United Kingdom general election, 1918

United Kingdom general election, 1918
United Kingdom
14 December 1918

All 707 seats to the House of Commons
354 seats needed for a majority
Turnout 57.2%

  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Andrew Bonar Law David Lloyd George Éamon de Valera
Party Conservative Coalition Liberal Sinn Féin
Leader since 1911 7 December 1916 1917
Leader's seat Glasgow Central Caernarvon Boroughs Clare Ea., Mayo Ea.
Last election 271 seats, 46.3%
Seats won 379* 127 73[1]
Seat change Increase 108 Increase 127 Increase 73
Popular vote 4,003,848 1,396,590 497,107
Percentage 38.4% 13.4% 4.6%
Swing Decrease 7.9% New New

  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader William Adamson H. H. Asquith George Nicoll Barnes
Party Labour Liberal National Democratic
Leader since 24 October 1917 30 April 1908 1918
Leader's seat West Fife East Fife (defeated) Glasgow Gorbals
Last election 42 seats, 7.1% 272 seats, 40.5%[2]
Seats won 57 36 13[3]
Seat change Increase 15 Decrease 236 Increase13
Popular vote 2,245,777 1,388,784 197,475
Percentage 21.5% 13.3% 1.9%
Swing Increase 14.4% Decrease 30.5% New

* The Conservative total includes 47 Conservative candidates elected without the Coalition coupon, of whom 23 were Irish Unionists.


Prime Minister before election

David Lloyd George
Coalition Liberal

Subsequent Prime Minister

David Lloyd George
Coalition Liberal

The United Kingdom general election of 1918 was called immediately after the Armistice with Germany which ended the First World War, and was held on Saturday 14 December 1918. It was the first general election to be held on a single day, although the vote count did not take place until 28 December due to the time taken to transport votes from soldiers serving overseas.

It resulted in a landslide victory for the coalition government of David Lloyd George, who had replaced H. H. Asquith as Prime Minister in December 1916 during the war.

It was the first general election to be held after the Representation of the People Act 1918. It was thus the first election in which women over the age of 30, and all men over the age of 21, could vote. Previously, all women and many poor men had been excluded from voting.

The election was also noted for the dramatic result in Ireland, which showed clear disapproval of government policy. The Irish Parliamentary Party were almost completely wiped out by the hardline Sinn Féin republicans, who refused to take their seats in Westminster, instead sitting in the First Dáil. The Irish War of Independence began soon after the election.

Background

Lloyd George's coalition government was supported by the majority of the Liberals and Bonar Law's Conservatives. However, the election saw a split in the Liberal Party between those who were aligned with Lloyd George and the government and those who were aligned with Asquith, the party's official leader.

On 14 November it was announced that Parliament, which had been sitting since 1910 and had been extended by emergency wartime action, would dissolve on 25 November, with elections on 14 December.[4]

Following confidential negotiations over the summer of 1918, it was agreed that certain candidates were to be offered the support of the prime minister and the leader of the Conservative Party at the next general election. To these candidates a letter, known as the Coalition Coupon, was sent, indicating the government's endorsement of their candidacy. 159 Liberal, 364 Conservative, 20 National Democratic and Labour, and 2 Coalition Labour candidates received the coupon. For this reason the election was sometimes known as the coupon election.

80 Conservative candidates stood without a coupon. Of these, 35 candidates were Irish Unionists. Of the other non-couponed Conservative candidates, only 23 stood against a Coalition candidate; the remaining 22 candidates stood in areas where there were no coupons, or refused the offer of a coupon.[5]

The Labour Party, led by William Adamson, fought the election independently, as did those Liberals who did not receive a coupon.

The election was not chiefly fought over what peace to make with Germany, although those issues played a role. More important was the voters' evaluation of Lloyd George in terms of what he had accomplished so far and what he promised for the future. His supporters emphasised that he had won the Great War. Against his strong record in social legislation, he called for making "a country fit for heroes to live in."[6]

This election was known as a khaki election, due to the immediate postwar setting and the role of the demobilised soldiers.

Coalition victory

The coalition won the election easily, with the Conservatives the big winners. They were the largest party in the governing majority. Lloyd George remained Prime Minister, despite the Conservatives outnumbering his pro-coalition Liberals.

An additional 47 Conservatives, 23 of whom were Irish Unionists, won without the coupon but did not act as a separate block or oppose the government except on the issue of Irish independence.

While most of the pro-coalition Liberals were re-elected, Asquith's faction was reduced to just 36 seats and lost all their leaders from parliament; Asquith himself lost his own seat. Nine of these MPs subsequently joined the Coalition Liberal group.

