1928 Summer Olympics

The Olympisch Stadion in 1928

Prince Hendrik watching the football-match Netherlands–Uruguay (0–2)

The 1928 Summer Olympics (Dutch: Olympische Zomerspelen 1928), officially known as the Games of the IX Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1928 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Amsterdam had bid for the 1920 and 1924 Olympic Games, but had to give way to wartorn Antwerp, Belgium, and Pierre de Coubertin's Paris, respectively. The only other candidate city for the 1928 Games was Los Angeles, which would host the Olympics four years later.

The United States Olympic Committee measured the costs and revenue of the 1928 Games in preparation for the 1932 Summer Olympics. The committee reported a total cost of US$1.183 million with receipts of US$1.165 million for a loss of US$18,000—much less than that of the previous Games.^[1]

Highlights

The 1928 Games invented the blue parking sign with a white P.

• These Olympics were the first not to be organised under the IOC presidency of Henri de Baillet-Latour.
• For the first time, the Olympic Flame was lit during the Olympics.^[2] The torch relay, however, would not occur until the 1936 Summer Olympics.
• For the first time, the parade of nations started with Greece, which holds the origins of the Olympics, and ended with the host country, a tradition which continues today.
• The Games were officially opened by Prince Hendrik, consort of Queen Wilhelmina, who had authorized him to deputise for her. This was the second time a head of state had not personally officiated at an Olympic opening ceremony. The first at the games of 1904 in St. Louis, Missouri, by David R. Francis the mayor of St. Louis. In opposition he had refused offers by heads of state to do this, whereas the Queen refused as she was on holiday in Norway and did not want to disrupt her trip. The Queen was furious at the organizing committee for not consulting with her about the opening date.
• Athletics events were held on a 400-meter track, later becoming the standard for athletics tracks.
• These games were the first to feature a standard schedule of 16 days, which is still followed. Previously, competition had been stretched out over several months.
• Johnny Weissmuller, who later appeared in several Tarzan movies, won two gold medals in swimming.
• Paavo Nurmi of Finland won his ninth and final gold medal in the 10,000 m race.
• Canada's Percy Williams surprised everyone by winning both the 100 m and 200 m sprint events.
• South American football made a definite breakthrough, as Uruguay retained its title by defeating Argentina.
• India took its first ever gold in the sport of field hockey, beginning a streak of six consecutive gold medals in the sport.
• Mikio Oda of Japan won the triple jump event with a result of 15.21 meters (49 ft 11 in), becoming the first gold medalist from an Asian country.
• Boughera El Ouafi, Algerian-born marathoner won a gold medal for France.
• The then Crown Prince Olav, later King of Norway, was amongst the participants. He won a gold medal in sailing.
• Pat O'Callaghan won newly independent Ireland's first ever medal, taking gold in the hammer throw.
• The first appearance of the sponsor Coca-Cola at the Olympic Games.
• These games were the first to bear the name "Summer Olympic Games".
• Germany returned to the Olympic Games for the first time since 1912, after being banned from the 1920 and 1924 Games. The German team finished second in the 1928 medal count.
• Many cars were expected for the Games, but Amsterdam didn't have single parking places larger than for 2,000 cars. So for (foreign) visitors a symbol was launched where they could park their car. As it was described in the Sumatra Post on 4 May 1928: a round blue sign with a white P. It would become the international traffic sign for parking.^[3]

Host city selection

Frederik van Tuyll van Serooskerken first proposed Amsterdam as host city for the Summer Olympic Games in 1912, even before the Netherlands Olympic Committee was established. In 1916 the Olympic Games were cancelled due to World War I. In 1919 the Netherlands Olympic Committee abandoned the proposal of Amsterdam in favour of their support of the nomination of Antwerp as host city for the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1921 Paris was selected for the 1924 Summer Olympics on the condition that the 1928 Summer Olympics would be organized in Amsterdam. This decision, supported by the Netherlands Olympic Committee, was announced by the International Olympic Committee on 2 June 1921. The decision was disputed by the Americans, but their request to allocate the 1928 Summer Olympics to Los Angeles was without success in 1922 and again in 1923.^[4] Los Angeles was eventually selected as host city for the 1932 Summer Olympics.^[5]

Sports

Eight Dutch stamps from 1928, showing different sports of the 1928 Summer Olympics

During the Summer Olympics, there were 14 sports, 20 disciplines and 109 events in the tournament. In parentheses is the number of events per discipline.^[5]

Women's athletics and team gymnastics debuted at these Olympics,^[6] in spite of criticism. Halina Konopacka of Poland became the first female Olympic track and field champion. Reports that the 800 meter run ended with several of the competitors being completely exhausted were widely (and erroneously) circulated. As a result, the IOC decided that women were too frail for long distance running, and women's Olympic running events were limited to 200 meters until the 1960s.^[7]

Tennis disappeared from the program, only to reappear in 1968 as a demonstration sport.

