of Mexico. Reaching hurricane intensity on June 23, it then turned northeast toward the Florida peninsula. It made landfall in the Big Bend on June 24, then weakened to a tropical storm over land. Minor damage was reported in Florida, but the storm produced heavy, though beneficial, rains that eased one of the state's worst recorded droughts. Upon entering the Atlantic Ocean, it re-intensified into a hurricane and paralleled the East Coast. On June 26, it struck the Outer Banks of North Carolina as a minimal hurricane, producing minor damage but heavy rainfall.

Continuing northeast, the cyclone delivered gale-force winds to New York and southern New England, causing traffic accidents and minor wind damage. Heavy rains drenched the area, and high waves offshore caused ships to need rescue. One man died in a traffic accident; some people were rescued on Long Island Sound. Peak winds on land were 66 miles per hour (106 km/h) at Nantucket, forcing ships to remain in port. The U.S. Coast Guard sought to escort ships at sea into safe harbor. Overall, the impact of the storm was minor, though temperatures fell almost 20 °F the day after the storm.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

On June 19, a tropical disturbance was detected between Swan Island and the Honduran coast. However, surface data in the vicinity did not indicate a closed circulation until 12 UTC on June 20.[1] At 14 UTC that day, an Air Force reconnaissance plane located near 24°N 84°W reported gale-force winds of 35 knots (18 m/s) (40 miles per hour (64 km/h)).[1] At the time, this was taken to indicate that a tropical storm had formed about 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Swan Island.[2] Reanalysis by the Hurricane Research Division in 2013, however, determined that a tropical storm formed farther northwest, near 19°N 86°W.[3] Squally weather, and winds of moderate tropical storm force, was reported in connection with the tropical storm as it moved generally northward, toward the Yucatán Channel.[2] Little strengthening occurred over the next two days, until after 12 UTC on June 22.[3] At that time, a period of rapid deepening commenced: within 24 hours, the cyclone increased its winds from 50 mph (80 km/h) to 80 mph (130 km/h). At the same time, its track made a sharp bend toward the northeast, threatening the Florida peninsula. While no central pressure was recorded, Hurricane Hunter aircraft flew into the storm on June 23 and reported winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) at 2015 UTC.[1] As with most early reconnaissance data, such readings are suspect; however, based upon the reconnaissance measurement, the storm was originally listed in the Atlantic hurricane database as a Category 3 hurricane. Later, reanalysis lowered this estimate to 100 mph (160 km/h), equal to Category 2 on the modern Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, due primarily to the absence of corroboration.[1] After peaking late on June 23, the storm quickly lost intensity.[2]

The hurricane continued northeast and made landfall at 08 UTC on June 24, north of the Tampa Bay Area.[4] Although observations were sparse near the eye, the system was estimated to have had winds of 80 mph (130 km/h), though only minor impacts were reported as few people lived in the landfall area.[1] After making landfall, the center tracked inland between Brooksville and Dunnellon, near the Hernando–Citrus county line.[5] About an hour before 18 UTC, the cyclone returned to water off the Atlantic coast of Florida, passing between St. Augustine and Daytona Beach. Due to interaction with land, maximum sustained winds by then had decreased to 60 mph (97 km/h).[3]

After moving offshore, however, the cyclone quickly regained force. Within seven hours, it re-intensified into a minimal hurricane and paralleled the Southeastern United States, following the warm Gulf Stream. Early on June 26, the northeast-moving hurricane approached the North Carolina coast, and made a second landfall at 01 UTC near Beaufort, North Carolina. Passing very near to Cape Hatteras,[2] the eye of the storm moved offshore at Oregon Inlet, near Wanchese. The storm maintained hurricane intensity as it moved over and northeast of the Outer Banks.[5] At 06 UTC on June 27, the cyclone finally lost tropical characteristics, but still retained winds of hurricane force for another 12 hours.[3] Continuing to the northeast, the extratropical low passed south of Nova Scotia and hit Miquelon, Miquelon-Langlade, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, with winds of 40 mph (64 km/h). The system survived another four days, only to lose its identity near Iceland at 12 UTC on July 4.

Preparations and impact

As early as June 19, the U.S. Weather Bureau began sending reconnaissance missions to monitor the developing storm in the Caribbean. The regular reports sent by the airplanes provided valuable data about the intensity of the small cyclone.[6] At 16 UTC (10:00 a.m. local time) on June 23, the U.S. Weather Bureau in New Orleans advised residents from Mobile, Alabama, to Cedar Key, Florida, to prepare for gale-force winds. Areas from Tampa to Grand Isle, Louisiana, were placed under a storm warning. The center of the storm was expected to strike land early on June 24 between Mobile and Panama City, Florida.[7] As the storm intensified into a hurricane, forecasters shifted their predicted landfall point eastward; early on June 24 the Weather Bureau expected the storm to strike between Tampa and Cross City, Florida. Hurricane warnings were issued for the coastline between Tampa and Carrabelle, Florida; meanwhile, storm warnings were issued from Punta Gorda to Titusville. The city of Tallahassee prepared to receive evacuees, and evacuations were ordered for coastal communities in the Big Bend. The Florida Highway Patrol warned local residents to leave the area, and soldiers were transported out of Carrabelle.[8] As the hurricane moved closer to the Big Bend, storm warnings were extended up the Eastern Seaboard to Savannah, Georgia. Between 300–400 military aircraft were flown out of Florida to Birmingham, Alabama.[6] Once the storm left Florida, additional evacuations commenced between Georgetown, South Carolina, and Cape Hatteras,[9] including the North Carolina communities of Wilmington, Morehead City, and nearby resort towns.[10] Large-scale evacuations from the Wilmington area alone involved 5,000 people and were credited with reducing loss of life.[5] Meanwhile, storm warnings were extended northward to Norfolk, Virginia;[9] however, only minor impacts occurred in Carolinas[10] and Virginia.[11] Nevertheless, the cyclone continued to parallel the East Coast, so storm warnings were eventually extended to Atlantic City, New Jersey; small watercraft in the Northeastern United States were advised to stay in port.[10]

