1838

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1838 (MDCCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday (dominical letter B) of the Julian calendar, the 1838th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 838th year of the 2nd millennium, the 38th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1838, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

• January 10 – A fire destroys Lloyd's Coffee House and the Royal Exchange in London.
• January 11 – At Morristown, New Jersey, Samuel F.B. Morse, Alfred Vail and Leonard D. Gale give the first public demonstration of Morse's new invention, the telegraph.^[1]
• January 21 – The first known report about the lowest temperature on Earth was made, indicating −60 °C (−76 °F) in Yakutsk.
• February 6 – Boer explorer Piet Retief and 60 of his men are massacred by King Dingane kaSenzangakhona of the Zulu people after Retief accepts an invitation to celebrate the signing of a treaty and his men willingly disarm as a show of good faith.^[2]
• February 24 – U.S. Representatives William J. Graves of Kentucky and Jonathan Cilley of Maine face each other in a duel with rifles at 80 yards near Bladensburg, Maryland. On the third try, Congressman Cilley is fatally wounded and bleeds to death.^[3]
• March 13 – A combination of rain and melting snow cause the Danube River to overflow its banks, washing away villages in western Hungary and inundating what is now Budapest. More than 150 people are drowned and Europe's nations come to Hungary's aid to prevent the spread of famine and disease.^[4]
• March 31 – The first installment of Nicholas Nickleby, the new novel by Charles Dickens, is released as the opener of a 20-part serial in the London magazine, The Spectator.^[5]

April–June

• April 4 – 22 – The paddle steamer SS Sirius makes the transatlantic crossing to New York from Cork, Ireland, in eighteen days, though not using steam continuously.^[6]
• April 8 – 23 – Isambard Kingdom Brunel's paddle steamer SS Great Western (1838) makes the transatlantic crossing to New York from Avonmouth, England, in fifteen days, inaugurating a regular steamship service.^[7]
• April 30 – Nicaragua declares independence from the Federal Republic of Central America.^[8]
• May
  • The People's Charter is drawn up in the United Kingdom, demanding universal suffrage.
  • Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. This leads to Durham submitting the Durham Report to Britain.
  • An insurrection breaks out in Tizimín, beginning the campaign for the independence of Yucatán from Mexico.
• May 26 – The people of the Cherokee Nation are forcibly relocated during the Trail of Tears in the United States.
• May 28 – Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as Head of State of Costa Rica, thus beginning his second term in office.
• June 10 – 28 Indigenous Australians are killed in the Myall Creek massacre.
• June 28 – Coronation of Queen Victoria takes place at Westminster Abbey in London.^[9]

July–September

• July 4 – In the United States, the Iowa Territory is formally established following the signing of a bill by President Martin Van Buren on June 12. In addition to Iowa, which will become a state on December 28, 1846, the Territory also includes most of what will become the states of Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota. Robert Lucas, the former Governor of Ohio, takes office as the first Territorial Governor.^[10]
• August 1 – Former slaves in Jamaica are freed of their indentures.
• August 6 – The Polytechnic Institution, predecessor of the University of Westminster and Britain's first polytechnic, opens in Regent Street, London.^[11]
• September 7 – Grace Darling and her father rescue thirteen survivors from the Forfarshire off the Farne Islands.

October–December

• October 1 – Supporters of Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, are victorious in the Battle of Maella during the First Carlist War.
• October 27 – Lilburn Boggs, Governor of Missouri, by Missouri Executive Order 44 declares Mormons to be enemies of the state and encourages the extermination or exile of the religious minority, forcing nearly 10,000 Mormons out of the state.^[12]
• November 3 – The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce is founded (renamed The Times of India in 1861).
• November 5 – Dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America: Honduras and Costa Rica follow the example of Nicaragua and secede from the federation.^[8]
• November 16 – Austria-Hungary : Moravia, opening final section of Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway Rajhrad-Brno for exhibition (preliminary) use.
• November 27 – Pastry War: Mexico is invaded by French forces.
• December 16 – The Boers win a decisive victory over the Zulus in the Battle of Blood River.
• December
  • First Anglo-Afghan War: British and Presidency armies set out from Punjab in support of Shah Shujah Durrani's claim to the throne of Afghanistan.

Date unknown

• The Pitcairn Islands become a Crown colony of the United Kingdom; and women there are the first in the world to be granted and maintain women's suffrage.^[13]
• Proteins are discovered by Gerardus Johannes Mulder^[14] and named by Jöns Jacob Berzelius.^[15]
• Friedrich Bessel makes the first accurate measurement of distance to a star.
• Five nuns from the Religious Sisters of Charity in Ireland become the first women of religion to set foot on Australian soil.
• Biblical criticism: Christian Hermann Weisse proposes the two-source hypothesis.
• Duke University is established in North Carolina.
• The 5th century BC bronze Chatsworth Head is acquired by the 6th Duke of Devonshire at Smyrna from H. P. Borrell.

