1939 California tropical storm

1939 Long Beach Hurricane
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)

Storm path
Formed September 15, 1939 (1939-09-15)
Dissipated September 25, 1939 (1939-09-26)
Highest winds 1-minute sustained: 75 mph (120 km/h)
Lowest pressure 971 mbar (hPa); 28.67 inHg
Fatalities 45–93 direct
Damage $2 million (1939 USD)
Areas affected Southern California
Part of the 1939 Pacific hurricane season

The 1939 California tropical storm, also called the 1939 Long Beach tropical storm, El Cordonazo, The Lash of St. Francis was a tropical cyclone that hit Southern California in September, 1939. Formerly a hurricane,[1] it was the only tropical storm to make landfall in California in the twentieth century. The only other known tropical cyclone to directly affect California is the 1858 San Diego Hurricane, and only three other eastern Pacific tropical cyclones have caused gale-force winds in the continental United States.[2] The tropical storm caused heavy flooding, leaving many dead, mostly at sea.[1]

Meteorological history

On September 15, a tropical depression formed off the coast of Central America.[3] It moved west-northwest, passing southwest of the Revillagigedo Islands. It then turned north and then north-eastward.[3] For some time, it was a hurricane, and it lost that intensity on or just before September 25.[1] The tropical storm made landfall near San Pedro, California early on September 25[1] with winds of severe gale strength. It dissipated later that day.[3] The strongest reported wind was of Force 11, reported by a ship, making this system a minimal hurricane. The lowest pressure was reported by the same ship and was 28.67 inHg (971 mb).[3]

Due to the rotation of the Earth, tropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere tend to move from east to west. This causes tropical cyclones to approach the West Coast of the United States infrequently. Another inhibiting factor for a California landfall is the water temperatures. Because of the water currents, the waters off California are rarely above 70 °F (21 °C), which is too cold for hurricanes to sustain themselves.[4] This tropical cyclone was rare enough that only three other eastern Pacific tropical cyclones brought tropical storm-force winds to the Continental United States during the twentieth century. The Long Beach Tropical Storm was the only one to make landfall; the other three hit Mexico before moving north.[2]

Impact

Map of California

The storm dropped heavy rain on California, with 5.66 inches (144 mm) falling in Los Angeles (5.24 inches in 24 hours) and 11.60 inches (295 mm) recorded at Mount Wilson, both September records. Over three hours, one thunderstorm dropped nearly 7 inches (180 mm) of rain on Indio. 9.65 inches fell on Raywood Flat, and 1.51 inches (38 mm) on Palm Springs.[1] 4.83 inches fell on Pasadena, a September record at the time. At the Citrus Belt near Anaheim, at least 4.63 inches of rain fell. The 11.60 inches (295 mm) at Mount Wilson is one of California's highest rainfall amounts from a tropical cyclone, although at least one system has a higher point maximum.[5] The rains caused a flood 2 to 4 feet (1.2 m)[6] deep in the Coachella Valley, although some of this may be attributable to a rainstorm dropping 6.45 inches (164 mm) the day before the storm hit.[1] The Los Angeles River, which was usually low during September, became a raging torrent.[6]

The flooding killed 45 in Southern California, although some of these may be attributable to the rain immediately before the tropical storm. At sea, 48 were killed.[1] The National Hurricane Center only attributes 45 deaths to this system.[7] Six people caught on beaches drowned during the storm. Most other deaths were at sea. Twenty-four died aboard a vessel called the Spray as it attempted to dock at Point Mugu. The two survivors, a man and a woman, swam ashore and then walked five miles (8 km) to Oxnard. Fifteen people from Ventura drowned aboard a fishing boat called the Lur. Many other vessels were sunk, capsized, or blown ashore.[6]

Many low-lying areas were flooded. The Hamilton Bowl overflowed, flooding the Signal Hill area. Along the shore from Malibu to Huntington Beach houses were flooded. Throughout the area, thousands of people were stranded in their homes. Streets in Los Angeles proper were covered with water, flooding buildings and stalling cars. Flooding in Inglewood and Los Angeles reached a depth of 2 to 3 feet. Construction on a flood control project in the Los Angeles River's channel by the Army Corps of Engineers was stopped by the flooding. In Long Beach windows throughout that city were smashed by the wind. At Belmont Shore, waves undermined ten homes before washing them away. Debris was scattered throughout the coast. Agriculture was disrupted. Crop damage in the Coachella Valley reached 75%.[6]

Rains washed away a 150-foot (46 m) section of the Southern Pacific Railroad near Indio, and a stretch of the Santa Fe main line near Needles. Waters backing up from a storm drain under construction in the Santa Monica Valley blocked U.S. Route 6 in California. The pier at Point Mugu was washed away. In Pasadena, 5000 people were left without electricity and 2000 telephones lost service. Communications throughout the affected area was disrupted or rendered impossible.[6] The total amount of damage was $2 million (1939 USD,[3] $26.2 million 2005 USD).

The tropical storm was credited with at least one beneficial effect: it ended a vicious heat wave that had lasted for over a week and killed at least 90 people.[8]

People were caught unprepared by the storm,[1] which was described as "sudden". Some people were still on the beach at Long Beach when the wind reached 40 miles per hour, at which time lifeguards closed the beach. Schools were closed there. At sea, the Coast Guard and Navy conducted rescue operations, saving dozens of people.[6] In response to Californians' unpreparedness, the Weather Bureau established a forecast office for southern California, which began operations in February 1940.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "A History of Significant Local Weather Events" (PDF). National Weather Service Forecast Office San Diego, California. p. 10. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  2. 1 2 Michael Chenowyth; Chris Landsea. "The San Diego Hurricane of October 2, 1858" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. pp. 1698–97. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Willis E. Hurd (September 1939). "North Pacific Ocean, September 1939" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. pp. 357–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
  4. ↑ Chris Landsea. "Subject: G8) Why do hurricanes hit the East coast of the U.S., but never the West coast?". FAQ. National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
  5. ↑ Roth, David M. (April 29, 2015). "Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Heavy Death Toll Feared in S. California Hurricane; L.A., Neighboring Cities Flooded by Torrential Rains". Oakland Tribune. 1939-09-25. p. 7. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  7. ↑ Eric S. Blake; Edward Rappaport & Chris Landsea (2007-04-15). "The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 185 to 2006 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts)" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  8. ↑ "Tropical Storm Kills 56 on California Coast". Brownsville Herald. 1939-09-25. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
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