The Labour Party greatly increased its vote share, surpassing the total votes of either Liberal party. However, they only slightly increased their number of seats, and lost some of their earlier leaders like Ramsay MacDonald and Arthur Henderson. Labour won the most seats in Wales (which had previously been dominated by the Liberals) for the first time, a feat it has continued to the present day.

The Conservative MPs included record numbers of corporate directors, bankers and businessmen, while Labour MPs were mostly from the working class. Many young veterans reacted against the harsh tone of the campaign and became disillusioned with politics.[7]

Ireland

In Ireland, the Irish Parliamentary Party lost almost all their seats, most of which were won by Sinn Féin under Éamon de Valera. The 73 Sinn Féin elected members declined to take their seats in the British House of Commons, sitting instead in the Irish revolutionary assembly, Dáil Éireann. On 17 May 1918 almost the entire leadership of Sinn Féin, including de Valera and Arthur Griffith, had been arrested. In total 47 of the Sinn Féin MPs were elected from jail. The Dáil first convened on 21 January 1919, which marks the beginning of the Irish War of Independence.

Constance Markievicz became the first woman elected to Parliament. She was a Sinn Féin member elected for Dublin St Patrick's, and like the other Sinn Féin MPs, she did not take her seat.

Results

Maps

Results in Ireland. The Sinn Féin MPs did not take their seats in the House of Commons, and instead formed Dáil Éireann.
Results in London
Results in Scotland

Seats by party

332 127 73 57 47 36 35
Coalition Conservative Coalition Liberal Sinn Féin Lab Con Lib O
UK General Election 1918
Candidates Votes
Party Leader Standing Elected Gained Unseated Net % of total % No. Net %
Coalition Government
  Coalition Conservative Bonar Law 362 332 N/A N/A + 332 47.0 32.5 3,393,167
  Coalition Liberal David Lloyd George 145 127 127 0 + 127 18.0 12.6 1,318,844 N/A
  Coalition National Democratic George Nicoll Barnes 18 9 9 0 + 9 1.3 1.5 156,834 N/A
  Coalition Labour N/A 5 4 4 0 + 4 0.1 0.4 40,641 N/A
  Coalition Independent N/A 1 1 1 0 + 1 0.1 0.1 9,274 N/A
  Coalition Government (total) 531 473 N/A N/A N/A 66.5 47.1 4,918,760
Opposition
  Labour William Adamson 361 57 N/A N/A + 15 8.1 20.8 2,171,230
  Liberal H. H. Asquith 277 36 N/A N/A − 235 5.1 13.0 1,355,398
  Conservative Bonar Law 80 47 47 0 − 224 6.6 5.9 610,681 N/A
  Sinn Féin Éamon de Valera 102 73 73 0 + 73 10.3 4.6 476,458 N/A
  Irish Parliamentary John Dillon 57 6 2 69 − 67 1.0 2.2 226,498
  Independent Labour N/A 29 2 2 0 + 2 0.3 1.1 116,322
  Independent N/A 42 2 2 0 + 2 0.3 1.0 105,261
  National Party Henry Page Croft 26 2 2 0 + 2 0.3 0.9 94,389 N/A
  NFDDSS James Hogge 30 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.6 67,548 N/A
  Co-operative Party William Henry Watkins 10 1 1 0 + 1 0.1 0.6 57,785 N/A
  Independent Conservative N/A 17 1 1 1 0 0.1 0.4 44,637
  Labour Unionist Edward Carson 3 3 3 0 + 3 0.4 0.3 30,304 N/A
  Independent Liberal N/A 8 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 24,985
  Agriculturalist Edward Mials Nunneley 7 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.2 19,412 N/A
  National Democratic George Nicoll Barnes 8 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.2 17,991 N/A
  Belfast Labour 4 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 12,164 N/A
  National Socialist Party H. M. Hyndman 3 1 1 0 + 1 0.1 0.1 11,013 N/A
  Highland Land League 4 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 8,710
  Women's Party Christabel Pankhurst 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 8,614 N/A
  British Socialist Party Albert Inkpin 3 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 8,394
  Independent Democratic N/A 4 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 8,351 N/A
  NADSS James Howell 1 1 1 0 + 1 0.1 0.1 8,287 N/A
  Independent Nationalist N/A 6 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 8,183
  Socialist Labour Tom Bell 3 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 7,567
  Scottish Prohibition Edwin Scrymgeour 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 5,212
  Independent Progressive N/A 3 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 5,077
  Independent Labour and Agriculturalist N/A 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 1,927
  Christian Socialist N/A 1 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 597

Total votes cast: 10,434,700. Turnout 57.2%.[8] All parties shown. In each other case, the non-coalition vote is compared with the party's previous vote.