Births

January–June

Ernst Mach

Ernest Solvay

Isabelle Bogelot

• January 4 – General Tom Thumb, American circus performer and entertainer (d. 1883)
• January 6 – Max Bruch, German composer (d. 1920)
• January 16 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher and psychologist (d. 1917)
• January 29 – Edward W. Morley, American chemist noted for working on the Michelson–Morley experiment (d. 1923)
• February 2 – John Joseph Jolly Kyle, Scots-born Argentine chemist (d. 1922)
• February 6 – Henry Irving, English actor (d. 1905)
• February 9 – Evelyn Wood, British field marshal and Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1919)
• February 10 – Gustav Oelwein, founder of Oelwein, Iowa (d. 1913)
• February 12 – Julius Dresser, American writer (d. 1893)
• February 13 – Annetta Seabury Dresser, American writer (d. 1893)
• February 16 – Henry Brooks Adams, American historian (d. 1918)
• February 18 – Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher (d. 1916)
• March 3 – George William Hill, American astronomer (d. 1914)
• March 11 – Ōkuma Shigenobu, Japanese politician (d. 1922)
• March 12 – William Henry Perkin, English chemist (d. 1907)
• March 15 – Alice Cunningham Fletcher, American ethnologist, anthropologist, and social scientist (d. 1923)
• April 2 – Léon Gambetta, Prime Minister of France (d. 1882)
• April 3 – John Willis Menard, African-American politician (d. 1893)
• April 12 – John Shaw Billings, M.D., American military and medical leader (d. 1913)
• April 16
  • Ernest Solvay, Belgian chemist, industrialist and philanthropist (d. 1922)
  • Martha McClellan Brown, American temperance movement leader (d. 1916)
• April 18 – Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, French chemist (d. 1912)
• April 21 – John Muir, American ecologist (d. 1914)
• April 28 – Tobias Asser, Dutch jurist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1913)
• May 6 – Alexandra Smirnoff, Finnish pomologist (d. 1913)
• May 10 – John Wilkes Booth, American actor and assassin (d. 1865)
• May 11 – Isabelle Bogelot, French philanthropist (d. 1923)
• May 20 – Jules Méline, French statesman (d. 1925)
• July Full Date Unknown – Bass Reeves, one of the first black Deputy U.S. Marshals west of the Mississippi River (d. 1910)
• June 14 – Yamagata Aritomo, Japanese field marshal and Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1922)
• June 24 – Gustav von Schmoller, German economist (d. 1917)

July–December

Ferdinand von Zeppelin

Georges Bizet

• July 8 – Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German military officer and founder of the Zeppelin Company (d. 1917)
• July 18 – John A. Kimberly, American entrepreneur and Co-founder of Kimberly-Clark (d. 1928)
• September 2 – Bhaktivinoda Thakur, Indian guru and philosopher (d. 1914)
• September 2 – Liliuokalani, last Queen of Hawaii (d. 1917)
• September 17 – Valeriano Weyler, Spanish general (d. 1930)
• September 27 – Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Confederate brigadier general, Texas governor and president of Texas A&M University (d. 1898)
• September 29 – Henry Hobson Richardson, American architect (d. 1886)
• October 6 – Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Italian patriot and writer (d. 1910)
• October 25 – Georges Bizet, French composer (d. 1875)
• October 31 – King Luís I of Portugal (d. 1889)
• November 7 – Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, French writer (d. 1889)
• November 8 – Rufus Wheeler Peckham, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1909)
• November 20 – Hedvig Raa-Winterhjelm, pioneer Scandinavian actor (d. 1907)
• December 3 – Cleveland Abbe, American meteorologist (d. 1916)
• December 19 – Darinka Petrovic, Princess consort of Montenegro (d. 1892)
• December 19 – Khedrup Gyatso, 11th Dalai Lama (d. 1856)
• December 20 – Edwin Abbott Abbott, English theologian and author (d. 1926)
• December 30 – Émile Loubet, 7th President of France (d. 1929)

Date unknown

• Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, Islamic teacher and writer (d. 1897)

Deaths

January–June

• January 3 – Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony (b. 1759)
• January 5 – Anthony Van Egmond, rebel leader in Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 (died in jail) (b. 1778)
• January 12 – Joshua Humphreys, American naval architect (b. 1751)
• January 13 – John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1751)
• February 21 – Silvestre de Sacy, French linguist (b. 1758)
• February 24 – Christoph Johann von Medem, German courtier (b. 1763)
• March 13 – Poul Martin Møller, Danish philosopher (b. 1794)
• March 16 – Nathaniel Bowditch, American mathematician (b. 1773)
• April 3 – François Carlo Antommarchi, French physician (b. 1780)
• April 6 – José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, Brazilian statesman and naturalist (b. 1763)
• April 9 – Piet Uys, Voortrekker leader (in battle) (b. 1797)
• May – Francisco Gómez, President of El Salvador (b. 1796)
• May 17 – Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, French diplomat (b. 1754)
• May 19 – Sir Richard Hoare, English archaeologist (b. 1758)
• May 23 – Jan Willem Janssens, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1762)
• June 14 – Maximilian von Montgelas, Bavarian statesman (b. 1759)

July–December

• July 19 – Christmas Evans, Welsh preacher (b. 1766)
• August 1 – John Rodgers, American naval officer (b. 1772)
• August 17 – Lorenzo Da Ponte, librettist for Mozart (b. 1749)
• August 21 – Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer (b. 1781)
• September 1 – William Clark, American explorer (b. 1770)
• September 27 – Bernard Courtois, French chemist (b. 1777)
• October 1 – Charles Tennant, Scottish chemist and industrialist (b. 1768)
• October 3 – Black Hawk, Sauk Indian chief and autobiographer (b. 1767)
• October 5 – Pauline Léon, French feminist and radical (b. 1768)
• November 21 – Georges Mouton, count of Lobau, Marshal of France (b. 1770)

References