Demonstration sports

• Kaatsen
• Korfball
• Lacrosse

These Games also included art competitions, which the IOC no longer considers as official medal events.

Venues

Fourteen sports venues were used for the 1928 Summer Olympics. The Swim Stadium was demolished in 1929 with it being a temporary venue.^[8] Het Kasteel was renovated in 1998-9. Monnikenhuize was demolished in 1950. The Schermzaal was demolished. Olympic Stadium was renovated in 2007 and is still in use. Old Stadium has since been demolished and replaced by housing in the Amsterdam area.

Participating nations

Participants

Number of athletes

A total of 46 nations were represented at the Amsterdam Games. Malta, Panama, and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) competed at the Olympic Games for the first time. Germany returned after having been banned in 1920 and 1924.^[21]

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees

IOC	Country	Athletes
GER	Germany	296
USA	United States	280
NED	Netherlands	264
FRA	France	255
GBR	Great Britain	232
BEL	Belgium	186
ITA	Italy	174
SUI	Switzerland	133
HUN	Hungary	109
SWE	Sweden	100
POL	Poland	93
DEN	Denmark	91
ARG	Argentina	81
ESP	Spain	80
AUT	Austria	73
TCH	Czechoslovakia	70
CAN	Canada	69
FIN	Finland	69
NOR	Norway	52
LUX	Luxembourg	46
JPN	Japan	43
CHI	Chile	38
YUG	Yugoslavia	34
EGY	Egypt	32
POR	Portugal	31
TUR	Turkey	31
MEX	Mexico	30
ROM	Romania	29
IRL	Ireland	27
RSA	South Africa	24
GRE	Greece	23
URU	Uruguay	22
IND	India	21
EST	Estonia	20
AUS	Australia	18
LAT	Latvia	14
LTU	Lithuania	12
NZL	New Zealand	10
MLT	Malta	9
MON	Monaco	7
BUL	Bulgaria	5
PHI	Philippines	4
HAI	Haiti	2
RHO	Rhodesia	2
CUB	Cuba	1
PAN	Panama	1
Total	2,883

Medal count

These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1928 Games.

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	United States	22	18	16	56
2	Germany	10	7	14	31
3	Finland	8	8	9	25
4	Sweden	7	6	12	25
5	Italy	7	5	7	19
6	Switzerland	7	4	4	15
7	France	6	10	5	21
8	Netherlands (host nation)	6	9	4	19
9	Hungary	4	5	0	9
10	Canada	4	4	7	15

Poster

The official poster.

The official poster for the Games was designed by Jos Rovers, and 10,000 copies were made. The poster displays a running man in a white shirt, with in the background the Olympic stadium and the Olympic flag (shown above). The IOC never succeeded in getting the copyright of the image. Therefore, out of practical considerations, the IOC has used a different poster, with the German text Olympische Spiele, and an athlete partly covered in the Dutch national flag, holding a peace leaf in his hand. This poster was made for a German book about the Amsterdam Olympics.^[22]

See also

• 1928 Winter Olympics

• Summer Olympic Games
• Olympic Games
• International Olympic Committee
• List of IOC country codes

Surviving competitors

As of May 2017, there is at least one competitor of the 1928 Summer Olympics still living; Clara Marangoni, an Italian gymnast who competed in the games and won a silver medal despite still being only 12 years old. She is now 101 years old.^[23]

Notes

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1928 Summer Olympics.

• "Amsterdam 1928". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. 
• "Results and Medalists". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. 
• The Ninth Olympiad. Amsterdam 1928. Official Report
• "Louis S. Nixdorff Diary, July 10-August 15, 1928"
• Memorabilia of the Ninth Olympiad 1928 Amsterdam

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