Votes summary

Popular vote
All Coalition Parties
 
47.14%
Coalition Conservative
 
32.52%
Labour
 
20.81%
Liberal
 
12.99%
Coalition Liberal
 
12.64%
Conservative
 
5.85%
Sinn Féin
 
4.57%
Irish Parliamentary
 
2.17%
Coalition National Democratic
 
1.5%
Independent
 
3.74%
Others
 
3.21%
 
 
All Conservative Parties
 
39.09%
All Labour Parties
 
22.43%
All Liberal Parties
 
25.87%
All Irish Nationalist Parties
 
6.82%

Seats summary

Parliamentary seats
All Coalition Parties
 
66.9%
Coalition Conservative
 
46.96%
Labour
 
8.06%
Liberal
 
5.09%
Coalition Liberal
 
17.96%
Conservative
 
6.65%
Sinn Féin
 
10.33%
Irish Parliamentary
 
0.99%
Coalition National Democratic
 
1.27%
Independent
 
1.98%
Others
 
0.71%
 
 
All Conservative Parties
 
53.75%
All Labour Parties
 
8.91%
All Liberal Parties
 
23.2%
All Irish Nationalist Parties
 
11.32%

Transfers of seats

From To No. Seats
Labour Labour (HOLD) Burslem (replaced Staffordshire North West), Deptford, Plaistow (replaced West Ham South), Woolwich East (replaced Woolwich),
Coal Labour Norwich (1 of 2), Stockport (1 of 2),
Coalition ND Hanley
Liberal
Nat Liberal
Conservative Bow and Bromley†, Nuneaton,
Sinn Fein Irish Nat
abolished
Irish Nat Irish Nat
abolished
Lib-Lab Coalition Liberal Battersea North (replaced Battersea),
Liberal Labour Forest of Dean, Leek, Wellingborough (replaced Northamptonshire Mid),
NDLP Walthamstow W (replaced Walthamstow),
Liberal (HOLD) Bermondsey West (replaced Bermondsey), Camborne, Cornwall North (replaced Launceston), Newcastle-under-Lyme, Norwich (1 of 2), Saffron Walden, Whitechapel and St Georges (replaced Whitechapel), Wolverhampton East,
Coalition Liberal Banbury, Barnstaple, Bedford, Bethnal Green NE, Bristol East, Bristol North, Bristol South, Cambridgeshire (replaced Chesterton), Crewe, Dartford, Dorset East, Eye, Hackney Central, Isle of Ely (replaced Wisbech), Kennington, Lichfield, Stepney Limehouse (replaced Limehouse), Lowestoft, Luton, Norfolk South, Norfolk South West, Northampton (1 of 2), Peckham, Poplar South (replaced Poplar), Romford, St Ives, Shoreditch (replaced Hoxton), South Molton, Southampton (both seats), Southwark Central (replaced Newington West), Southwark North (replaced Southwark West), Southwark South East (replaced Walworth), Stockport (1 of 2), Stoke-upon-Trent, Stroud, Thornbury, Wellington (Salop),
Coalition Ind Norfolk North
Independent Hackney South
Conservative Bedfordshire Mid (replaced Biggleswade), Bethnal Green South-West†, Buckingham, Camberwell North, Cheltenham†, Coventry, Exeter†, Frome, Gillingham (replaced Rochester), Ipswich (1 of 2)†, Islington East, Islington South, Islington West, Macclesfield, Norfolk East, Northwich, Peterborough, Reading†, Rotherhithe, St Pancras North, Stafford, Swindon (replaced Cricklade), Tottenham South (replaced Tottenham), Upton (replaced West Ham North), Westbury, Yeovil (replaced Somerset Southern)†,
abolished Finsbury East, Haggerston, Hyde, Ipswich (1 of 2), Newmarket, Norfolk North West, Northampton (1 of 2), Northamptonshire East, St Austell, St George, Tower Hamlets, St Pancras East, Stepney, Truro, Worcestershire North,
Speaker Liberal
Liberal Unionist Conservative Aylesbury*, Birmingham West*, Bodmin*, Burton*, Birmingham Handsworth*, Hythe*, Ludlow*, Portsmouth North (replaced 1 of 2 Portsmouth seats)*, Stepney Mile End (replaced Mile End)*, Birmingham Sparkbrook (replaced Birmingham South)*, Stone (replaced Staffordshire West)*, Torquay*, Totnes*, Westminster St George's (replaced St George, Hanover Square)*,
abolished Ashburton, Birmingham Central, Birmingham North, Birmingham Bordesley, Droitwich, Norfolk Mid, Ross, Somerset Eastern, Worcestershire East
Conservative Communist
Labour Kettering (replaced Northamptonshire North), Kingswinford, Wednesbury, West Bromwich,
Liberal Lambeth North, Weston-super-Mare (replaced Somerset Northern),
Coal Liberal Sudbury