Winds in the Tampa Bay Area reached tropical storm force, 39–46 mph (63–74 km/h), at 05 UTC on June 24. At that time, the "center" of the storm was estimated to be 25 mi (40 km) across.[6] Near the point of landfall, the hurricane defoliated citrus trees and downed power lines, and flash floods washed out roadways.[12] Throughout its path, the hurricane generated prolific rains. Peak rainfall along the path totaled 13.6 in (350 mm) at Lake Alfred;[13] West Palm Beach recorded 11.4 inches (290 mm) of rain within a 24-hour period.[14] Rainfall in Orange County exceeded 6 in (152 mm), which proved beneficial to dry orange groves;[12] the heavy rains ended one of the worst droughts in Florida's history.[2] Overall, damage in the Miami area was described as being slight, totaling $75,000 (1945 USD).[5] The hurricane also produced two tornadoes in Florida, one near LaBelle and another near Melbourne.[5] Along the Georgia coast, the hurricane produced only fringe impacts, including strong winds and heavy rain. Wind gusts to 70 mph (110 km/h) were reported from Tybee Island,[9] and portions of coastal North Carolina received up to 8.24 in (209 mm) of rain.[15]

In New York and New England, the outer bands of the hurricane produced gale-force winds and high surf; peak winds were reported at up to 50 mph (80 km/h) on Long Island Sound, and large waves caused some boats to capsize and people to need rescue.[16] Offshore, even higher velocities were reported: a weather station on Nantucket, Massachusetts, measured a peak wind of 66 mph (106 km/h), and in the Atlantic Ocean winds reaching 70 mph (110 km/h) battered Coast Guard vessels. The Coast Guard nevertheless sought to escort troubled ships into port. Heavy rainfall fell across coastal New England, peaking at 4.59 in (120 mm) on Nantucket. The heavy rains and gale-force winds hindered normal traffic; a vehicle struck and killed a man at Warwick, Rhode Island. At least 10,000 telephone lines were taken out of service, 7,000 of them in the Cape Cod region. Besides causing power outages, the stormy conditions damaged trees, buildings, and crops; in the Boston area, high winds knocked down trees and chimneys.[16] A strong temperature gradient existed between the cyclone and the Northeast U.S.: in New York City, the daily high on June 26 was almost 20° F lower than on the preceding day.[17]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (June 2013). "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT) Meta Data, 1945". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Sumner, H. C. (January 1946). "North Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances of 1945" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Weather Bureau. 74: 1–5. Bibcode:1946MWRv...74....1.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1946)074<0001:MACDFJ>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division (April 11, 2017). "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  4. ↑ National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (February 2015). "Continental United States Hurricanes (Detailed Description)". aoml.noaa.gov. Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Severe Local Storms, June 1945" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. United States Weather Bureau. 73: 109–110. June 1945. Bibcode:1945MWRv...73..109.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1945)073<0109:SLSJ>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 "Hurricane Due to Hit Above Tampa Today". The Miami News. Miami, Florida. June 24, 1945. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  7. ↑ "Mild Storm Passes Northward in Gulf". The Evening Independent. St. Petersburg, Florida. June 23, 1945. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  8. ↑ "Gale Roaring Upon Florida". The Milwaukee Journal. Milwaukee. The Associated Press. June 24, 1945. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 "Storm Sweeps Eastern Coast". The Telegraph-Herald. Dubuque, Iowa. The Associated Press. June 25, 1945. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 "New York City Prepares for Strong Winds Today as Storm Sweeps North". St. Petersburg Times. The Associated Press. June 26, 1945. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  11. ↑ "Storm Is Moving Up Atlantic Coast". St. Joseph News-Press. St. Joseph, Missouri. The Associated Press. June 26, 1945. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  12. 1 2 "Hurricane Threatens Carolinas; Tides Mount, Storm Grows In Intensity". The Miami News. The Associated Press. June 25, 1945. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  13. ↑ Schoner, Robert W; Molansky, Sydney; National Hurricane Research Project (1956). Rainfall associated with Hurricanes and other Tropical Disturbances (PDF) (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 177. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  14. ↑ "Tropical Storm Past Sarasota, Heavy Rainfall". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Sarasota, Florida. The Associated Press. June 24, 1945. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  15. ↑ "Heavy Tropic Storm Lashes Up U.S. Coast". The Montreal Gazette. Montreal. The Associated Press. June 27, 1945. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  16. 1 2 "Darien Soldier Saved on Sound". The Norwalk Hour. Norwalk, Connecticut. June 27, 1945. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  17. ↑ "Tropical Storm Skirts New York". St. Petersburg Times. The Associated Press. June 27, 1945. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
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