Conservative (HOLD) Abingdon, Altrincham, Ashford, Birmingham Aston (replaced Aston Manor), Basingstoke, Bath (1 of 2), Bewdley, Bilston (replaced Wolverhampton South), Birkenhead East (replaced Birkenhead), Brentford and Chiswick (replaced Brentford), Bridgwater, Brighton (both seats), Bristol West, Brixton, Bury St Edmunds, Cambridge, Chatham, Chelmsford, Chelsea, Chertsey, Chester, Chichester, Chippenham, Cirencester and Tewkesbury (replaced Tewkesbury), Clapham, Colchester, Croydon South (replaced Croydon), Daventry (replaced Northamptonshire South), Devizes, Plymouth Devonport (replaced 1 of 2 Devonport seats), Dorset North, Dorset South, Dorset West, Dover, Plymouth Drake (replaced 1 of 2 Plymouth seats), Dudley, Dulwich, Ealing, East Grinstead, Eastbourne, Eddisbury, Birmingham Edgbaston, Enfield, Epping, Epsom, Birmingham Erdington (replaced Birmingham East), Essex South East, Evesham, Fareham, Faversham, Finsbury (replaced Finsbury Central), Fulham East (replaced Fulham), Gloucester, Gravesend, Great Yarmouth, Greenwich, Guildford, Hackney North, Hammersmith South (replaced Hammersmith), Hampstead, Harrow, Harwich, Hastings, Henley, Hereford, Hitchin, Holborn, Honiton, Hornsey, Horsham and Worthing (replaced Horsham), Huntingdonshire (replaced Huntingdon), Isle of Thanet, Isle of Wight, Islington North, Kensington North, Kensington South, Kidderminster, King's Lynn, Kingston upon Thames, Knutsford, Leominster, Lewes, Lewisham West (replaced Lewisham), City of London (both seats), Maidstone, Maldon, New Forest & Christchurch (replaced New Forest), Newbury, Norwood, Oswestry, Oxford, Paddington North, Paddington South, Penryn and Falmouth, Petersfield, Portsmouth South (replaced 1 of 2 Portsmouth seats), Reigate, Rugby, Rye, St Albans, St Marylebone (replaced Marylebone West), St Pancras South East (replaced St Pancras South), St Pancras South West (replaced St Pancras West), Salisbury, Sevenoaks, Shrewsbury, Stalybridge and Hyde (replaced Stalybridge), Plymouth Sutton (replaced 1 of 2 Plymouth seats), Tamworth, Taunton, Tavistock, Tiverton, Tonbridge (replaced Tunbridge), Uxbridge, Wandsworth Central (replaced Wandsworth), Warwick and Leamington, Watford, Wells, Westminster Abbey (replaced Westminster), Wimbledon, Winchester, Windsor, Wirral, Wolverhampton West, Woodbridge, Worcester, Wycombe,
National Bournemouth (replaced Christchurch)†, Walsall
Silver Badge Hertford
abolished Andover, Bath (1 of 2), Cirencester, Devonport (1 of 2), Marylebone East, Medway, Newport (Shropshire), Ramsey, St Augustine's, Stowmarket, Strand, Stratford upon Avon, Wellington (Somerset), Wilton, Wokingham, Woodstock,
Ind Conserv Conservative Canterbury†,
Ulster Unionist Ulster Unionist
abolished
Irish Union abolished
Seat created Labour Smethwick
Coal Labour Cannock
Nat Socialist Silvertown
NDLP Birmingham Duddeston, East Ham South
Liberal Portsmouth Central, Stourbridge,
Coal Liberal Camberwell North-West, East Ham North, Leyton East,
Conservative Acton, Aldershot, Balham and Tooting, Battersea South, Birkenhead West, Bristol Central, Bromley, Chislehurst, Croydon North, Birmingham Deritend, Edmonton, Farnham, Finchley, Fulham West, Hammersmith North, Hemel Hempstead, Hendon, Ilford, Birmingham King's Norton, Birmingham Ladywood, Lewisham East, Leyton West, Mitcham, Birmingham Moseley, Putney, Richmond (Surrey), Southend, Spelthorne, Stoke Newington, Stratford, Streatham, Surrey East, Tottenham North, Twickenham, Wallasey, Walthamstow East, Willesden East, Willesden West, Wood Green, Woolwich West, Birmingham Yardley,
Ulster Uni

See also

References

  1. The Sinn Féin MPs did not take their seats in the House of Commons, and instead formed Dáil Éireann.
  2. As unified Liberal Party
  3. With other Coalition Labour
  4. Mowat (1955), p. 3.
  5. McEwen (1962), p. 295
  6. Taylor, A. J. P. (1976). English History, 1914–1945. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 127–128. ISBN 0198217153.
  7. Mowat (1955), p. 9.
  8. http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/rp2008/rp08-012.pdf

Further reading

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